Research Article
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Development of Turkish DRM Lists with Emotional Words

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 245 - 266, 24.12.2019

Elif Yüvrük Haki Turan Aycan Kapucu

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026

Abstract

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) creates strong false memories of critical words that are actually never studied but are associated to a semantically-related studied word list. The fact that the created memory illusion is quite powerful has led to the frequent use of this paradigm to investigate effects of different variables on this illusion and to develop DRM lists in different languages. The present study aimed to develop Turkish emotional DRM lists including positive, negative and neutral words that are matched on arousal and on several other word characteristics. Ten DRM lists were created in each emotion condition (negative, positive, neutral); each list included ten list words related to one critical lure. Recognition memory test was used to measure the magnitude of false memories. Analyses of participants’ hit and false alarm rates revealed that similar levels of false memories were created in each emotion condition. Levels of false memories for each critical lure were then calculated separately. The data showed that each DRM list was able to produce comparable levels of false recognition when compared to previous studies in the literature. Sixty-six percent of the negative critical lures, 65% of the positive critical lures and 58% of the neutral critical lures were recognized by the participants as old words. We believe that these emotional DRM lists would be useful for researchers working in different areas of psychology who are interested in investigating emotion and false memories in native Turkish-speakers.

Keywords

DRM false memory emotion valence arousal

References

  • Anastasi, J., Rhodes, M., Marquez, S. ve Velino, V. (2005). The incidence of false memories in native and non-native speakers. Memory, 13(8), 815-828. doi: 10.1080/09658210444000421.
  • Anastasi, J. S., De Leon, A. ve Rhodes, M. G. (2005). Normative data for semantically associated Spanish word lists that create false memories. Behavior Research Methods, 37(4), 631-637. doi: 10.3758/BF03192733.
  • Brainerd, C. J. ve Reyna, V. F. (2005). The science of false memory. New York: Oxford University Press. Cadavid, S. ve Beato, M. S. (2017). False recognition in DRM lists with low association: A normative study. Psicologica: International Journal of Methodology and Experimental Psychology, 38(1), 133-147.
  • Cleary, A. M. ve Greene, R. L. (2002). Paradoxical effects of presentation modality on false memory. Memory, 10(1), 55-61. doi: 10.1080/09658210143000236.
  • Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22. doi: 10.1037/h0046671.
  • Dewhurst, S. A., Anderson, R. J. ve Knott, L. M. (2012). A gender difference in the false recall of negative words: Women DRM more than men. Cognition & Emotion, 26(1), 65-74. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.553037.
  • Dougal, S. ve Rotello, C. M. (2007). “Remembering” emotional words is based on response bias, not recollection. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(3), 423-429. doi: 10.3758/BF03194083.
  • Gallo, D. A. (2004). Using recall to reduce false recognition: diagnostic and disqualifying monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(1), 120-128. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.120.
  • Gallo, D. A. (2010). False memories and fantastic beliefs: 15 years of the DRM illusion. Memory & Cognition, 38(7), 833-848. doi: 10.3758/MC.38.7.833.
  • Gallo, D. A., McDermott, K. B., Percer, J. M. ve Roediger, H. L. (2001). Modality effects in false recall and false recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(2), 339-353. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.27.2.339.
  • Gong, X., Xiao, H. ve Wang, D. (2016). Emotional valence of stimuli modulates false recognition: Using a modified version of the simplified conjoint recognition paradigm. Cognition, 156, 95-105. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.08.002. Göz, İ. (2005). Word frequency effects in false memories. Psychological Reports, 96, 1095-1112.
  • Göz, İ., Karahan, S. K. ve Tekcan, A. İ. (2016). Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder are less prone to false memories. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 10, 62-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.05.004.
  • Iacullo, V. M. ve Marucci, F. S. (2016). Normative data for Italian Deese/Roediger–McDermott lists. Behavior Research Methods, 48(1), 381-389. doi: 10.3758/s13428-015-0582-3.
  • Johansson, M. ve Stenberg, G. (2002). Inducing and reducing false memories: A Swedish version of the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43(5), 369-383. doi: 10.1111/1467-9450.00305.
  • Kapucu, A., Kılıç, A., Özkılıç, Y. ve Sarıbaz, B. (2018). Turkish Emotional Word Norms for Arousal, Valence, and Discrete Emotion Categories. Psychological Reports, 0033294118814722. doi: 10.1177/0033294118814722.
  • Kapucu, A., Rotello, C. M., Ready, R. E. ve Seidl, K. N. (2008). Response bias in “remembering” emotional stimuli: A new perspective on age differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(3), 703–711. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.3.703.
