Research Article
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When the dimensions are the adjectives of the same object, does the performance of three-year-olds increase in the dimensional change sorting task?

Year 2017, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 95 - 110, 11.12.2017

Abstract

The Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task measures the ability to switch from
one rule to another (cognitive flexibility). Three-year-old children typically fail in this
task, which is widely used in the literature. However, when the dimensions of the things
on the cards used in the task are separated, the performance of the three-year-olds
increases. There are two close hypotheses about this phenomenon: re-description and
mental files. The purpose of this study was to test these two hypotheses with different
manipulations on the DCCS task. The three-year-old children participating in the study
(N = 38) were given these four tasks: the original DCCS task and a version using
objects identical to the original one, and two more versions, one using a constant object
instead of card and the other using cards identical to the version using a constant object.
In the versions using the constant object, sorting was done through two properties of
that thing. As a result, there was no significant difference between these tasks. However,
when we divided the group into two from the cut point of 42 months, there were
significant differences between these two groups in favor of older age in the original
DCCS task and the version using identical objects as the original one. But the
differences were still insignificant in the versions using the constant object. Thus, this
study supported the hypothesis of mental files, which predicted that the rule transition
between features of a constant thing would be easier than in the original DCCS task, for
the children of three years old who are younger than 42 months. This is not a direct
consequence of the re-description hypothesis.

References

  • Csibra, G. ve Gergely, G. (2009). Natural pedagogy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 148-153.
  • Doebel, S. ve Zelazo, P. D. (2015). A meta-analysis of the Dimensional Change Card Sort: Implications for developmental theories and the measurement of executive function in children. Developmental Review, 38, 241-268.
  • Flavell, J. H., Flavell, E. R. ve Green, F. L. (1983). Development of the appearance-reality distinction. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 95-120.
  • Frege, G. (1989). Anlam ve Yönletim Üzerine (Ş. H. Elkatip, Çev.). İçinde, V. Hacıkadiroğlu (Ed.), Felsefe Tartışmaları, 5. Kitap (s. 7-23). İstanbul: Panaroma.
  • Frye, D., Zelazo, P. D. ve Palfai, T. (1995). Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning. Cognitive Development, 10 (4), 483-527.
  • Huber, B., Tarasuik, J., Antoniou, M. N., Garrett, C., Bowe, S. J., Kaufman, J. ve The Swinburne Babylab Team (2016). Young children's transfer of learning from a touchscreen device. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 56-64.
  • Kazak Berument, S. ve Güven, A. G. (2013). Türkçe İfade Edici ve Alıcı Dil (TİFALDİ) Testi: I. Alıcı Dil Kelime Alt Testi standardizasyon ve güvenilirlik geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24 (3), 192-201.
  • Kloo, D. ve Perner, J. (2005). Disentangling dimensions in the dimensional change card sorting task. Developmental Science, 8, 44-56.
  • Kloo, D., Perner, J., Aichhorn, M. ve Schmidhuber, N. (2010). Perspective taking and cognitive flexibility in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task. Cognitive Development, 25, 208-217.
  • Perner, J. (1991). Understanding The Representational Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Perner, J., Huemer, M. ve Leahy, B. (2015). Mental files and belief: a cognitive theory of how children represent belief and its intensionality. Cognition, 145, 77-88.
  • Perner, J. ve Leahy, B. (2016). Mental files in development: dual naming, false belief, identity and intensionality. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 7 (2), 491-508.
  • Perner, J., Stummer, S., Sprung, M. ve Doherty, M. J. (2002). Theory of mind finds its Piagetian Perspective: why alternative naming comes with understanding belief. Cognitive Development, 17, 1451-1472.
  • Preissler, M. A. ve Carey, S. (2004). Do both pictures and words function as symbols for 18- and 24-month-old children? Journal of Cognition and Development, 5, 185-212.
  • Recanati, F. (2012). Mental Files. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Searle, J. R. (2005). Toplumsal Gerçekliğin İnşası (M. Macit ve F. Özpilavcı, Çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Searle, J. R. (2006). Zihin Dil Toplum, Gerçek Dünyada Felsefe (A. Tural, Çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Searle, J. R. (2014). Zihnin Yeniden Keşfi (M. Macit, Çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Sprung, M., Perner, J. ve Mitchell, P. (2007). Opacity and discourse referents: object identity and object properties. Mind & Language, 22 (3), 215-245.
  • Strouse, G. A. ve Ganea, P. A. (2017). Toddlers' word learning and transfer from electronic and print books. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 156, 129-142.
  • Tomasello, M. (2016). Cultural learning redux. Child Development, 87 (3), 643-653.
  • Tomasello, M. (2017). İnsan İletişiminin Kökenleri (G. Koca, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Tomasello, M., Kruger, A. ve Ratner, H. (1993). Cultural learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 495-552.
  • Wimmer, H. ve Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition, 13 (1), 103-128.
  • Wittgenstein, L. (1986). Philosophical Investigation (G. E. M. Anscombe, R. Rhees ve G. H. Wright, Ed., G. E. M. Anscombe, Çev.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Yıldız, T. (2011). 6 ve 8 yaş çocuklarında anlam kafesi kurmanın kavram gelişimine etkileri. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Yıldız, T. (2013). Bir kelime neyi değiştirir? Boyut değiştirerek eşleme görevine kavramsal ağların etkisi. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 1 (1), 1-19.
  • Yıldız, T. (2017). “Anlam Kafesi Kurma:” Dokunmatik ekranlı cihazlar üzerinden insan-insan ve yazılım-insan etkileşimlerinin kavram gelişimine etkileri. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Zack, E. ve Barr, R. (2016). The role of interactional quality in learning from touch screens during infancy: context matters. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-12.
  • Zelazo, P. D. (2006). The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): a method of assessing executive function in children. Nature Protocols, 1 (1), 297-301.
  • Zelazo, P. D. ve Frye, D. (1997). Cognitive complexity and control: a theory of the development of deliberate reasoning and intentional action. İçinde, M. Stamenov (Ed.), Language structure, discourse, and the access to consciousness (s.113-153). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Zelazo, P. D., Müller, U., Frye, D. ve Marcovitch, S. (2003). The development of executive function in early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68 (3), Serial No. 274.

