The Moderator Role of Safety Climate in the Relationship between Job Stress and Safety Performance: An Investigation in the Health Sector

Year 2020, , 451 - 475, 30.09.2020

Ferhat Ayyıldız Duygu İrem Çam

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-0006

Abstract

The relationship between job stress and task performance is frequently studied in the literature. However, it is seen that there are fewer studies examining the relationship between job stress and safety performance which has important outcomes such as life safety. Therefore, the first aim of the present study was determined as examining the relationship between job stress and safety performance. Although previous studies have demonstrated the effects of various individual and situational factors on the job stress-performance relationship, it is noteworthy that the moderator role of the safety climate has not been examined yet. In this respect, another aim of the study is to investigate the moderator role of the safety climate as a situational variable in the relationships between job stress and sub-dimensions of safety performance. The present study was conducted with employees from the health sector as it contains both the most stressful jobs and high level of safety performance expectation. In this regard, the participants of the present study consisted of 165 healthcare professionals (73.3% women, 26.7% men) reached within the borders of Istanbul and Kocaeli. These professionals work in various departments and different roles (doctors, nurses, technicians, physiotherapists, laborants) in 11 institutions including three public hospitals and eight private hospitals. Job Stressor Appraisal Scale, Safe Behavior Scale and Safety Climate Scale were used to collect data. The correlation analysis results demonstrated the negative and significant relationship between job stress and safety compliance and safety participation as sub-dimensions of safety performance. Furthermore, it was found that the relationship between job stress and safety participation was moderated by the safety climate. These results indicate that while work stress increases safety participation in a low safety climate, it decreases in a high safety climate. On the other hand, the moderator effect of safety climate was not found statistically significant in the relationship between job stress and safety compliance. These results were compared with other research results in the literature and the effects of measurement-related and environmental factors on the results were discussed

Keywords

Job stress, safety performance, safety climate, health sector, moderator effect

İş Stresi ve Güvenlik Performansı Arasındaki İlişkide Güvenlik İkliminin Düzenleyici Rolü: Sağlık Sektöründe Bir İnceleme

Abstract

İş stresinin görev performansıyla ilişkisi alan yazında sıklıkla incelenmektedir. Ancak, can güvenliği gibi önemli çıktıları olan güvenlik performansının iş stresiyle ilişkisini ele alan çalışmaların çok daha az olduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle mevcut çalışmanın ilk amacı, iş stresi ve güvenlik performansı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu ilişkiyi inceleyen önceki araştırmalarda çeşitli bireysel ve durumsal faktörlerin bu ilişkiye olan etkisinin ortaya konulmasına karşın güvenlik ikliminin düzenleyici rolünün henüz incelenmediği dikkat çekmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın bir diğer amacı, iş stresi ve güvenlik performansının alt boyutları arasındaki ilişkide durumsal bir değişken olan güvenlik ikliminin düzenleyici rolünün sınanmasıdır. Bir yandan oldukça stresli işleri barındırması, bir yandan da çalışanlardan yüksek düzeyde güvenlik performansı beklentisine sahip olunması nedeniyle mevcut araştırma sağlık sektöründeki çalışanlar ile yürütülmüştür. Bu doğrultuda araştırmanın katılımcıları İstanbul ve Kocaeli sınırları içerisinde ulaşılabilen 165 sağlık çalışanından (%73.3 kadın, %26.7 erkek) oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışanlar, üçü kamu hastanesi ve sekizi özel hastane olmak üzere 11 kurumun çeşitli departmanlarında ve farklı rollerde (doktor, hemşire, teknisyen, fizyoterapist ve laborant) görev yapan kişilerdir. Verilerin toplanmasında İş Stresi Değerlendirme Ölçeği, Güvenli Davranış Ölçeği ve Güvenlik İklimi Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonucunda iş stresinin güvenlik performansının alt boyutları olan güvenlik uyumu ve güvenlik katılımı ile negatif yönde ve anlamlı ilişkilere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca iş stresi ve güvenlik katılımı arasındaki ilişkide güvenlik ikliminin düzenleyici rolü olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre düşük güvenlik iklimine sahip ortamlarda iş stresinin güvenlik katılımını artırdığı, yüksek güvenlik iklimine sahip ortamlarda ise azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Diğer yandan, iş stresi ve güvenlik uyumu arasındaki ilişkide güvenlik ikliminin düzenleyici bir rol oynamadığı gözlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, alan yazındaki diğer araştırma sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmış, ölçümle ilgili ve ortamsal faktörlerin bu sonuçlar üzerindeki etkisi tartışılmıştır