  • Kensinger, E. A. ve Schacter, D. L. (2008). Memory and emotion. Handbook of Emotions, 3, 601–617. Maylor, E. A. ve Mo, A. (1999). Effects of study-test modality on false recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 90(4), 477-493. doi: 10.1348/000712699161567.
  • McCabe, D. P. ve Smith, A. D. (2002). The effect of warnings on false memories in young and older adults. Memory & Cognition, 30(7), 1065-1077. doi: 10.3758/BF03194324.
  • McDermott, K. B. ve Roediger, H. L. (1998). Attempting to avoid illusory memories: Robust false recognition of associates persists under conditions of explicit warnings and immediate testing. Journal of Memory and Language, 39(3), 508-520. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1998.2582.
  • Mısırlısoy, M. (2004). Effects of associative processes on false memory: Evidence from converging associates and category associates procedures. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Norris, C. J., Leaf, P. T. ve Fenn, K. M. (2019). Negativity bias in false memory: Moderation by neuroticism after a delay. Cognition and Emotion, 33(4), 737-753. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1496068.
  • Payne, D. G., Elie, C. J., Blackwell, J. M. ve Neuschatz, J. S. (1996). Memory illusions: Recalling, recognizing, and recollecting events that never occurred. Journal of Memory and Language, 35(2), 261-285. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1996.0015.
  • Pierce, B. H., Gallo, D. A., Weiss, J. A. ve Schacter, D. L. (2005). The modality effect in false recognition: Evidence for test-based monitoring. Memory & Cognition, 33(8), 1407-1413. doi: 10.3758/BF03193373.
  • Roediger, H. L. ve McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 803-814. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803.
  • Schneider, W., Eschman, A. ve Zuccolotto, A. (2012). E-Prime user’s guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools, Inc. Smith, R. E. ve Hunt, R. R. (1998). Presentation modality affects false memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(4), 710-715. doi: 10.3758/BF03208850.
  • Stadler, M. A., Roediger, H. L. ve McDermott, K. B. (1999). Norms for word lists that create false memories. Memory & Cognition, 27(3), 494-500. doi: 10.3758/BF03211543.
  • Stein, L. M. ve de Azevedo Gomes, C. F. (2009). Brazilian norms for word lists: semantic association, concreteness, word frequency, and emotionality. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 25(4), 537-546. doi: 10.1590/S0102-37722009000400009.
  • Stein, L. M. ve Pergher, G. K. (2001). Creating false memories in adults using word associated lists. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 14(2), 353-366. doi: 10.1590/S0102-79722001000200010.
  • Stein, L. M., Feix, L. D. F. ve Rohenkohl, G. (2006). Methodological advances in false memory research: Development and norming of DRM procedure. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 19(2), 166-176. doi: 10.1590/S0102-79722006000200002.
  • Şahin, G. (2011). Sahte hatıralarda işitsel modalite ile görsel modalite arasında ortaya çıkan farkın Sinyal Denetleme Teorisi ve güven aralıkları ile incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa. Şahin, G. ve Tekman, H. G. (2019). Remember/know and modality effects in a forced-choice test of false memory. Studies in Psychology, 39(1), 179-193. doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0016.
  • Tekcan, A. İ. ve Göz, İ. (2005) Türkçe kelime normları: 600 Türkçe kelimenin imgelem, somutluk, sıklık değerleri ve çağrışım setleri. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Thapar, A. ve McDermott, K. B. (2001). False recall and false recognition induced by presentation of associated words: Effects of retention interval and level of processing. Memory & Cognition, 29(3), 424-432. doi: 10.3758/BF03196393.
  • Thapar, A. ve Rouder, J. N. (2009). Aging and recognition memory for emotional words: A bias account. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(4), 699–704. doi: 10.3758/PBR.16.4.699.
  • Ulatowska, J. ve Olszewska, J. (2013). Creating associative memory distortions-a Polish adaptation of the DRM paradigm. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 44(4), 449-456. doi: 10.2478/ppb-2013-0048.
  • Watson, J. M., Bunting, M. F., Poole, B. J. ve Conway, A. R. (2005). Individual differences in susceptibility to false memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(1), 76-85. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.31.1.76.
  • White, C. N., Kapucu, A., Bruno, D., Rotello, C. M. ve Ratcliff, R. (2014). Memory bias for negative emotional words in recognition memory is driven by effects of category membership. Cognition & Emotion, 28(5), 867-880. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2013.858028.
  • Yüvrük, E., Kapucu, A. ve Turan, H. (2018, Mayıs). The role of emotion and working memory capacity on false memories (Poster sunumu). 2nd International Meeting of Psychonomic Society, Amsterdam, Hollanda.
  • Zeelenberg, R. ve Pecher, D. (2002). False memories and lexical decision: Even twelve primes do not cause long-term semantic priming. Acta Psychologica, 109(3), 269-284. doi: 10.1016/S00016918(01)00060-9.

