Research Article
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Remember/Know and Modality Effects in a Forced-Choice Test of False Memory

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 179 - 193, 28.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0016

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to observe the sensitivity for discriminating old and new words for three word types (critical, related, unrelated) in Deese- Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists. With this aim, for all three kinds of DRM paradigm word types we paired one presented word on study phase against one word that was not presented in each trial in a two-alternative forced choice test. We tried to answer three questions related to false positive responses in the DRM paradigm: First, do false positives stem from a response bias or do the participants have lower sensitivity to distinguish nonstudied from studied words? We used a forced-choice recognition task in order to isolate the effect of sensitivity. Second, is a potential reduction in sensitivity related to recollection or familiarity? We asked participants to classify their responses as “remember”, “know”, or “guess” in order to explore this issue. Third, is there a difference in sensitivity for prior study in auditory and visual list learning tasks and their distribution into the three kinds of recognition responses? For the first question of the study as a result of the research we observed lower sensitivity for the critical words of the DRM lists than words in unrelated lists. When the findings they classified in terms of recognition memory were examined, it was observed that remember responses clearly differentiated for the three types of words. It was an answer for the second question of the study that sensitivity reduction was related with recollection more than familiarity. Modality did not make a difference in any measure.

References

  • Boldini, A., Beato, M. S., & Cadavid, S. (2013). Modality-match effect in false recognition: An eventrelated potential study. NeuroReport, 24(3), 108–113.
  • Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy Trace Theory and false memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 164–169.
  • Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., & Mojardin, A. H. (1999). Conjoint recognition. Psychological Review, 106(1), 160–179.
  • Calvillo, D. P., & Parong, J. A. (2016). The misinformation effect is unrelated to the DRM effect with and without a DRM warning. Memory, 24(3), 324–333.
  • Cleary, A., & Greene, R. (2002). Paradoxical effects of presentation modality on false memory. Memory, 10, 55–61.
  • Gallo, D., McDermott, K., Percer, J., & Roediger, H. (2001). Modality effects in false recall and false recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 339–353.
  • Gallo, D. (2006). Associative illusions of memory. NY: Psychology Press.
  • Gardiner, J. M., & Parkin, A. J. (1990). Attention and recollective experience in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 18(6), 579–583.
  • Green, D. M. & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley. Reprinted 1974 by Krieger, Huntington, NY.
  • Hunt, R. R., Smith, R. E., & Dunlap, K. R. (2011). How does distinctive processing reduce false recall? Journal of Memory and Language, 65, 378–389.
  • Israel, L., & Schacter, D. L. (1997). Pictorial encoding reduces false recognition of semantic associates. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 577–581.
  • Kellogg, R. T. (2001). Presentation modality and mode of recall in verbal false memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 27, 913–919. Marche, T. A., & Brainerd, C. J. (2012). The role of phantom recollection in false recall. Memory and Cognition, 40, 902–917.
  • Miller, M., & Wolford, G. (1999). Theoretical commentary: The role of criterion shift in false memory. Psychological Review, 106, 398–405.
  • Ost, J., Blank, H., Davies, J., Jones, G., Lambert, K., & Salmon, K. (2013). False memory ≠ false memory: DRM errors are unrelated to the misinformation effect. PLoS ONE, 8(4).
  • Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. Memory & Cognition. 21(1), 89–102.
  • Reyna, V. F., & Lloyd, F. (1997). Theories of false memory in children and adults. Learning and Indiviual Differences, 9, 95–123.
  • Roediger, H., & McDermott, K. (1995). Creating false memories: remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803–814.
  • Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., & Koutstaal, W. (1998). The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 289–318.
  • Singer, M., & Remillard, G. (2008). Veridical and false memory for text: A multiprocess analysis. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 18–35.
  • Smith, R. E., & Hunt, R. (1998). Presentation modality affects false memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 710–715.
  • Smith, R. E., Reed Hunt, R., & Dunlap, K. R. (2015). Why do pictures, but not visual words, reduce older adults’ false memories? Psychology and Aging, 30(3), 647–655.
  • Smith, R. E., Hunt, R. R., & Gallagher, M. P. (2008). The effect of study modality on false recognition. Memory & Cognition, 36, 1439–1449.
  • Smith, R., & Engle, R. (2011). Study modality and false recall. Experimental Psychology, 58(2), 117–24.
  • Şahin, G. (2011). Sahte hatıralarda işitsel modalite ile görsel modalite arasında ortaya çıkan farkın sinyal denetleme teorisi ve güven aralıkları ile incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Tekcan, A., & Göz, I. (2005). Türkçe kelime normları: 600 Türkçe kelimenin imgelem, somutluk, sıklık değerleri ve çağrışım setleri. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Weinstein, Y., McDermott, K.B., & Chan, J.C.K. (2010). True and false memories in the DRM paradigm on a forced choice test. Memory, 18, 375–384.
  • Westerberg, C., & Marsolek, C. (2003). Sensitivity reductions in false recognition: A measure of false memories with stronger theoretical implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 747–759.
  • Yonelinas, A. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 441–517.