Keywords

İş stresi, güvenlik performansı, güvenlik iklimi, sağlık sektörü, düzenleyici etki

References

• Ajayi, S. (2018). Effect of stress on employee performance and job satisfaction: A case study of Nigerian banking industry (Çevrimiçi), 27 Eylül 2019, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3160620
• Australian Transport Safety Bureau (2004). Aviation Safety Survey – Safety Climate Factors (Çevrimiçi), 27 Eylül 2019, https://www.atsb.gov.au/media/36879/Safety_climate_factors.pdf.
• Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. Blalock, H. M. (1979). Social statistics. Revised second edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Borman, W. C. ve Motowidlo, S. M. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to ınclude elements of contextual performance. N. Schmitt ve W. C. Borman (Ed.), Personnel selection in organizationsiçinde (s. 71-98), San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Bowers, C. A., Weaver, J. L. ve Morgan, B. B. (1996). Moderating the performance effects of stressors. J.E. Driskell ve E. Salas (Ed.), Stress and human performance içinde (s. 163-192), New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Brown, S. P. ve Leigh, T. W. (1996). A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job involvement, effort, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 358-368. doi; 0021-9010/96/S3.00
• Burke, M. J., Sarpy, S. A., Tesluk, P. E. ve Smith-Crowe, K. (2002). General safety performance: A test of a grounded theoretical model. Personnel Psychology, 55(2), 429-457. doi; 10.1037/0033-2909.88.1.82
• Chen, Y. F. (2009). Job stress and performance: A study of police officers in central Taiwan. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(10), 1341-1356. doi; 10.2224/sbp.2009.37.10.1341
• Choudhry, R. M., Fang, D. ve Lingard, H. (2009). Measuring safety climate of a construction company. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 135(9), 890-899. doi; 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000063
• Christian, M. S., Bradley, J. C., Wallace, J. C. ve Burke, M. J. (2009). Workplace safety: A meta-analysis of the roles of person and situation factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1103-1127. doi; 10.1037/a0016172
• Clarke, S. (2006). The relationship between safety climate and safety performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(4), 315-327. doi; 10.1037/1076-8998.11.4.315
• Clarke, S. (2010). An integrative model of safety climate: Linking psychological climate and work attitudes to individual safety outcomes using meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(3), 553-578. doi; 10.1348/096317909X452122
• Clarke, S. (2013). Safety leadership: A meta-analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(1), 22-49. doi; 10.1111/j.2044-8325.2012.02064.x Cranwell-Ward, J. ve Abbey, A. (2005). Organizational stress. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Dedobbeleer, N. ve Béland, F. (1991). A safety climate measure for construction sites. Journal of Safety Research, 22(2), 97-103. doi; 10.1016/0022-4375(91)90017-P
• Dester, W. S. ve Blockley, D. I. (1995). Safety—behaviour and culture in construction. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 2(1), 17-26. doi; 10.1108/eb021000
• Dollard, M. F. ve McTernan, W. (2011). Psychosocial safety climate: A multilevel theory of work stress in the health and community service sector. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 20(4), 287-293. doi; 10.1017/S2045796011000588
• Dursun, S. (2011). Güvenlik kültürünün güvenlik performansı üzerine etkisine yönelik bir uygulama.(Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi/Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
• El-nagar, R., Hosny, H. ve Askar, H. S. (2015). Development of a safety performance ındex for construction projects in Egypt. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 3(5), 182-192. doi; 10.12691/ajcea-3-5-5
• Enshassi, A., El-Rayyes, Y. ve Alkilani, S. (2015). Job stress, job burnout and safety performance in the Palestinian construction industry. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 20(2), 170-187. doi; 10.1108/JFMPC-01-2015-0004
