Bellek ve Bilişe Güven Ölçeği ile Frost Kararsızlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Son yıllarda bilişsel yanlılıkların obsesif kompulsif bozukluğun (OKB) etiyolojisindeki rolüne ilişkin pek çok bilişsel model geliştirilmiştir. Bu modellerin bazıları, üstbilişlerin OKB’nin gelişimi ve sürmesindeki rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Üstbilişlere ilişkin yanlılıklar bellek, dikkat ve karar verme süreçleri gibi bilişsel işlevlere yönelik hatalı yorumlamaları içermektedir. Bilişsel güven ve karar verme süreçlerine dair yanlılıkların daha kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi, OKB'nin etiyolojisini anlamada önemli bir katkı sağlayabilir, çünkü bu faktörler obsesif kompulsif düşünce ve davranışların ortaya çıkmasında rol oynayan bilişsel süreçlerin ve hatalı düşünme biçimlerinin temelini oluşturabilmektedir. Bu araştırma kapsamında, belleğe ve bilişlere güveni çok boyutlu bir biçimde değerlendiren Bellek ve Bilişe Güven Ölçeği (Nedeljkovic ve Kyrios, 2007) ile kararsızlığı değerlendiren Frost Kararsızlık Ölçeği’nin (Frost ve Shows, 1993) Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini 1866 yaş aralığındaki 410 yetişkin oluşturmuştur. Katılımcılar uyarlaması yapılan ölçeklerin yanı sıra depresyon, kaygı, OKB, obsesif bilişler ve üstbilişleri değerlendiren bir ölçek setini doldurmuştur. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, Bellek ve Bilişe Güven Ölçeği ve Frost Kararsızlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe versiyonlarının faktör yapılarının ölçeklerin orijinal formları ile örtüştüğü görülmüştür. Bellek ve Bilişe Güven Ölçeği; belleğe güven, karar verme becerilerine güven, dikkat ve konsantrasyon becerilerine güven ve bilişsel mükemmeliyetçilik olmak üzere dört alt boyuta sahipken Frost Kararsızlık Ölçeği tek boyutludur. Ayrıca ölçeklerin yakınsak ve artışlı geçerliğine dair kanıtlar elde edilmiştir. İç tutarlılık analizleri Cronbach Alpha formülü ile hesaplanmış, Bellek ve Bilişe Güven Ölçeği için .96 ve Frost Kararsızlık Ölçeği için .92 bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular Bellek ve Bilişe Güven Ölçeği ve Frost Kararsızlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formlarının güvenilir ve geçerliğine ilişkin kanıtlar bulunduğuna işaret etmiştir.

Keywords

• Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk
• bellek ve bilişe güven
• üstbiliş
• bilişsel yanlılıklar
• kararsızlık

Adaptation of Memory and Cognitive Confidence Scale and Frost Indecisiveness Scale to Turkish and Investigation of Their Psychometric Properties

Abstract

In recent years, various cognitive models have been developed underlying the role of cognitive biases in the etiology of obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD). Some of these models emphasize the role of metacognitions in the devel opment and maintenance of OCD. These metacognitive biases include interpretations related to cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and decisionmaking. A more comprehensive evaluation of cognitive confidence and biases in the decisionmaking process may contribute significantly to understanding the etiology of OCD, as these factors may constitute the foundation of the cognitive processes and faulty thinking patterns that play a role in the emergence of obsessivecompulsive thoughts and behaviors. This study aimed to adapt the Memory and Cognitive Confidence Scale (Nedeljkovic & Kyrios, 2007), which evaluates cognitive confidence in a multidimensional way, and the Frost Indecisiveness Scale (Frost & Shows, 1993), which evaluates indecisiveness, to Turkish and to examine their psychometric properties. The study sample consisted of 410 adults aged 1866. Participants completed a battery of self report measures assessing depression, anxiety, OCD, obsessive beliefs, and metacognitions, as well as the adapted scales. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the factor structure of the Turkish versions of the Memory and Cognitive Confidence Scale and Frost Indecisiveness Scale overlapped with the original versions. The Memory and Cognitive Confidence Scale comprised four subscales: confidence in general memory, confidence in decisionmaking ability, confidence in concentration abilities, and perfectionistic expectations of memory while the Frost Indecisiveness Scale was unidimensional. Evidence was gathered for the convergent and incremental validity of the scales. Internal consistency coefficients, Cronbach’s alpha, were .96 for the Memory and Cognitive Confidence Scale and .92 for the Frost Indecisiveness Scale. These findings indicate that there is evidence for the reliability and validity of the Turkish forms of the Memory and Cognitive Confidence Scale and Frost Indecisiveness Scale.