Sahte Hatıralarda Zorunlu Seçim Yöntemi ile Hatırlıyorum/ Biliyorum ve Modalite Etkileri

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 179 - 193, 28.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0016

Abstract

Araştırmanın temel amacı Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) yöntemiyle ortaya çıkan sahte hatıralarda eski ve yeni kelimeler üzerindeki duyarlılığın etkisinin gözlemlenmesi ve yanıt yanlılığı dışarıda bırakılarak DRM listelerindeki kelime türleri üzerinden duyarlılık etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesidir. Bu amaçla DRM paradigmasında iki alternatifli zorunlu seçim yöntemi yardımı ile üç kelime türünün (kritik, ilişkili, ilişkisiz) gerçekten çalışılmış ve gerçekte çalışılmamış çiftleri eşleştirilmiştir. Bu sayede DRM görevlerinde gözlenen yanlış pozitif cevaplarla ilgili üç soruya cevap vermeye çalışılmıştır: Birinci soru, yanlış pozitif yanıtlar bir yanıt yanlılığından mı kaynaklanıyor yoksa katılımcılar çalıştıkları sözcükleri ayırt etmekte daha az bir duyarlılığa sahip olduklarından, yani kelimelerin kendilerine gerçekten sunulup sunulmadığını ayırt edemediklerinden dolayı mı hata yapmaktadır? Yanıtlardaki yanlılık etkileri dışarıda bırakılarak, duyarlılığın etkisini izole etmek için test aşamasında evet-hayır testi yerine iki alternatifli zorunlu seçim tanıma görevi kullanılmıştır. İkinci soru, duyarlılıktaki potansiyel bir azalma, tanıma belleğinin anımsama mı yoksa aşinalık bileşeni ile mi ilişkilidir? Bu konuyu araştırmak için katılımcılardan yanıtlarını “hatırlıyorum”, “biliyorum” veya “tahmin ediyorum” şeklinde sınıflandırmaları istenmiştir. Üçüncü ve son soru ise, listeleri işitsel veya görsel modalitede öğrenme görevlerinde, çalışılan kelimelere karşı duyarlılıklarında ve bunların üç tür tanıma yanıtına dağılımı arasında bir fark var mıdır? Çalışmanın birinci sorusuna yanıt olarak araştırma sonucunda katılımcıların, DRM listelerinin kelime türlerinden kritik kelimeler için ilişkisiz listelerdeki kelimelerden daha düşük duyarlılıkları olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci sorusuyla ilgili olarak verdikleri yanıtlarını tanıma belleği açısından sınıfladıkları bulgular incelendiğinde hatırlıyorum yanıtlarının üç kelime türü için açık şekilde farklılık gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. Duyarlılıktaki azalmanın aşinalıktansa anımsama ile ilgili olduğu görülmüştür. Görsel ve işitsel modalite arasında herhangi bir ölçümde anlamlı bir fark olmadığı görülmüştür.