• Flin, R., Mearns, K., O’Connor, P. ve Bryden, R. (2000). Measuring safety climate: Identifying the common features. Safety Science, 34(1-3), 177-192. doi; 10.1016/s0925-7535(00)00012-6
• Foster, P. ve Hoult, S. (2013). The safety journey: Using a safety maturity model for safety planning and assurance in the UK coal mining industry. Minerals, 3(1), 59-72. doi; 10.3390/min3010059
• Fu, W. ve Deshpande, S. P. (2014). The impact of caring climate, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on job performance of employees in a China’s insurance company. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(2), 339-349. doi; 10.1007/s10551-013-1876-y
• Gibb, A. G., Haslam, R., Gyi, D. E., Hide, S. ve Duff, R. (2006). What causes accidents? Civil Engineering,159(2), 46–50.
• Gilboa, S., Shirom, A., Fried, Y. ve Cooper, C. (2008). A meta-analysis of work demand stressors and job performance: Examining main and moderating effects. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 227-271. doi; 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00113.x
• Gill, G. K., Shergill ve G. S. (2004). Perceptions of safety management and safety culture in the aviation industry in New Zealand. Journal of Air Transport Management, 10(4), 231-237. doi; 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2004.02.002
• Goh, J., Pfeffer, J. ve Zenios, S. A. (2016). The relationship between workplace stressors and mortality and health costs in the United States. Management Science, 62(2), 608-628. doi; 10.1287/mnsc.2014.2115
• Griffin, M. A. ve Curcuruto, M. (2016). Safety climate in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 191-212. doi; 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062414
• Hart, P. M. ve Cooper, C. L. (2001). Occupational stress: Toward a more integrated framework. N. Anderson, D.S. Ones, H.K. Sinangil ve C. Viswesvaran (Ed.), Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology içinde (s. 93-114). London: Sage.
• Hofmann, D. A. ve Stetzer, A. (1996). A cross-level investigation of factors influencing unsafe behaviors and accidents. Personnel Psychology, 49(2), 307-339. doi; 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01802.x
• Jamal, M. (2007). Job stress and job performance controversy revisited: An empirical examination in two countries. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 175. doi; 10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.175
• Johns, G. (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 386-408. doi; 10.5465/amr.2006.20208687
• Kavanagh, J. (2005). Stress and performance: A review of the literature and its applicability to the military. Santa Monica CA: Rand Corp.
• LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P. ve LePine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor–hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 764-775. doi; 10.5465/amj.2005.18803921
• Leung, M. Y., Chan, I. Y. S. ve Yu, J. (2012). Preventing construction worker injury incidents through the management of personal stress and organizational stressors. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 48, 156-166. doi; 10.1016/j.aap.2011.03.017
• Liu, H., Song, G. ve Wang, D. (2011). The influence of self-efficacy on flight dispatchers’ stressor-strain relationships. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(6), 839-850.
• Lu, C. S. ve Kuo, S. Y. (2016). The effect of job stress on self-reported safety behaviour in container terminal operations: The moderating role of emotional intelligence. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 37, 10-26. doi; 10.1016/j.trf.2015.12.008
• Mearns, K., Whitaker, S. M. ve Flin, R. (2001). Benchmarking safety climate in hazardous environments: A longitudinal, interorganizational approach. Risk Analysis, 21(4), 771-786. doi; 10.1111/0272-4332.214149
• Muse, L. A., Harris, S. G. ve Feild, H. S. (2003). Has the inverted-u theory of stress and job performance had a fair test?. Human Performance, 16(4), 349-364. doi; 10.1207/S15327043HUP1604_2
• Nahrgang, J. D., Morgeson, F. P. ve Hofmann, D. A. (2011). Safety at work: A meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 71-94. doi; 10.1037/a0021484
