Bilişsel Psikoloji Bakış Açısından Sosyal Etkileşimin Toplumsal Bellek Üzerindeki Rolü

Year 2020, Volume: 40 Issue: 2, 285 - 316, 30.09.2020

Aysu Mutlutürk

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0063

Abstract

Toplumsal bellek, sosyal bilimlerin sosyoloji, tarih, antropoloji ve siyaset bilimi gibi çeşitli disiplinlerinde kapsamlı biçimde çalışılmıştır. Bu durum, terim hakkında çok çeşitli tanımlamaların ortaya çıkmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Toplumsal belleğin disiplinler arasında kabul gören bir tanımı olmasa da terimin tüm kullanımlarını bağlayan ortak zemin, toplumsal belleğin bir grup tarafından paylaşılan, sosyal bağlam ya da kültürel ürünler tarafından yeniden şekillendirilen ve grup üyelerinin sosyal kimliği üzerinde önemli rolü olan bir bellek formu olmasıdır. Bellek süreçleri, psikologların temel ilgi alanlarından biridir. Ancak ilginç bir biçimde, toplumsal belleğin sorularının psikoloji alanında sistematik olarak araştırılmasına henüz yeni başlanmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı, bilişsel psikoloji alanındaki deneysel çalışmalardan elde edilen bulguların toplumsal belleğin sorularına uygulanmasıdır. Bu derleme özellikle sosyal etkileşimin belleğin yeniden yapılandırılmasındaki ve farklı bireylerin bellek temsillerinin birbirine yakınsayarak ortak bir geçmiş temsiline dönüşmesindeki rolüne yönelik deneysel çalışmalara odaklanmaktadır. Deneysel ortamda gerçek yaşamın basitleştirilmiş simülasyonlarını oluşturan bu çalışmalar, belleğin sosyal bulaşıcılığı, ortaklaşa hatırlama, sosyal bağlamda seçici hatırlama ve hatırlamaya bağlı unutma gibi paradigmaların toplumun ortak anılarının oluşumu ve hatırlanmasının altında yatan bilişsel mekanizmaların bir temsili olabileceğini ileri sürer. Derleme, bu çalışmaları inceledikten sonra, toplumsal bellek üzerine gerçekleştirilen deneysel ve betimleyici çalışmaların bulguları arasındaki paralelliklere odaklanacaktır. Derleme, son olarak, laboratuvar ortamındaki deneysel çalışmaların, toplumsal olaylara ilişkin anıların oluşumu ve hatırlanmasına yönelik genel prensipler sunarak, toplumsal belleğin altında yatan bilişsel mekanizmaların anlaşılmasına ilişkin katkı sunabileceği görüşüyle sonlanacaktır. Bu derleme, bilişsel psikoloji bakış açısını benimsemekle birlikte, çeşitli disiplinlerin farklı anlayışlarını harmanlayarak toplumsal bellek çalışmalarında disiplinler arası bir yaklaşımı teşvik etmeyi ve toplumsal belleğin daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunacak yeni araştırma sorularına yön vermeyi ümit etmektedir.

Keywords

Toplumsal bellek, bilişsel psikoloji, toplumsal olay, deneysel psikoloji, sosyal etkileşim, yapılandırıcı bellek

Role of Social Interaction in Collective Memory from the Perspective of Cognitive Psychology

Abstract

Collective memory has been studied extensively in various disciplines of the social sciences, such as sociology, history, anthropology, and political science, resulting in various definitions for the term. Although there is not a well-accepted conceptualization for collective memory across disciplines, the common ground that binds all uses of the term is that collective memory is a form of memory shared by a group, reshaped by social artifacts, and that has an important role in the social identity of the group’s members. Memory processes have been of central interest to psychologists. However, systematic investigation of the issues in collective memory from a psychological perspective has just begun. The review aims to apply the findings obtained from experimental studies in cognitive psychology to the issues in collective memory. This review focuses on the experimental studies on the role of social interaction in the reconstruction of memories and convergence among individuals on a shared representation of the past. The studies in experimental settings have generated simplified simulations of real life and suggest that social contagion of memory, collaborative recall, selective retrieval, and retrieval-induced forgetting in social contexts may represent cognitive mechanisms underlying the formation and retrieval of collective memories. After exploring these studies, the review focuses on the parallels between the experimental and exploratory studies on collective memory. Finally, the conclusion proposes that studies in the lab setting can contribute to understanding cognitive mechanisms underlying collective memories in real life, providing general principles to predict collective memories’ formation and maintenance. Although this review adopts a cognitive psychological perspective, it attempts to blend insights from various approaches, to encourage an interdisciplinary approach to studying collective memory and devise new research questions to improve the understanding of collective memory

Keywords

Collective memory, cognitive psychology, public event, experimental psychology, social interaction, reconstructive memory

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