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The Living Conditions, Parenting and Children’s Daily Activities in Urban and Rural Poverty

Year 2025, Volume: 45 Issue: 1, 99 - 119, 07.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2024-1094729

Abstract

Poverty is a risk factor for children’s development in several domains. However, since urban and rural poverty differ in terms of living conditions, they are related to different risk factors. The current study aims to compare the living conditions of urban and rural poverty, parenting behaviors, and children’s daily activities. The participants were 275 mothers living in disadvantaged urban and rural regions. The data were collected via scales and openended questions. The results indicated that income-to-needs ratio, fathers’ education level, food insecurity, home stimulation (educational materials and activities), physical resources (i.e., market, kindergarten, hospital) in the neighborhood, neighborhood stress (i.e., fighting, noise), and mothers’ expectations for their children’s educational attainment were higher in urban poverty, whereas, social relations and physical qualities (i.e., security, cleanliness) of the neighborhood and support from neighbors were higher in rural poverty. Additionally, mothers from rural regions reported the importance of neighborhood quality in child development more frequently. When the content of the conversations with children was examined, mothers from urban poverty talked to their children about advice and stimulating activities more frequently, whereas mothers from rural poverty talked about future and household chores more frequently. Moreover, children living in urban poverty were playing with tablets, whereas children living in rural poverty were spending time on farms and interacting with animals. The findings are important in terms of indicating the similarities and differences in child-rearing conditions and parenting in urban and rural poverty. The results are expected to guide future studies regarding the role of urban and rural poverty in children’s development.

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Kentsel ve Kırsal Yoksullukta Yaşam Koşulları, Ebeveynlik ve Çocukların Günlük Aktiviteleri

Year 2025, Volume: 45 Issue: 1, 99 - 119, 07.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2024-1094729

Abstract

Yoksulluk, çocukların gelişimi için birçok alanda önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Ancak, kentsel ve kırsal yoksulluk, yaşam koşulları açısından farklılık gösterdiği için farklı risk faktörleri ile ilişkilidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kentsel ve kırsal yoksullukta yaşam koşullarının, ebeveynlik davranışlarının ve çocukların günlük aktivitelerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Çalışmanın katılımcıları, kentsel ve kırsal alanların dezavantajlı bölgelerinde yaşayan 275 anneden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma verisi, anketler ve açık uçlu sorular ile toplanmıştır. Çalışma bulgularına göre, kentsel yoksullukta gelirihtiyaç oranı, baba eğitim seviyesi, gıda güvencesizliği, ev ortamının uyarıcılığı (eğitici materyal ve aktiviteler), mahallenin fiziksel imkânları (market, kreş, sağlık merkezi gibi), mahalle stresi (kavga, gürültü vb.) ve annelerin çocuklarının eğitimine dair beklentileri daha fazla; kırsal yoksullukta ise mahalledeki sosyal ilişkiler ve fiziksel özellikler (güvenlik, temizlik) ile komşulardan alınan sosyal destek daha fazladır. Ayrıca, kırsal bölgelerde yaşayan anneler yaşadıkları mahallenin imkanlarının (örn., çocuk parkı) çocuk gelişimindeki önemini daha sık rapor etmişlerdir. Sohbetlerinin içerikleri incelendiğinde ise, kentsel yoksulluktaki anneler nasihat verme ve eğitici aktiviteler hakkında çocukları ile daha fazla konuşurken, kırsal yoksullukta yaşayan anneler ise gelecek ve ev işleri hakkında çocukları ile daha fazla sohbet etmektedirler. Ayrıca, kentsel bölgelerde yaşayan çocuklar tabletlerle, kırsal bölgelerdeki çocuklar ise hayvanlarla ve tarlada daha sık zaman geçirmektedirler. Çalışma bulguları, Türkiye’de kentsel ve kırsal yoksulluğun çocuk yetiştirme koşulları ve ebeveynlik açısından benzerlik ve farklılıklarını göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Elde edilen bulguların, kentsel ve kırsal yoksulluğun çocuklar üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen çalışmalar için yol gösterici olması beklenmektedir.

Thanks

Veri toplama sürecinde yardımcı olan lisans öğrencileri ve çalışmaya katılan bütün ebeveynlere teşekkür ederiz.