Boyut değiştirerek eşleme görevinde boyutlar aynı objenin sıfatları olursa üç yaş çocuklarının performansı artar mı?

Year 2017, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 95 - 110, 11.12.2017

Abstract

Boyut Değiştirerek Kart Eşleme (BDKE) görevi, bir kural kullanımından diğerine geçiş
becerisini (bilişsel esneklik) ölçer. Üç yaş çocukları, literatürde yaygın olarak kullanılan
bu görevde genellikle başarısız olurlar. Ancak görevde kullanılan kartladaki şeylerin
boyutları ayrıştırıldığında üç yaşların performansı yükselmektedir. Bu fenomene dair iki
yakın hipotez söz konusudur: Yeniden tanımlama ve zihinsel dosyalar. Bu çalışmanın
amacı, BDKE görevi üzerinde yapılan farklı manipülasyonlarla bu iki hipotezi
sınamaktır. Çalışmaya katılan üç yaş çocuklarına (N = 38), orijinal BDKE ve buna
özdeş objelerin kullanıldığı bir versiyon ile kart yerine sürekli bir objenin ve buna özdeş
kartların kullanıldığı iki versiyon daha olmak üzere dört görev uygulanmıştır. Sürekli
şeyin kullanıldığı versiyonlarında eşleme o şeyin iki özelliği üzerinden yapılmıştır.
Sonuçta bu görevler arasında anlamlı bir fark gözlenmemiştir. Ancak grup 42 aydan
küçük ve büyük üç yaşlar olarak ikiye ayrıldığında, bu gruplar arasında orijinal BDKE
ve buna özdeş objelerin kullanıldığı versiyonlarda büyük yaş lehine anlamlı farklar
olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sürekli şeyin kullanıldığı versiyonlarda ise farklar yine
anlamsızdır. Böylece bu çalışma, sürekli bir şeyin özellikleri arasında geçişin orijinal
BDKE’dekinden daha kolay olacağını öngören zihinsel dosyalar hipotezini 42 aydan
küçük üç yaşlarda desteklemiştir. Bu, yeniden tanımlama hipotezinin doğrudan
öngörmediği bir sonuçtur. 