Keywords

• Obsessivecompulsive disorder
• memory and cognitive confidence
• metacognition
• cognitive biases
• indecisive ness

References

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association. google scholar
2. Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S. ve Mittelman, A. (2013). The neuropsychology of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta- analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1163–1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.09.004 google scholar
3. Abramovitch, A. ve Cooperman, A. (2015). The cognitive neuropsychology of obsessive compulsive disorder: A critical review. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 5, 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.01.002 google scholar
4. Banca, P., Vestergaard, M. D., Rankov, V., Baek, K., Mitchell, S., Lapa, T. ve Voon, V. (2015). Evidence acummulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: The role of uncertainty and monetary reward on perceptual decision-making thresholds. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(5), 1192-1202. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.303 google scholar
5. Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G. ve Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893–897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893 google scholar
6. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. ve Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 google scholar
7. Boysan, M., Beşiroğlu, L., Çetinkaya, N., Atlı, A. ve Aydın, A. (2010). Obsesif İnanışlar Ölçeği-44'ün (OİÖ-44) Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 47, 216-222. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.5454 google scholar
8. Cartwright-Hatton, S. ve Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The Meta Cognitions Questionnaire and its correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(3), 279 -296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00011-X google scholar

9. Chamberlain, S. R., Blackwell, A. D., Fineberg, N. A., Robbins, T. W. ve Sahakian, B. J. (2005). The neuropsychology of obsessive compulsive disorder: The importance of failures in cognitive and behavioural inhibition as candidate endophenotypic markers. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(3), 399–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.11.006 google scholar
10. Clark, D. A. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for OCD. Guilford Press. google scholar
11. Cougle, J. R., Salkovskis, P. M. ve Thorpe, S. J. (2008). 'Perhaps you only imagined doing it': Reality-monitoring in obsessive-compulsive checkers using semi-idiographic stimuli. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(3), 305–320. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jbtep. 2007.08.001 google scholar
12. Cucchi, M., Bottelli, V., Cavadini, D., Ricci, L., Conca, V., Ronchi, P. ve Smeraldi, E. (2012). An explorative study on metacognition in obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 546-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011. 09.008 google scholar
13. Dar, R. (2004). Elucidating the mechanism of uncertainty and doubt in obsessive compulsive checkers. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.006 google scholar
14. Dar, R., Rish, S., Hermesh, H., Taub, M. ve Fux, M. (2000). Realism of confidence in obsessive-compulsive checkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(4), 673–678. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.109.4.673 google scholar
15. Dar, R., Sarna, N., Yardeni, G. ve Lazarov, A. (2022). Are people with obsessive-compulsive disorder under-confident in their memory and perception? A review and meta analysis. Psychological Medicine, 52(13), 2404–2412. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722001908 google scholar
16. Elaydi, R. (2006). Construct development and measurement of indecisiveness. Management Decision, 44(10), 1363–1376. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/00251740610715696 google scholar
17. Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R. ve Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 google scholar
18. Fisher, P. L. ve Wells, A. (2008). Metacognitive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case series. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(2), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.12.001 google scholar
19. Fitzgerald, K., Nedeljkovic, M., Moulding, R. ve Kyrios, M. (2011). The relationship between neuropsychological performance, cognitive confidence, and obsessive-compulsive phenomena: A pilot study. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 4(1), 51-65. https:// doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2011.4.1.51 google scholar
20. Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906–911. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.906 google scholar
21. Foa, E. B., Amir, N., Gershuny, B., Molnar, C. ve Kozak, M. J. (1997). Implicit and explicit memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(2), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(97)00001-7 google scholar