References

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  • Bronfenbrenner, U. ve Morris, P. A. (1998). The ecoLogy of deveLopmentaL process. W. Damon ve R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. I: Theoretical models of human development (s. 993-1028) içinde. John WiLeY & Sons, Inc. google scholar
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  • Demir, E. K. ve ŞendiL, G. (2008). EbeveYn Tutum Ölçeği (ETÖ). Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11 (21), 15-25. google scholar
  • Durgun, Ö. (2011). TürkİYe’de Yoksulluk ve çocuk Yoksulluğu üzerine bir inceleme. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 6(i), 143-154. google scholar
  • Evans, G. W. (2004). The environment of chiLdhood povertY. American Psychologist, 59(2), 77-92. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.77 google scholar
  • Evans, G. W., BoxhiLL, L. ve Pinkava, M. (2008). Poverty and maternaL responsiveness: The roLe of maternaL stress and sociaL resources. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(3), 232-237. doi:10.1177/0165025408089272 google scholar
  • Evans, G. W., GonneLLa, C., MarcYnYszYn, L. A., GentiLe, L. ve SaLpekar, N. (2005). The roLe of chaos in povertY and chiLdren's socioemotionaL adjustment. Psychological Science, 16(7), 560-565. https://doi.Org/l0.111l/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.x google scholar
  • Ewart, C. K. ve SuchdaY, S. (2002). Discovering how urban povertY and vioLence affect heaLth: Development and vaLidation of a Neigh-borhood Stress lndex. Health Psychology, 21(3), 254-262. doi:10.1037//0278-6133.21.3.254 google scholar
  • Ferguson, K. T., CasseLLs, R. C., MacALLister, J. W. ve Evans, G. W. (2013). The phYsicaL environment and chiLd deveLopment: An internationaL review. International Journal of Psychology, 48(4), 437-468. http://dx.doi.org/l0.1080/00207594.2013.804190 google scholar
  • Foster, T. D., FroYen, L. C., Skibbe, L. E., BowLes, R. P. ve Decker, K. B. (2016). Fathers’ and mothers’ home Learning environments and chiLdren’s earlY academic outcomes. Reading and Writing, 29(9), 1845-1863. doi:10.1007/s11145-016-9655-7 google scholar
  • Fotso, J. C. (2006). ChiLd heaLth inequities in deveLoping countries: Differences across urban and ruraL areas. International Journal for Equity in Health, 5, 9. doi:10.1186/l475-9276-5-9 google scholar
  • Hair, N. L., Hanson, J. L., WoLfe, B. L. ve PoLLak, S. D. (2015). Association of chiLd povertY, brain deveLopment, and academic achievement. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(9), 822-829. doi: 10.100l/jamapediatrics.2015.1475 google scholar
  • Kızıltaş, E. ve Ertör, E. (2018). Okul öncesi eğitim alan çocukların akıllı telefon kullanımı ile ilgili aile görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Uşak Üniversitesi Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 1-18. google scholar
  • Koç, G. (2017). The Relationship between culture specific parenting and conduct problems and internalization of rules of children from disadvantaged bachgrounds. [YaYimLanmamış Yüksek Lisans tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Kotchick, B. A., DorseY, S. ve HeLLer, L. (2005). Predictors of parenting among African American singLe mothers: PersonaL and contextuaL factors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(2), 448-460. https://doi.Org/l0.111l/j.0022-2445.2005.00127.x google scholar
  • Lampard, J. E., Voigt, M. D. ve Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Urban and ruraL parenting. L. BaLter (Ed.), Parenthood in America: An encyclopedia, (s. 442-444) içinde. ABC-CLIO Press. google scholar
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Cognitive and Computational Psychology (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Şükran Okur Ataş 0000-0002-3471-0209

Sibel Kazak Berument 0000-0001-5670-0610

Publication Date May 7, 2025
Submission Date March 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 45 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Okur Ataş, Ş., & Kazak Berument, S. (2025). Kentsel ve Kırsal Yoksullukta Yaşam Koşulları, Ebeveynlik ve Çocukların Günlük Aktiviteleri. Studies in Psychology, 45(1), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2024-1094729
AMA Okur Ataş Ş, Kazak Berument S. Kentsel ve Kırsal Yoksullukta Yaşam Koşulları, Ebeveynlik ve Çocukların Günlük Aktiviteleri. Studies in Psychology. May 2025;45(1):99-119. doi:10.26650/SP2024-1094729
Chicago Okur Ataş, Şükran, and Sibel Kazak Berument. “Kentsel Ve Kırsal Yoksullukta Yaşam Koşulları, Ebeveynlik Ve Çocukların Günlük Aktiviteleri”. Studies in Psychology 45, no. 1 (May 2025): 99-119. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2024-1094729.
EndNote Okur Ataş Ş, Kazak Berument S (May 1, 2025) Kentsel ve Kırsal Yoksullukta Yaşam Koşulları, Ebeveynlik ve Çocukların Günlük Aktiviteleri. Studies in Psychology 45 1 99–119.
IEEE Ş. Okur Ataş and S. Kazak Berument, “Kentsel ve Kırsal Yoksullukta Yaşam Koşulları, Ebeveynlik ve Çocukların Günlük Aktiviteleri”, Studies in Psychology, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 99–119, 2025, doi: 10.26650/SP2024-1094729.
ISNAD Okur Ataş, Şükran - Kazak Berument, Sibel. “Kentsel Ve Kırsal Yoksullukta Yaşam Koşulları, Ebeveynlik Ve Çocukların Günlük Aktiviteleri”. Studies in Psychology 45/1 (May 2025), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2024-1094729.
JAMA Okur Ataş Ş, Kazak Berument S. Kentsel ve Kırsal Yoksullukta Yaşam Koşulları, Ebeveynlik ve Çocukların Günlük Aktiviteleri. Studies in Psychology. 2025;45:99–119.
MLA Okur Ataş, Şükran and Sibel Kazak Berument. “Kentsel Ve Kırsal Yoksullukta Yaşam Koşulları, Ebeveynlik Ve Çocukların Günlük Aktiviteleri”. Studies in Psychology, vol. 45, no. 1, 2025, pp. 99-119, doi:10.26650/SP2024-1094729.
Vancouver Okur Ataş Ş, Kazak Berument S. Kentsel ve Kırsal Yoksullukta Yaşam Koşulları, Ebeveynlik ve Çocukların Günlük Aktiviteleri. Studies in Psychology. 2025;45(1):99-119.

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680