References

  • Csibra, G. ve Gergely, G. (2009). Natural pedagogy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 148-153.
  • Doebel, S. ve Zelazo, P. D. (2015). A meta-analysis of the Dimensional Change Card Sort: Implications for developmental theories and the measurement of executive function in children. Developmental Review, 38, 241-268.
  • Flavell, J. H., Flavell, E. R. ve Green, F. L. (1983). Development of the appearance-reality distinction. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 95-120.
  • Frege, G. (1989). Anlam ve Yönletim Üzerine (Ş. H. Elkatip, Çev.). İçinde, V. Hacıkadiroğlu (Ed.), Felsefe Tartışmaları, 5. Kitap (s. 7-23). İstanbul: Panaroma.
  • Frye, D., Zelazo, P. D. ve Palfai, T. (1995). Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning. Cognitive Development, 10 (4), 483-527.
  • Huber, B., Tarasuik, J., Antoniou, M. N., Garrett, C., Bowe, S. J., Kaufman, J. ve The Swinburne Babylab Team (2016). Young children's transfer of learning from a touchscreen device. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 56-64.
  • Kazak Berument, S. ve Güven, A. G. (2013). Türkçe İfade Edici ve Alıcı Dil (TİFALDİ) Testi: I. Alıcı Dil Kelime Alt Testi standardizasyon ve güvenilirlik geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24 (3), 192-201.
  • Kloo, D. ve Perner, J. (2005). Disentangling dimensions in the dimensional change card sorting task. Developmental Science, 8, 44-56.
  • Kloo, D., Perner, J., Aichhorn, M. ve Schmidhuber, N. (2010). Perspective taking and cognitive flexibility in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task. Cognitive Development, 25, 208-217.
  • Perner, J. (1991). Understanding The Representational Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Perner, J., Huemer, M. ve Leahy, B. (2015). Mental files and belief: a cognitive theory of how children represent belief and its intensionality. Cognition, 145, 77-88.
  • Perner, J. ve Leahy, B. (2016). Mental files in development: dual naming, false belief, identity and intensionality. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 7 (2), 491-508.
  • Perner, J., Stummer, S., Sprung, M. ve Doherty, M. J. (2002). Theory of mind finds its Piagetian Perspective: why alternative naming comes with understanding belief. Cognitive Development, 17, 1451-1472.
  • Preissler, M. A. ve Carey, S. (2004). Do both pictures and words function as symbols for 18- and 24-month-old children? Journal of Cognition and Development, 5, 185-212.
  • Recanati, F. (2012). Mental Files. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Searle, J. R. (2005). Toplumsal Gerçekliğin İnşası (M. Macit ve F. Özpilavcı, Çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Searle, J. R. (2006). Zihin Dil Toplum, Gerçek Dünyada Felsefe (A. Tural, Çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Searle, J. R. (2014). Zihnin Yeniden Keşfi (M. Macit, Çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Sprung, M., Perner, J. ve Mitchell, P. (2007). Opacity and discourse referents: object identity and object properties. Mind & Language, 22 (3), 215-245.
  • Strouse, G. A. ve Ganea, P. A. (2017). Toddlers' word learning and transfer from electronic and print books. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 156, 129-142.
  • Tomasello, M. (2016). Cultural learning redux. Child Development, 87 (3), 643-653.
  • Tomasello, M. (2017). İnsan İletişiminin Kökenleri (G. Koca, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Tomasello, M., Kruger, A. ve Ratner, H. (1993). Cultural learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 495-552.
  • Wimmer, H. ve Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition, 13 (1), 103-128.
  • Wittgenstein, L. (1986). Philosophical Investigation (G. E. M. Anscombe, R. Rhees ve G. H. Wright, Ed., G. E. M. Anscombe, Çev.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Yıldız, T. (2011). 6 ve 8 yaş çocuklarında anlam kafesi kurmanın kavram gelişimine etkileri. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Yıldız, T. (2013). Bir kelime neyi değiştirir? Boyut değiştirerek eşleme görevine kavramsal ağların etkisi. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 1 (1), 1-19.
  • Yıldız, T. (2017). “Anlam Kafesi Kurma:” Dokunmatik ekranlı cihazlar üzerinden insan-insan ve yazılım-insan etkileşimlerinin kavram gelişimine etkileri. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Zack, E. ve Barr, R. (2016). The role of interactional quality in learning from touch screens during infancy: context matters. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-12.
  • Zelazo, P. D. (2006). The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): a method of assessing executive function in children. Nature Protocols, 1 (1), 297-301.
  • Zelazo, P. D. ve Frye, D. (1997). Cognitive complexity and control: a theory of the development of deliberate reasoning and intentional action. İçinde, M. Stamenov (Ed.), Language structure, discourse, and the access to consciousness (s.113-153). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Zelazo, P. D., Müller, U., Frye, D. ve Marcovitch, S. (2003). The development of executive function in early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68 (3), Serial No. 274.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Tolga Yıldız