Duygu İçerikli Sözcüklerden Oluşan Türkçe DRM Listelerinin Geliştirilmesi

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 245 - 266, 24.12.2019

Elif Yüvrük Haki Turan Aycan Kapucu

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026

Abstract

....

Keywords

DRM bellek yanılması duygu değerlik uyarılmışlık

References

  • Anastasi, J., Rhodes, M., Marquez, S. ve Velino, V. (2005). The incidence of false memories in native and non-native speakers. Memory, 13(8), 815-828. doi: 10.1080/09658210444000421.
  • Anastasi, J. S., De Leon, A. ve Rhodes, M. G. (2005). Normative data for semantically associated Spanish word lists that create false memories. Behavior Research Methods, 37(4), 631-637. doi: 10.3758/BF03192733.
  • Brainerd, C. J. ve Reyna, V. F. (2005). The science of false memory. New York: Oxford University Press. Cadavid, S. ve Beato, M. S. (2017). False recognition in DRM lists with low association: A normative study. Psicologica: International Journal of Methodology and Experimental Psychology, 38(1), 133-147.
  • Cleary, A. M. ve Greene, R. L. (2002). Paradoxical effects of presentation modality on false memory. Memory, 10(1), 55-61. doi: 10.1080/09658210143000236.
  • Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22. doi: 10.1037/h0046671.
  • Dewhurst, S. A., Anderson, R. J. ve Knott, L. M. (2012). A gender difference in the false recall of negative words: Women DRM more than men. Cognition & Emotion, 26(1), 65-74. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.553037.
  • Dougal, S. ve Rotello, C. M. (2007). “Remembering” emotional words is based on response bias, not recollection. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(3), 423-429. doi: 10.3758/BF03194083.
  • Gallo, D. A. (2004). Using recall to reduce false recognition: diagnostic and disqualifying monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(1), 120-128. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.120.
  • Gallo, D. A. (2010). False memories and fantastic beliefs: 15 years of the DRM illusion. Memory & Cognition, 38(7), 833-848. doi: 10.3758/MC.38.7.833.
  • Gallo, D. A., McDermott, K. B., Percer, J. M. ve Roediger, H. L. (2001). Modality effects in false recall and false recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(2), 339-353. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.27.2.339.
  • Gong, X., Xiao, H. ve Wang, D. (2016). Emotional valence of stimuli modulates false recognition: Using a modified version of the simplified conjoint recognition paradigm. Cognition, 156, 95-105. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.08.002. Göz, İ. (2005). Word frequency effects in false memories. Psychological Reports, 96, 1095-1112.
  • Göz, İ., Karahan, S. K. ve Tekcan, A. İ. (2016). Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder are less prone to false memories. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 10, 62-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.05.004.
  • Iacullo, V. M. ve Marucci, F. S. (2016). Normative data for Italian Deese/Roediger–McDermott lists. Behavior Research Methods, 48(1), 381-389. doi: 10.3758/s13428-015-0582-3.
  • Johansson, M. ve Stenberg, G. (2002). Inducing and reducing false memories: A Swedish version of the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43(5), 369-383. doi: 10.1111/1467-9450.00305.
  • Kapucu, A., Kılıç, A., Özkılıç, Y. ve Sarıbaz, B. (2018). Turkish Emotional Word Norms for Arousal, Valence, and Discrete Emotion Categories. Psychological Reports, 0033294118814722. doi: 10.1177/0033294118814722.
  • Kapucu, A., Rotello, C. M., Ready, R. E. ve Seidl, K. N. (2008). Response bias in “remembering” emotional stimuli: A new perspective on age differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(3), 703–711. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.3.703.
  • Kensinger, E. A. ve Schacter, D. L. (2008). Memory and emotion. Handbook of Emotions, 3, 601–617. Maylor, E. A. ve Mo, A. (1999). Effects of study-test modality on false recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 90(4), 477-493. doi: 10.1348/000712699161567.
  • McCabe, D. P. ve Smith, A. D. (2002). The effect of warnings on false memories in young and older adults. Memory & Cognition, 30(7), 1065-1077. doi: 10.3758/BF03194324.
  • McDermott, K. B. ve Roediger, H. L. (1998). Attempting to avoid illusory memories: Robust false recognition of associates persists under conditions of explicit warnings and immediate testing. Journal of Memory and Language, 39(3), 508-520. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1998.2582.