• Neal, A., Griffin ve M. A. (2006). A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate, safety motivation, safety behavior, and accidents at the individual and group levels. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 946-953. doi; 10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.946
• Neal, A., Griffin, M. A. ve Hart, P. M. (2000). The impact of organizational climate on safety climate and individual behavior. Safety Science, 34(1-3), 99-109. doi; 10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00008-4
• Nisar, S. K. ve Rasheed, M. I. (2019). Stress and performance: Investigating relationship between occupational stress, career satisfaction, and job performance of police employees. Journal of Public Affairs, 1-9. doi; 10.1002/pa.1986
• Okutan, M. ve Tengilimoğlu, D. (2002). İş ortamında stres ve stresle başa çıkma yöntemleri: Bir alan uygulaması. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(3), 15-42.
• Ostroff, C., Kinicki, A. J. ve Muhammad, R. S. (2013). Organizational culture and climate. I. B. Weiner, N. W. Schmitt ve S. Highhouse (Ed.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology içinde (s. 643-676). New York: Wiley.
• Özalp Türetgen, İ., Sertel Berk, Ö., Başbuğ, G. ve Ünsal, P. (2012). The development of the job stressor appraisal scale as part of the job stress battery. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28, 147-153. doi; 10.1027/1015-5759/a000103
• Parkes, K. R. (1986). Coping in stressful episodes: The role of individual differences, environmental factors, and situational characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1277-1292. doi; 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1277
• Podsakoff, P. M. ve MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on organizational performance: A review and suggestion for future research. Human Performance, 10(2), 133-151. doi; 10.1207/s15327043hup1002_5
• Probst, T. M. ve Brubaker, T. L. (2001). The effects of job insecurity on employee safety outcomes: Cross-sectional and longitudinal explorations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(2), 139-159. doi; 10.1037/1076-8998.6.2.139
• Rahlin, N. A., Mustafa, M. ve Majid, A. H. A. (2016). The impact of psychological safety climate on individual safety performance in the Malaysian manufacturing small enterprise: the role of psychological factor and psychological work ownership. World Journal of Management and Behavioral Studies,4(1), 8-19. doi; 10.5829/idosi.wjmbs.2016.4.1.1324
• Sawacha, E., Naoum, S. ve Fong, D. (1999). Factors affecting safety performance on construction sites. International Journal of Project Management, 17(5), 309-315. doi; 10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00042-8
• Schein, E. H. (2000). Sense and nonsense about culture and climate. N. M. Ashkanasy, C. P. M. Wilderom ve M. F. Peterson (Ed.), Handbook of organizational culture & climate içinde (s. 23 30). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Schneider, B. (2000). The psychological life of organizations. N. M. Ashkanasy, C. P. M. Wilderom ve M. F. Peterson (Ed.), Handbook of organizational culture & climate içinde (s. 17–21). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G. ve Macey, W. H. (2011). Organizational climate research: achievements and the road ahead. N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. P. Wilderom ve M. F. Peterson (Ed.), The handbook of culture and climate içinde (s. 29–49). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Schreurs, B. H., Hetty van Emmerik, I. J., Günter, H. ve Germeys, F. (2012). A weekly diary study on the buffering role of social support in the relationship between job insecurity and employee performance. Human Resource Management, 51(2), 259-279. doi; 10.1002/hrm.21465
• Shirom, A., Shechter Gilboa, S., Fried ve Y. Cooper, C. L. (2008). Gender, age and tenure as moderators of work-related stressors’ relationships with job performance: A meta-analysis. Human Relations, 61(10), 1371-1398. doi; 10.1177/0018726708095708
• Silva, S., Lima, M. L. ve Baptista, C. (2004). OSCI: An organisational and safety climate inventory. Safety Science, 42(3), 205-220. doi; 10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00043-2