22. Foa, E. B., Matthews, A., Abramowitz, J. S., Amir, N., Przeworski, A., Riggs, D. S., Filip, J. C. ve Alley, A. (2003). Do patients with obsessive- compulsive disorder have deficits in decision-making? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(4), 431-445. https://doi.org/10.1023/ A:1025424530644 google scholar
23. Frost, R. O. ve Gross, R. C. (1993). The hoarding of possessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(4), 367–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/ 0005-7967(93)90094-b google scholar
24. Frost, R. O. ve Shows, D. L. (1993). The nature and measurement of compulsive indecisiveness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(7), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90121-A google scholar
25. Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., Steketee, G. ve Oh, M. (2011). Indecisiveness and hoarding. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 4(3), 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2011.4.3.253 google scholar
26. Gati, I., Gadassi, R., Saka, N., Hadadi, Y., Ansenberg, N., Friedman, R. ve Asulin-Peretz, L. (2011). Emotional and personality-related aspects of career decision-making difficulties: Facets of career indecisiveness. Journal of Career Assessment, 19, 3–20. https://doi.org/10. 1177/1069072710382525 google scholar
27. Gayton, W. F., Clavin, R. H., Clavin, S. L. ve Broida, J. (1994). Further validation of the Indecisiveness Scale. Psychological Reports, 75(3), 1631–1634. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3f.1631 google scholar
28. Göz, İ., Karahan, S. K. ve Tekcan, A. İ. (2016). Individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder are less prone to false memories. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 10, 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.05.004 google scholar
29. Greisberg, S. ve McKay, D. (2003). Neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and treatment implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(1), 95–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00232-5 google scholar
30. Hauser, T. U., Allen, M., NSPN Consortium, Rees, G. ve Dolan, R. J. (2017). Metacognitive impairments extend perceptual decision making weaknesses in compulsivity. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 6614. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06116-z google scholar
31. Hermans, D., Engelen, U., Grouwels, L., Joos, E., Lemmens, J. ve Pieters, G. (2008). Cognitive confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Distrusting perception, attention and memory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(1), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007. 11.001 google scholar
32. Hermans, D., Martens, K., De Cort, K., Pieters, G. ve Eelen, P. (2003). Reality monitoring and metacognitive beliefs related to cognitive confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967 (02)00015-3 google scholar
33. Hisli, N. (1989). Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 3-13. google scholar
34. Hong, J. P., Samuels, J., Bienvenu, O. J., 3rd, Cannistraro, P., Grados, M., Riddle, M. A., Liang, K. Y., Cullen, B., Hoehn-Saric, R. ve Nestadt, G. (2004). Clinical correlates of recurrent major depression in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 20(2), 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20024 google scholar
35. İnözü, M. ve Yorulmaz, O. (2013). Vancouver Obsesif-Kompulsif Ölçeği: Türkçe formunun üniversite öğrencilerinde geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 16(32), 64 -72. google scholar
36. Jondani, J. A., Yazdkhasti, F. ve Abedi, A. (2023). Memory confidence and memory accuracy deterioration following repeated checking: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 81, 101855. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jbtep.2023.101855 google scholar
37. Kim, S. T., Park, C. I., Kim, H. W., Jeon, S., Kang, J. I. ve Kim, S. J. (2021). Dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs in patients with obsessive- compulsive disorder and pattern of their changes following a 3-month treatment. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 628985. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.628985 google scholar
38. Kuelz, A. K., Hohagen, F. ve Voderholzer, U. (2004). Neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A critical review. Biological Psychology, 65(3), 185-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.07.007 google scholar
39. Kulcsár, V., Dobrean, A. ve Gati, I. (2020). Challenges and difficulties in career decision making: Their causes, and their effects on the process and the decision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 116, 103346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103346 google scholar
40. Lawrence, N. S., Wooderson, S., Mataix-Cols, D., David, R., Speckens, A. ve Phillips, M. L. (2006). Decision-making and set shifting impairments are associated with distinct symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychology, 20(4), 409. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.20.4.409 google scholar
41. MacDonald, P. A., Antony, M. M., Macleod, C. M. ve Richter, M. A. (1997). Memory and confidence in memory judgements among individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder and non-clinical controls. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(6), 497–505. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00013-2 google scholar