  • Mısırlısoy, M. (2004). Effects of associative processes on false memory: Evidence from converging associates and category associates procedures. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Norris, C. J., Leaf, P. T. ve Fenn, K. M. (2019). Negativity bias in false memory: Moderation by neuroticism after a delay. Cognition and Emotion, 33(4), 737-753. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1496068.
  • Payne, D. G., Elie, C. J., Blackwell, J. M. ve Neuschatz, J. S. (1996). Memory illusions: Recalling, recognizing, and recollecting events that never occurred. Journal of Memory and Language, 35(2), 261-285. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1996.0015.
  • Pierce, B. H., Gallo, D. A., Weiss, J. A. ve Schacter, D. L. (2005). The modality effect in false recognition: Evidence for test-based monitoring. Memory & Cognition, 33(8), 1407-1413. doi: 10.3758/BF03193373.
  • Roediger, H. L. ve McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 803-814. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803.
  • Schneider, W., Eschman, A. ve Zuccolotto, A. (2012). E-Prime user’s guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools, Inc. Smith, R. E. ve Hunt, R. R. (1998). Presentation modality affects false memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(4), 710-715. doi: 10.3758/BF03208850.
  • Stadler, M. A., Roediger, H. L. ve McDermott, K. B. (1999). Norms for word lists that create false memories. Memory & Cognition, 27(3), 494-500. doi: 10.3758/BF03211543.
  • Stein, L. M. ve de Azevedo Gomes, C. F. (2009). Brazilian norms for word lists: semantic association, concreteness, word frequency, and emotionality. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 25(4), 537-546. doi: 10.1590/S0102-37722009000400009.
  • Stein, L. M. ve Pergher, G. K. (2001). Creating false memories in adults using word associated lists. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 14(2), 353-366. doi: 10.1590/S0102-79722001000200010.
  • Stein, L. M., Feix, L. D. F. ve Rohenkohl, G. (2006). Methodological advances in false memory research: Development and norming of DRM procedure. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 19(2), 166-176. doi: 10.1590/S0102-79722006000200002.
  • Şahin, G. (2011). Sahte hatıralarda işitsel modalite ile görsel modalite arasında ortaya çıkan farkın Sinyal Denetleme Teorisi ve güven aralıkları ile incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa. Şahin, G. ve Tekman, H. G. (2019). Remember/know and modality effects in a forced-choice test of false memory. Studies in Psychology, 39(1), 179-193. doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0016.
  • Tekcan, A. İ. ve Göz, İ. (2005) Türkçe kelime normları: 600 Türkçe kelimenin imgelem, somutluk, sıklık değerleri ve çağrışım setleri. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Thapar, A. ve McDermott, K. B. (2001). False recall and false recognition induced by presentation of associated words: Effects of retention interval and level of processing. Memory & Cognition, 29(3), 424-432. doi: 10.3758/BF03196393.
  • Thapar, A. ve Rouder, J. N. (2009). Aging and recognition memory for emotional words: A bias account. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(4), 699–704. doi: 10.3758/PBR.16.4.699.
  • Ulatowska, J. ve Olszewska, J. (2013). Creating associative memory distortions-a Polish adaptation of the DRM paradigm. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 44(4), 449-456. doi: 10.2478/ppb-2013-0048.
  • Watson, J. M., Bunting, M. F., Poole, B. J. ve Conway, A. R. (2005). Individual differences in susceptibility to false memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(1), 76-85. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.31.1.76.
  • White, C. N., Kapucu, A., Bruno, D., Rotello, C. M. ve Ratcliff, R. (2014). Memory bias for negative emotional words in recognition memory is driven by effects of category membership. Cognition & Emotion, 28(5), 867-880. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2013.858028.
  • Yüvrük, E., Kapucu, A. ve Turan, H. (2018, Mayıs). The role of emotion and working memory capacity on false memories (Poster sunumu). 2nd International Meeting of Psychonomic Society, Amsterdam, Hollanda.
  • Zeelenberg, R. ve Pecher, D. (2002). False memories and lexical decision: Even twelve primes do not cause long-term semantic priming. Acta Psychologica, 109(3), 269-284. doi: 10.1016/S00016918(01)00060-9.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Elif Yüvrük This is me

