Ülke Verilerine göre İşgücüne Katılımda Cinsiyet Ayrımı ve Hofstede’nin Kültür Boyutları arasındaki İlişki

Abstract

Küresel işgücüne katılım oranlarında neden belirgin bir cinsiyet farkı var? Kırılgan istihdamı azaltmanın bir yolu var mı? Kültür değerleri işgücüne katılımda cinsiyet ayrımını ve erkek egemen çalışma yapısını açıklayabilir mi? Bu araştırma, ekonomi kontrol edildikten sonra Hofstede’nin kültür boyutları (güç mesafesi, bireycilik, erillik, belirsizlikten kaçınma ve uzun dönem yönelimlilik) ile işgücüne katılımda cinsiyet ayrımı belirteçleri (kadınların ve erkeklerin işgücüne katılımı ve kırılgan istihdam oranları) arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Çalışmanın verileri Hofstede’nin kültür boyutlarından ve Dünya Bankası veritabanından elde edilmiştir. Eksik verisi olan ülkeler çalışma kapsamı dışına çıkarıldığında çalışmanın veri setini 60 ülkenin verisi oluşturmaktadır. Modele ilk aşamada ekonomik kalkınma verisi kontrol değişkeni olarak eklenirken, ikinci aşamada çalışmanın değişkenleri eklenerek veriler iki aşamalı hiyerarşik regresyon yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, ekonomik kalkınmayı kontrol ettikten sonra, kadınların işgücüne katılım oranının belirsizlikten kaçınma ülke puanlarıyla negatif yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Diğer taraftan, erkeklerin işgücüne katılım oranı ülkelerin güç mesafesi, bireycilik ve belirsizlikten kaçınma boyut puanlarıyla negatif ilişkili bulunmuştur. Ayrıca hem kadınların hem de erkeklerin kırılgan istihdam oranları, ülkelerin bireycilik konusundaki puanları ile olumsuz yönde ilişkili bulunmuştur. Güç mesafesinin ve belirsizlikten kaçınmanın düşük olduğu ülkelerde daha fazla kadın ve erkeğin işgücüne katıldığının bulunması, kadınların işgücüne katılımının hem kadınların hem de erkeklerin yararlandığı yeni iş fırsatları yarattığı şeklinde yorumlanabilir. Bulgular, farklı ülkelerdeki cinsiyet temelli işgücüne katılım modellerini ve ekonomik cinsiyet ayrımının kültür dinamiklerini anlamayı amaçlayan araştırmacılar için faydalı olabilir.

Keywords

• İşgücüne katılımda cinsiyet ayrımı
• işgücüne katılım
• kırılgan istihdam
• Hofstede’nin kültür boyutları

The Relationship between Gender Gap in Employment and Hofstede’s Culture Dimensions depending on Country Scores

Abstract

Why is there a significant gender gap in the global labor force participation? Is there a way to reduce vulnerable employment? May cultural values explain the gender gap in employment and male-dominant work structure? This research examined the associations between Hofstede’s culture dimensions (including power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation) and gender gap in employment indicators (women’s and men’s labor force participation and vulnerable employment rates) after controlling the economy. Secondary data were obtained from Hofstede’s culture dimensions and World Bank databases. When the countries with missing data are excluded, remaining data of 60 countries make up the data set of the study. Two-step hierarchical regression analyses were performed, in which economic development was entered in the first step and study variables were included in the model in the second step. The main results indicated that after controlling economic development, women’s labor force participation rate was negatively related to country scores on uncertainty avoidance. In contrast, men’s labor force participation rate was negatively associated with country scores on power distance, individualism, and uncertainty avoidance. Besides, both women’s and men’s vulnerable employment rates were negatively related to country scores on individualism. The fact that more women and men participate in the labor force in countries with low power distance and uncertainty avoidance can be interpreted as women’s labor force participation creates new job opportunities that both women and men benefit from. The results may be useful for researchers who aim to see the current gender-based labor force participation patterns in different countries and understand the culture dynamics of economic gender gap.

Keywords

• Gender gap in employment
• labor force participation
• vulnerable employment
• Hofstede’s culture dimensions

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