42. Marton, T., Samuels, J., Nestadt, P., Krasnow, J., Wang, Y., Shuler, M., Kamath, V., Chib, V. S., Bakker, A. ve Nestadt, G. (2019). Validating a dimension of doubt in decision making: A proposed endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder. PLoS One, 14(6), e0218182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218182 google scholar
43. McDermott, L. M. ve Ebmeier, K. P. (2009). A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119(1-3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.022 google scholar
44. McNally, R. J. ve Kohlbeck, P. A. (1993). Reality monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(3), 249– 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90023-N google scholar
45. Moritz, S., Peters, M., Laroi, F. ve Lincoln, T. (2010). Metacognitive beliefs in obsessive compulsive patients: A comparison with healthy and schizophrenia participants. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 15(6), 531-548. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546801003783508 google scholar
46. Muller, J. ve Roberts, J. E. (2005). Memory and attention in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.12.001 google scholar
47. Nedeljkovic, M. ve Kyrios, M. (2007). Confidence in memory and other cognitive processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2899- 2914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.001 google scholar
48. Nedeljkovic, M., Moulding, R., Kyrios, M. ve Doron, G. (2009). The relationship of cognitive confidence to OCD symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(4), 463–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.10.001 google scholar
49. Nielen, M. M. A., Veltman, D. J., de Jong, R., Mulder, G. ve den Boer, J. A. (2002). Decision-making performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 69(1), 257-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00381-5 google scholar
50. Obsessive-Compulsive Cognitions Working Group (1997). Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 667-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00017-X google scholar
51. Olley, A., Malhi, G. ve Sachdev, P. (2007). Memory and executive functioning in obsessive– compulsive disorder: A selective review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 104(1-3), 15- 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.02.023 google scholar
52. Ouellet-Courtois, C., Wilson, S. ve O'Connor, K. (2018). Cognitive confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, 19, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.08.003 google scholar
53. Ouimet, A. J., Ashbaugh, A. R. ve Radomsky, A. S. (2019). Hoping for more: How cognitive science has and hasn't been helpful to the OCD clinician. Clinical Psychology Review, 69 14-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.04.003 google scholar
54. Papageorgiou, C., Carlile, K., Thorgaard, S., Waring, H., Haslam, J., Horne, L. ve Wells, A. (2018). Group cognitive-behavior therapy or group metacognitive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder? Benchmarking and comparative effectiveness in a routine clinical service. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2551. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02551 google scholar
55. Pushkarskaya, H., Tolin, D., Ruderman, L., Kirshenbaum, A., Kelly, J. M., Pittenger, C. ve Levy, I. (2015). Decision-making under uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 69, 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.011 google scholar
56. Quarantini, L. C., Torres, A. R., Sampaio, A. S., Fossaluza, V., Mathis, M. A., do Rosário, M. C., Fontenelle, L. F., Ferrão, Y. A., Cordioli, A. V., Petribu, K., Hounie, A. G., Miguel, E. C., Shavitt, R. G. ve Koenen, K. C. (2011). Comorbid major depression in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(4), 386–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.09.006 google scholar
57. Rachman S. (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(9), 793–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005- 7967(97)00040-5 google scholar
58. Rachman S. (2002). A cognitive theory of compulsive checking. Behaviour research and Therapy, 40(6), 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/ s0005-7967(01)00028-6 google scholar
59. Radomsky, A. S., Wong, S. F., Giraldo-O’Meara, M., Dugas, M. J., Gelfand, L. A., Myhr, G., Schell, S. E., Senn, J. M., Shafran, R. ve Whittal, M. L. (2020). When it’s at: An examination of when cognitive change occurs during cognitive therapy for compulsive checking in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 67, 101442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbtep.2018.12.003 google scholar
60. Rassin, E. ve Muris, P. (2005a). To be or not to be…indecisive: Gender differences, correlations with obsessive–compulsive complaints, and behavioural manifestation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(5), 1175–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.07.014 google scholar
61. Rassin, E. ve Muris, P. (2005b). Indecisiveness and the interpretation of ambiguous situations. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(7), 1285-1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.006 google scholar
