Research Article
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Women in Emerging Adulthood: Employment, Education and Related Psychological Indicators of Women in Turkey

Year 2023, , 91 - 97, 19.07.2023

Özden Turgut

https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.84.1252316

Abstract

Being a woman seems to be a challenging issue universally in various situations. Especially when the marriage age comes in emerging adulthood, women seem to come towards a place where there are several paths going on different routes. In this study, it is investigated whether women in emerging adulthood differentiate in terms of life goal setting and resilience according to the condition they are active in education and/or work life. A two-way MANOVA is used for analysis. The participant group is made up of women who are between the ages of 18-29 and who have experienced at least one stress-invoking life event. The findings show that the women in emerging adulthood do not significantly differentiate in terms of life goal setting and resilience according to the situation in which they are active, in education and/or work life. However, the scores show that the life goal setting scores of women that are active in both education and work life are higher than the other groups. Also, the women who are not active either in education or in work life have the highest resilience scores among the groups. Finally, it is shown that the highest score among the life goals belongs to career goal setting.

Keywords

Women Employment Education Life Goal Setting Resilience

References

  • Akın, Ö., & Karakulak, H. (2019). The effects of work-family and family-work conflict, job, family and life satisfaction on intention to leave: Mutual and demographic variables interaction. International Journal of Economics and Innovation, 5(2), 325-347. google scholar
  • Baruch, G.K., Biener, L. and Barnett, R.C. (1987). “Women and gender in research on work and family stress. American Psychologist 42(2), 130-136. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.42.2.130 google scholar
  • Bylsma, W. H. and Major, B. (1994). “Exploring the psychological costs of the gender wage gap. Psychology ofWomen Quarterly, 18, 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00453.x google scholar
  • Caffarella, R. S., & Olson, S. K. (1993). “Psychosocial development of women: A critical review of the literature. Adult Education Quarterly, 43(3), https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713693043003001 google scholar
  • Cheraghi, F., Kadivar, P., Ardelt, M., Asgari, A., & Farzad, V. (2015). “Gender as a moderator of the relation between age co-hort and three-dimensional wisdom in Iranian culture. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 81(1-2), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415015616394 google scholar
  • Cross, S. E., & Madson, L. (1997). “Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122(1), 5-37. psycnet.apa.org/buy/1997-04730-001 google scholar
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  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. [Multivariate Statistics for Social Sciences]. 2nd Ed. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. google scholar
  • Dublen, Y. (2014). “Female labour force participation and determinants in Turkey. MS thesis, İstanbul University. tez.yok.gov.tr (No: 375890) google scholar
  • Duffy, R. D., Blustein, D. L., Diemer, M. A., & Autin, K. L. (2016). “The psychology of working theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(2), 127-148. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000140 google scholar
  • Elson, D. (1999). “Labor markets as gendered institutions: Equality, efficiency and empowerment issues” World Development, 27(3), 611-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00147-8 google scholar
  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. NY: Norton. google scholar
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2010). “Renew: Expansion of goals program for adolescents with respect to positive psychotherapy and comprehensive guidance. Aile ve Toplum, 11(5), 53-66. dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/198092 google scholar
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2012). “Investigating of psychometric properties the Scale of Setting Life Goals with Respect to Positive Psychotherapy on University Students. Klinik Psikiyatri, 15, 166-174.jag.journalagent.com/kpd/pdfs/KPD_15_3_166_174.pdf google scholar
  • European Commission. (2020). “Employment and social developments in Europe”. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. google scholar
  • European Commission. (2021). “Joint employment report”. Brussels: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairsand Inclusion. google scholar
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  • Greene, B.A., &DeBacker, T.K. (2004). “Gender andorientations toward the future: Links to motivation. EducationalPsychology Review, 16(2), 91-120. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EDPR.0000026608.50611.b4 google scholar
  • Haar, J., Carr, S. C., Arrowsmith, J., Parker, J., Hodgetts, D., & Alefaio-Tugia, S. (2018). “Escape from working poverty: Steps toward sustainable livelihood. Sustainability, 10(11), 4144. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114144 google scholar
  • Hammen, C. (2003). “Interpersonal stress and depression in women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74(1), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00430-5 google scholar
  • İlkkaracan, İ. (2019). Sunuş: Kadın istihdamı politika söyleminde 1970’lerden günümüze dönüşümler [Introduction: The transformations in women employment policy discourse from 1970s to today] In Kadın Emeği: Ferhunde Özbay, Seçme Yazılar, edited by Ş. Özar, 63-75. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
  • Morvaridi, B. (1992). “Gender relations in agriculture: Women in Turkey. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40(3), 567-586. https://doi.org/10.1086/451961 google scholar
  • Nicole-Drancourt, C. (1990). “Organisation du travail des femmes et flexibilite de l’emploi. Sociologie du Travail, 32(2), 173-193. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43149647 google scholar
  • OECD. (2019). “Education at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators” OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/f8d7880d-en. google scholar
  • Oyserman, D., & Markus, H. R. (1993). “The sociocultural self”. In Psychological Perspectives on the Self, Vol.4: The Self in Social Perspective, edited by J. Suls, 187-220. Psychology Press. google scholar
  • Öçel, K. (2019). “Impact of chosen economic variables on female labour force participation rate in Turkey” MS thesis, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. tez.yok.gov.tr (no: 580634) google scholar
  • Özbay, F. (2015). “Kadınların ev içi ve ev dışı uğraşlarındaki değişme” [The change in the domestic and non-domestic occupations of women] In 1980’ler Türkiyesi’nde Kadın Bakış Açısından Kadınlar [Women in the perspective ofwomen in 1980s’ Turkey], edited by Ş. Tekeli, 115-139. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
  • Özbay, F. (2019a). “Kırsal ve kentsel kesimlerde kadın emeği” [Woman labour in rural and nonrural regions] In Kadın Emeği: Ferhunde Özbay, Seçme Yazılar [Woman labour: Ferhunde Özbay, Selected Writings], edited by Ş. Özar, 129-144. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
  • Özbay, F. (2019b). “Türkiye’de kadın ve çocuk emeği”[Woman and child labour in Turkey] In Kadın Emeği: Ferhunde Özbay, Seçme Yazılar [Woman labour: Ferhunde Özbay, Selected Writings], edited by Ş. Özar, 197-215. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Using Multivariate Statistics (translation from sixth edition; Translation Ed.: M. Baloğlu) Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık google scholar
  • Terzi, Ş. (2006). Kendini Toparlama Gücü Ölçeğinin Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları [Adaptation of Resilience Scale to the Turk culture: Its reliability and validity], Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(26), 77-86. dergi-park.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/21446/229734 google scholar
  • Tesch, S. A., & Whitbourne, S. K. (1982). “Intimacy and identity status in young adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(5), 1041-1051. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.43.5.1041 google scholar
  • Toksöz, G. (2018). “Kalkınmada kadın emeği” [Woman labour in development/progress] İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları. google scholar
  • Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). “Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal ofNursing Measurement, 1(2), 165-178. google scholar
  • Yüksel-Arabacı, R. (2020). “The socio-demographic structure of young people not in education, employment or training and their connection with the labour market in Turkey. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 53(3), 103-130. researchgate.net/profile/Rabihan-Yueksel-Arabaci-2 google scholar