References

  • Boldini, A., Beato, M. S., & Cadavid, S. (2013). Modality-match effect in false recognition: An eventrelated potential study. NeuroReport, 24(3), 108–113.
  • Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy Trace Theory and false memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 164–169.
  • Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., & Mojardin, A. H. (1999). Conjoint recognition. Psychological Review, 106(1), 160–179.
  • Calvillo, D. P., & Parong, J. A. (2016). The misinformation effect is unrelated to the DRM effect with and without a DRM warning. Memory, 24(3), 324–333.
  • Cleary, A., & Greene, R. (2002). Paradoxical effects of presentation modality on false memory. Memory, 10, 55–61.
  • Gallo, D., McDermott, K., Percer, J., & Roediger, H. (2001). Modality effects in false recall and false recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 339–353.
  • Gallo, D. (2006). Associative illusions of memory. NY: Psychology Press.
  • Gardiner, J. M., & Parkin, A. J. (1990). Attention and recollective experience in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 18(6), 579–583.
  • Green, D. M. & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley. Reprinted 1974 by Krieger, Huntington, NY.
  • Hunt, R. R., Smith, R. E., & Dunlap, K. R. (2011). How does distinctive processing reduce false recall? Journal of Memory and Language, 65, 378–389.
  • Israel, L., & Schacter, D. L. (1997). Pictorial encoding reduces false recognition of semantic associates. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 577–581.
  • Kellogg, R. T. (2001). Presentation modality and mode of recall in verbal false memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 27, 913–919. Marche, T. A., & Brainerd, C. J. (2012). The role of phantom recollection in false recall. Memory and Cognition, 40, 902–917.
  • Miller, M., & Wolford, G. (1999). Theoretical commentary: The role of criterion shift in false memory. Psychological Review, 106, 398–405.
  • Ost, J., Blank, H., Davies, J., Jones, G., Lambert, K., & Salmon, K. (2013). False memory ≠ false memory: DRM errors are unrelated to the misinformation effect. PLoS ONE, 8(4).
  • Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. Memory & Cognition. 21(1), 89–102.
  • Reyna, V. F., & Lloyd, F. (1997). Theories of false memory in children and adults. Learning and Indiviual Differences, 9, 95–123.
  • Roediger, H., & McDermott, K. (1995). Creating false memories: remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803–814.
  • Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., & Koutstaal, W. (1998). The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 289–318.
  • Singer, M., & Remillard, G. (2008). Veridical and false memory for text: A multiprocess analysis. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 18–35.
  • Smith, R. E., & Hunt, R. (1998). Presentation modality affects false memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 710–715.
  • Smith, R. E., Reed Hunt, R., & Dunlap, K. R. (2015). Why do pictures, but not visual words, reduce older adults’ false memories? Psychology and Aging, 30(3), 647–655.
  • Smith, R. E., Hunt, R. R., & Gallagher, M. P. (2008). The effect of study modality on false recognition. Memory & Cognition, 36, 1439–1449.
  • Smith, R., & Engle, R. (2011). Study modality and false recall. Experimental Psychology, 58(2), 117–24.
  • Şahin, G. (2011). Sahte hatıralarda işitsel modalite ile görsel modalite arasında ortaya çıkan farkın sinyal denetleme teorisi ve güven aralıkları ile incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Tekcan, A., & Göz, I. (2005). Türkçe kelime normları: 600 Türkçe kelimenin imgelem, somutluk, sıklık değerleri ve çağrışım setleri. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Weinstein, Y., McDermott, K.B., & Chan, J.C.K. (2010). True and false memories in the DRM paradigm on a forced choice test. Memory, 18, 375–384.
  • Westerberg, C., & Marsolek, C. (2003). Sensitivity reductions in false recognition: A measure of false memories with stronger theoretical implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 747–759.
  • Yonelinas, A. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 441–517.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gökhan Şahin

Hasan Gürkan Tekman This is me

Publication Date June 28, 2019
Submission Date February 19, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 39 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Şahin, G., & Tekman, H. G. (2019). Remember/Know and Modality Effects in a Forced-Choice Test of False Memory. Studies in Psychology, 39(1), 179-193. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0016
AMA Şahin G, Tekman HG. Remember/Know and Modality Effects in a Forced-Choice Test of False Memory. Studies in Psychology. June 2019;39(1):179-193. doi:10.26650/SP2019-0016
Chicago Şahin, Gökhan, and Hasan Gürkan Tekman. “Remember/Know and Modality Effects in a Forced-Choice Test of False Memory”. Studies in Psychology 39, no. 1 (June 2019): 179-93. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0016.
EndNote Şahin G, Tekman HG (June 1, 2019) Remember/Know and Modality Effects in a Forced-Choice Test of False Memory. Studies in Psychology 39 1 179–193.
IEEE G. Şahin and H. G. Tekman, “Remember/Know and Modality Effects in a Forced-Choice Test of False Memory”, Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 179–193, 2019, doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0016.
ISNAD Şahin, Gökhan - Tekman, Hasan Gürkan. “Remember/Know and Modality Effects in a Forced-Choice Test of False Memory”. Studies in Psychology 39/1 (June 2019), 179-193. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0016.
JAMA Şahin G, Tekman HG. Remember/Know and Modality Effects in a Forced-Choice Test of False Memory. Studies in Psychology. 2019;39:179–193.
MLA Şahin, Gökhan and Hasan Gürkan Tekman. “Remember/Know and Modality Effects in a Forced-Choice Test of False Memory”. Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 1, 2019, pp. 179-93, doi:10.26650/SP2019-0016.
Vancouver Şahin G, Tekman HG. Remember/Know and Modality Effects in a Forced-Choice Test of False Memory. Studies in Psychology. 2019;39(1):179-93.

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680