Taner Akbaş This is me

Publication Date December 11, 2017
Submission Date November 7, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 37 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yıldız, T., & Akbaş, T. (2017). When the dimensions are the adjectives of the same object, does the performance of three-year-olds increase in the dimensional change sorting task?. Studies in Psychology, 37(2), 95-110.
AMA Yıldız T, Akbaş T. When the dimensions are the adjectives of the same object, does the performance of three-year-olds increase in the dimensional change sorting task?. Studies in Psychology. December 2017;37(2):95-110.
Chicago Yıldız, Tolga, and Taner Akbaş. “When the Dimensions Are the Adjectives of the Same Object, Does the Performance of Three-Year-Olds Increase in the Dimensional Change Sorting Task?”. Studies in Psychology 37, no. 2 (December 2017): 95-110.
EndNote Yıldız T, Akbaş T (December 1, 2017) When the dimensions are the adjectives of the same object, does the performance of three-year-olds increase in the dimensional change sorting task?. Studies in Psychology 37 2 95–110.
IEEE T. Yıldız and T. Akbaş, “When the dimensions are the adjectives of the same object, does the performance of three-year-olds increase in the dimensional change sorting task?”, Studies in Psychology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 95–110, 2017.
ISNAD Yıldız, Tolga - Akbaş, Taner. “When the Dimensions Are the Adjectives of the Same Object, Does the Performance of Three-Year-Olds Increase in the Dimensional Change Sorting Task?”. Studies in Psychology 37/2 (December 2017), 95-110.
JAMA Yıldız T, Akbaş T. When the dimensions are the adjectives of the same object, does the performance of three-year-olds increase in the dimensional change sorting task?. Studies in Psychology. 2017;37:95–110.
MLA Yıldız, Tolga and Taner Akbaş. “When the Dimensions Are the Adjectives of the Same Object, Does the Performance of Three-Year-Olds Increase in the Dimensional Change Sorting Task?”. Studies in Psychology, vol. 37, no. 2, 2017, pp. 95-110.
Vancouver Yıldız T, Akbaş T. When the dimensions are the adjectives of the same object, does the performance of three-year-olds increase in the dimensional change sorting task?. Studies in Psychology. 2017;37(2):95-110.

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680