A Critical Evaluation of Intervention Studies for Reducing Sexism and a Suggestion for a Classification

Year 2021, Volume: 41 Issue: 3, 817 - 853, 31.12.2021

Nihan Selin Soylu-konak , İ. Mert Teközel

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-802511

Abstract

Gender stereotypes and sexism has been a topic of discussion in politics and social psychology since the 1960s. The relationships between sexism and various social-psychological variables, as well as the effects of sexism and gender stereotypes on life satisfaction and accessibility of educational opportunities, have been examined. Therefore, previous research on sexism-reduction intervention has not reached a consensus. The major goal of this research is to review intervention studies and the current literature on the effects of sexism, as well as draw attention to the theoretical and methodological limitations of intervention studies and suggest a new classification model for future studies. According to this classification model, intervention studies addressing sexism can be classified into four basic dimensions: (1) intervention to the process of perceiving a stimulus containing sex information; (2) intervention to (implicitly or explicitly) the process of binding sex information to traits; (3) intervention to (explicit, subtle or implicit) sexist attitudes; and (4) intervention to sexist behavior. The essential aims of this model are to reduce the conceptual challenges and discrepancy between the findings and minimize the low comparability of such findings in the intervention studies. Considering various dimensions categorically and the transactions between the dimensions suggested in this model can contribute to the cumulative progress of relevant literature by providing comparable standards for results from different intervention studies. However, this model can facilitate an understanding of not only contradictory patterns of different intervention methods on various dimensions (e.g., reducing sexism on one dimension and increasing on another dimension) but also the complex relationships between sexist attitudes and behaviors. Lastly, the suggested four-dimension classification model was discussed within the scope of sexism theories and empirical intervention studies; focusing on sexism.

Keywords

Gender stereotypes, ambivalent sexism, implicit sexism, intervention studies, the model for classification of sexism

Cinsiyetçiliği Azaltmaya Yönelik Müdahale Çalışmalarına İlişkin Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme ve Bir Sınıflandırma Önerisi

Abstract

Toplumsal cinsiyet kalıp yargıları ve cinsiyetçilik, politika düzeyinde 60’lardan, sosyal psikoloji alanyazınında ise 70’lerden itibaren mesele haline getirilmiştir. Cinsiyetçiliğin pek çok sosyal psikolojik değişkenle olan ilişkileri ve yaşam doyumu, eğitim imkanları gibi pek çok yaşamsal konudaki etkileri uzun yıllardır çalışılıyor olsa da cinsiyetçiliği azaltmaya yönelik müdahale çalışmalarına bakıldığında alanyazının henüz bir uzlaşıya varamadığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, alanyazında cinsiyetçiliğin etkilerinin halen sürdüğünü gösteren güncel çalışmaları ve müdahale çalışmalarını derlemenin yanı sıra, müdahale çalışmalarında gözlenen yöntemsel ve kuramsal kısıtlılıklara işaret ederek gelecek çalışmalar için yeni bir sınıflandırma modeli önermektir. Sınıflandırma modeline göre cinsiyetçiliği azaltmayı hedefleyen müdahale çalışmaları, (1) cinsiyet belirten bir uyaranın algılanması sürecine müdahale (2) cinsiyet bilgisinin (örtük veya açık bir şekilde) kişilik özellikleriyle (veya rollerle) ilişkilendirilmesi sürecine müdahale (3) (açık, gizil veya örtük) cinsiyetçi tutumlara müdahale ve (4) cinsiyetçi davranışlara müdahale olmak üzere dört temel boyutta ele alınabilir. Bu modelin temel amacı cinsiyetçiliği azaltmayı hedefleyen müdahale çalışmalarında gözlenen kavramsal dağınıklık, bulguların uyuşmazlığı ve düşük karşılaştırılabilirlik gibi sorunları en aza indirgemektir. Müdahale çalışmalarında bu modelin hesaba katılması, modelin öngördüğü boyutların hem tek tek hem de birbirleri ile geçişlilikleri çerçevesinde ele alınıp, elde edilen bulguların karşılaştırılabilirliğine katkı sağlayarak alanyazının birikimli ilerlemesine yardımcı olabilir. Ayrıca kullanılan müdahale tekniklerinin cinsiyetçiliğin farklı boyutlarında farklı örüntülerle etki göstermesine (örn., cinsiyetçiliğin bir boyutunda azalmaya, başka bir boyutunda ise artmaya sebep olması) yol açan potansiyel sebeplerin tespit edilmesi ve cinsiyetçi tutumlar ve davranışlar arasındaki karmaşık ilişkilerin anlaşılması kolaylaşabilir. Son olarak, önerilen dört boyutlu sınıflandırma modeli, cinsiyetçiliği konu alan kuramlar ve müdahale çalışmaları çerçevesinde yapılandırılarak tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Toplumsal cinsiyet kalıp yargıları, çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik, örtük cinsiyet kalıp yargıları, cinsiyetçilik, müdahale çalışmaları, sınıflandırma modeli

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