62. Rassin, E., Muris, P., Franken, I., Smit, M. ve Wong, M. (2007). Measuring general indecisiveness. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9023-z google scholar
63. Reed, G. F. (1985). Obsessional experience and compulsive behavior: A cognitive-structural approach. Academic Press. google scholar
64. Rees, C. S. ve Anderson, R. A. (2013) A review of metacognition in psychological models of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychologist, 17(1), 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12001 google scholar
65. Sachdev, P. S. ve Malhi, G. S. (2005). Obsessive-compulsive behaviour: A disorder of decision-making. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(9), 757-763. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01680.x google scholar
66. Saed, O., Purehsan, S. ve Akbari, S. (2010). Correlation among meta-cognitive beliefs and anxiety – depression symptoms. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1685-1689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.346 google scholar
67. Salkovskis P. M. (1985). Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23(5), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(85)90105-6 google scholar
68. Samuels, J., Bienvenu, O. J., Krasnow, J., Wang, Y., Grados, M. A., Cullen, B., Goes, F.S., Maher, B., Greenberg, B. D., McLaughlin, N. C., Rasmussen, S. A., Fyer, A. J., Knowles, J. A., Nestadt, P., McCracken, J. T., Piacentini, J., Geller, D., Pauls, D. L., Stewart, S. E., Murphy, D. L., Shugart, Y., Kamath, V., Bakker, A., Riddle, M. A. ve Nestadt, G. (2017). An investigation of doubt in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 75, 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.03.004 google scholar
69. Shafran, R. (1995). An investigation into the cognitive-behavioural model of obsessive compulsive disorder: Can this be reconciled with a neurological deficit model? [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. University of London. google scholar
70. Steketee, G., Frost, R. O. ve Kyrios, M. (2003). Cognitive aspects of compulsive hoarding. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 463–479. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025428631552 google scholar
71. Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Gonzalez, R., Fitzgerald, K. D., Abelson, J. L. ve Taylor, S. F. (2013). Subjective uncertainty and limbic hyperactivation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 34(8), 1956-1970. https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhbm.22038 google scholar
72. Tekcan, A. İ., Topçuoğlu, V. ve Kaya, B. (2007). Memory and metamemory for semantic information in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45(9), 2164–2172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.10.002 google scholar
73. Thordarson, D. S., Radomsky, A. S., Rachman, S., Shafran, R., Sawchuk, C. N. ve A. R. Hakstian. (2004). The Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(11), 1289–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.007 google scholar
74. Tosun, A. ve Irak, M. (2008). Üstbiliş Ölçeği-30′un Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerliği, güvenirliği, kaygı ve obsesif-kompülsif belirtilerle ilişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(1), 67–80. google scholar
75. Ulusoy, M., Hisli-Şahin, N. ve Erkmen, H. (1998) Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 12(2), 163-172. google scholar
76. van der Heiden, C., van Rossen, K., Dekker, A., Damstra, M. ve Deen, M. (2016). Metacognitive therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 9, 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.02.002 google scholar
77. Veale, D. M., Sahakian, B. J., Owen, A. M. ve Marks, I. M. (1996). Specific cognitive deficits in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 26(6), 1261-1269. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700035984 google scholar
78. Walh, K., Salkovskis, P. M. ve Cotter, I. (2008). "I wash until it feels right": The phenomenology of stopping criteria in obsessive-compulsive washing. Anxiety Disorders, 22, 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.009 google scholar
79. Wells, A. (1997). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: A practice manual and conceptual guide. Wiley. google scholar
80. Wells, A. (2021). Anksiyete ve depresyonda metakognitif terapi (2.Baskı). (H. Bebek ve A. E. Uygur, Çev.). Litera Yayıncılık (Orijinal eserin basım tarihi 2009). google scholar
81. Wells, A. ve Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the Metacognitions Questionnaire: Properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00147-5 google scholar
82. Wells, A. ve Papageorgiou, C. (1998). Relationships between worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and meta-cognitive beliefs. google scholar
83. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 899-913. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00070-9 google scholar
84. Yeung, N. ve Summerfield, C. (2012). Metacognition in human decision-making: Confidence and error monitoring. Philosophical Trans- actions of the Royal Society Biological Science, 367(1594), 1310-1321. https://www.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0416 google scholar