Haki Turan This is me

Aycan Kapucu This is me

Publication Date December 24, 2019
Submission Date March 15, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 39 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yüvrük, E., Turan, H., & Kapucu, A. (2019). Duygu İçerikli Sözcüklerden Oluşan Türkçe DRM Listelerinin Geliştirilmesi. Studies in Psychology, 39(2), 245-266. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026
AMA Yüvrük E, Turan H, Kapucu A. Duygu İçerikli Sözcüklerden Oluşan Türkçe DRM Listelerinin Geliştirilmesi. Studies in Psychology. December 2019;39(2):245-266. doi:10.26650/SP2019-0026
Chicago Yüvrük, Elif, Haki Turan, and Aycan Kapucu. “Duygu İçerikli Sözcüklerden Oluşan Türkçe DRM Listelerinin Geliştirilmesi”. Studies in Psychology 39, no. 2 (December 2019): 245-66. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026.
EndNote Yüvrük E, Turan H, Kapucu A (December 1, 2019) Duygu İçerikli Sözcüklerden Oluşan Türkçe DRM Listelerinin Geliştirilmesi. Studies in Psychology 39 2 245–266.
IEEE E. Yüvrük, H. Turan, and A. Kapucu, “Duygu İçerikli Sözcüklerden Oluşan Türkçe DRM Listelerinin Geliştirilmesi”, Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 245–266, 2019, doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0026.
ISNAD Yüvrük, Elif et al. “Duygu İçerikli Sözcüklerden Oluşan Türkçe DRM Listelerinin Geliştirilmesi”. Studies in Psychology 39/2 (December 2019), 245-266. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026.
JAMA Yüvrük E, Turan H, Kapucu A. Duygu İçerikli Sözcüklerden Oluşan Türkçe DRM Listelerinin Geliştirilmesi. Studies in Psychology. 2019;39:245–266.
MLA Yüvrük, Elif et al. “Duygu İçerikli Sözcüklerden Oluşan Türkçe DRM Listelerinin Geliştirilmesi”. Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2019, pp. 245-66, doi:10.26650/SP2019-0026.
Vancouver Yüvrük E, Turan H, Kapucu A. Duygu İçerikli Sözcüklerden Oluşan Türkçe DRM Listelerinin Geliştirilmesi. Studies in Psychology. 2019;39(2):245-66.
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Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680