• Singer, S., Lin, S., Falwell, A., Gaba, D. ve Baker, L. (2009). Relationship of safety climate and safety performance in hospitals. Health Services Research, 44, 399-421. doi; 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2008.00918.x
• Singh, V., Sharma, S. K., Chadha, I. ve Singh, T. (2019). Investigating the moderating effects of multi group on safety performance: The case of civil aviation. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 7(2), 477-488. doi; 10.1016/j.cstp.2019.01.002
• Siu, O. L., Phillips, D. R. ve Leung, T. W. (2003). Age differences in safety attitudes and safety performance in Hong Kong construction workers. Journal of Safety Research, 34(2), 199-205. doi; 10.1016/S0022-4375(02)00072-5
• Siu, O. L., Phillips, D. R. ve Leung, T. W. (2004). Safety climate and safety performance among construction workers in Hong Kong: The role of psychological strains as mediators. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(3), 359-366. doi; 10.1016/S0001-4575(03)00016-2
• Smith, M., Cohen, H., Cohen, A. ve Cleveland, R. (1978). Characteristics of successful safety programs. Journal of Safety Research, 10(1), 5-15.
• Smith-Crowe, K., Burke, M.J. ve Landis, R.S. (2003). Organizational climate as a moderator of safety knowledge–safety performance relationships. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 24(7), 861-876. doi; 10.1002/job.217
• Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 6). Boston, MA: Pearson.Tomás, J. M., Melia, J. L. ve Oliver, A. (1999). A cross-validation of a structural equation model of accidents: Organizational and psychological variables as predictors of work safety. Work & Stress, 13(1), 49-58. doi; 10.1080/026783799296183
• Türen, U., Gökmen, Y., Tokmak, İ. ve Bekmezci, M. (2014). Güvenlik İklimi Ölçeği’nin geçerlilik ve güvenirlilik çalışması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(4), 171-190.
• Westman, M. (1990). The relationship between stress and performance: The moderating effect of hardiness. Human Performance, 3(3), 141-155. doi; 10.1207/s15327043hup0303_1
• Williamson, A. M., Feyer, A. M., Cairns, D. ve Biancotti, D. (1997). The development of a measure of safety climate: The role of safety perceptions and attitudes. Safety Science, 25(1-3), 15-27. doi; 10.1016/S0925-7535(97)00020-9
• Wu, T. C., Chen, C. H. ve Li, C. C. (2008). A correlation among safety leadership, safety climate and safety performance. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 21(3), 307-318. doi; 10.1016/j.jlp.2007.11.001
• Wu, Y. C. (2011). Job stress and job performance among employees in the Taiwanese finance sector: The role of emotional intelligence. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(1), 21-31. doi; 10.2224/sbp.2011.39.1.21
• Yerkes, R. M. ve Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18(5), 459-482. doi; 10.1002/cne.920180503
• Yozgat, U., Yurtkoru, S. ve Bilginoğlu, E. (2013). Job stress and job performance among employees in public sector in İstanbul: Examining the moderating role of emotional intelligence. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 75, 518-524. doi; 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.056
• Yuan, Z., Li, Y. ve Lin, J. (2014). Linking challenge and hindrance stress to safety performance: The moderating effect of core self-evaluation. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 154-159.doi; 10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.025
• Yule, S. (2003). Senior management influence on safety performance in the UK and US energy sectors(Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
• Zacharatos, A., Barling, J. ve Iverson, R. D. (2005). High-performance work systems and occupational safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 77-93. doi; 10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.77
• Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(1), 96-102. doi; 10.1037/0021-9010.65.1.96
• Zohar, D. (2000). A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 587-596.doi; 10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.587