TR
EN
Development of Traditional Masculinity Ideology Scale and Its Association with Ambivalent Sexism
Abstract
Research in social psychology has concentrated on measuring masculinity ideology since the 1950s, primarily using samples from White and European American populations. In Türkiye, researchers have employed adapted versions of established scales such as the Male Role Norms Scale, neglecting the potential cultural nuances associated with masculinity. Addressing the research gap in non-Western cultures, we present the Traditional Masculinity Ideology Scale (TMIS), specifically tailored to the cultural context of Türkiye. In Study 1, we developed the TMIS as a novel measure, assessing its relationship with Ambivalent Sexism and Ambivalence toward Men for content and construct validity. The sample included 297 men and 294 women university students through convenient sampling. Exploratory factor analyses identified a four-factor structure for the TMIS, encompassing 22 items related to respectability/responsibility, disdain for gay men, emotional restriction, and dominance. Convergent validity was established through correlations with hostile and benevolent sexism, and hostility toward men. The low correlation between the TMIS and benevolence toward men demonstrated divergent validity. In Study 2, the four-factor structure was confirmed with 209 non-student participants (96 women and 113 men) using convenient sampling. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the bi-factor model over the second-order and single-factor models. In the bi-factor model, each item is loaded onto specific sub-factors and an overarching traditional masculinity ideology factor, eliminating hierarchy among sub-factors by accounting for shared variances. Results affirmed the TMIS’s four-factor structure and provided a global-factor measure for future applications. We discussed the intersections and divergences of the TMIS with the existing literature on masculinity measures, emphasizing its cultural relevance and potential for broader applicability.
Keywords
Supporting Institution
yok
Project Number
yok
Thanks
yok
References
- Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 16, 296-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1954.tb00174.x google scholar
- Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
- Brannon, R., & Juni, S. (1984). A scale for measuring attitudes about masculinity. Psychological Documents, 14(1). https://doi.org/(Document No. 2612) google scholar
- Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868 google scholar
- Doss, B. D., & Hopkins, J. R. (1998). The multicultural masculinity ideology scale: Validation from three cultural perspectives. Sex Roles, 38(9/10), 719-741. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018816929544 google scholar
- Gerdes, Z. T., Alto, K. M., Jadaszewski, S., D’auria, F., & Levant, R. F. (2017). A content analysis of research on masculinity ideologies using all forms of the male role norms inventory (MRNI). Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 19(4), 584-599. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000134.supp google scholar
- Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491 google scholar
- Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1999a). Ambivalence towards men inventory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23, 519-536. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00379.x google scholar
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Vision Perception
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
August 14, 2024
Submission Date
August 22, 2022
Acceptance Date
April 29, 2024
Published in Issue
Year 2024 Volume: 44 Number: 2
APA
Türkoğlu, B., & Sakallı, N. (2024). Development of Traditional Masculinity Ideology Scale and Its Association with Ambivalent Sexism. Studies in Psychology, 44(2), 255-274. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2023-1164878
AMA
1.Türkoğlu B, Sakallı N. Development of Traditional Masculinity Ideology Scale and Its Association with Ambivalent Sexism. Studies in Psychology. 2024;44(2):255-274. doi:10.26650/SP2023-1164878
Chicago
Türkoğlu, Beril, and Nuray Sakallı. 2024. “Development of Traditional Masculinity Ideology Scale and Its Association With Ambivalent Sexism”. Studies in Psychology 44 (2): 255-74. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2023-1164878.
EndNote
Türkoğlu B, Sakallı N (August 1, 2024) Development of Traditional Masculinity Ideology Scale and Its Association with Ambivalent Sexism. Studies in Psychology 44 2 255–274.
IEEE
[1]B. Türkoğlu and N. Sakallı, “Development of Traditional Masculinity Ideology Scale and Its Association with Ambivalent Sexism”, Studies in Psychology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 255–274, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.26650/SP2023-1164878.
ISNAD
Türkoğlu, Beril - Sakallı, Nuray. “Development of Traditional Masculinity Ideology Scale and Its Association With Ambivalent Sexism”. Studies in Psychology 44/2 (August 1, 2024): 255-274. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2023-1164878.
JAMA
1.Türkoğlu B, Sakallı N. Development of Traditional Masculinity Ideology Scale and Its Association with Ambivalent Sexism. Studies in Psychology. 2024;44:255–274.
MLA
Türkoğlu, Beril, and Nuray Sakallı. “Development of Traditional Masculinity Ideology Scale and Its Association With Ambivalent Sexism”. Studies in Psychology, vol. 44, no. 2, Aug. 2024, pp. 255-74, doi:10.26650/SP2023-1164878.
Vancouver
1.Beril Türkoğlu, Nuray Sakallı. Development of Traditional Masculinity Ideology Scale and Its Association with Ambivalent Sexism. Studies in Psychology. 2024 Aug. 1;44(2):255-74. doi:10.26650/SP2023-1164878