Year 2023, , 91 - 97, 19.07.2023

Özden Turgut

https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.84.1252316

Abstract

References

  • Akın, Ö., & Karakulak, H. (2019). The effects of work-family and family-work conflict, job, family and life satisfaction on intention to leave: Mutual and demographic variables interaction. International Journal of Economics and Innovation, 5(2), 325-347. google scholar
  • Baruch, G.K., Biener, L. and Barnett, R.C. (1987). “Women and gender in research on work and family stress. American Psychologist 42(2), 130-136. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.42.2.130 google scholar
  • Bylsma, W. H. and Major, B. (1994). “Exploring the psychological costs of the gender wage gap. Psychology ofWomen Quarterly, 18, 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00453.x google scholar
  • Caffarella, R. S., & Olson, S. K. (1993). “Psychosocial development of women: A critical review of the literature. Adult Education Quarterly, 43(3), https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713693043003001 google scholar
  • Cheraghi, F., Kadivar, P., Ardelt, M., Asgari, A., & Farzad, V. (2015). “Gender as a moderator of the relation between age co-hort and three-dimensional wisdom in Iranian culture. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 81(1-2), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415015616394 google scholar
  • Cross, S. E., & Madson, L. (1997). “Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122(1), 5-37. psycnet.apa.org/buy/1997-04730-001 google scholar
  • Çelik, K., & Lüküslü, D. (2010). “Spotlighting a silent category of young females: The life experiences of “house girls” in Turkey. Youth & Society. DOI:10.1177/0044118X10391636. google scholar
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. [Multivariate Statistics for Social Sciences]. 2nd Ed. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. google scholar
  • Dublen, Y. (2014). “Female labour force participation and determinants in Turkey. MS thesis, İstanbul University. tez.yok.gov.tr (No: 375890) google scholar
  • Duffy, R. D., Blustein, D. L., Diemer, M. A., & Autin, K. L. (2016). “The psychology of working theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(2), 127-148. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000140 google scholar
  • Elson, D. (1999). “Labor markets as gendered institutions: Equality, efficiency and empowerment issues” World Development, 27(3), 611-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00147-8 google scholar
  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. NY: Norton. google scholar
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2010). “Renew: Expansion of goals program for adolescents with respect to positive psychotherapy and comprehensive guidance. Aile ve Toplum, 11(5), 53-66. dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/198092 google scholar
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2012). “Investigating of psychometric properties the Scale of Setting Life Goals with Respect to Positive Psychotherapy on University Students. Klinik Psikiyatri, 15, 166-174.jag.journalagent.com/kpd/pdfs/KPD_15_3_166_174.pdf google scholar
  • European Commission. (2020). “Employment and social developments in Europe”. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. google scholar
  • European Commission. (2021). “Joint employment report”. Brussels: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairsand Inclusion. google scholar
  • Galvez, A., Tirado, F. and Martinez, M.J. (2020). “Work-life balance, organizations and social sustainability: Analyzing female telework in Spain. Sustainability, 12, 3567; doi:10.3390/su12093567 google scholar Gilman, C.P. (1986). Kadın ve ekonomi [Woman and economy] (Turkish transl.: M. Otkun and J. Candan). İstanbul: Sistem Ofset Matbaacılık Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Greene, B.A., &DeBacker, T.K. (2004). “Gender andorientations toward the future: Links to motivation. EducationalPsychology Review, 16(2), 91-120. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EDPR.0000026608.50611.b4 google scholar
  • Haar, J., Carr, S. C., Arrowsmith, J., Parker, J., Hodgetts, D., & Alefaio-Tugia, S. (2018). “Escape from working poverty: Steps toward sustainable livelihood. Sustainability, 10(11), 4144. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114144 google scholar
  • Hammen, C. (2003). “Interpersonal stress and depression in women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74(1), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00430-5 google scholar
  • İlkkaracan, İ. (2019). Sunuş: Kadın istihdamı politika söyleminde 1970’lerden günümüze dönüşümler [Introduction: The transformations in women employment policy discourse from 1970s to today] In Kadın Emeği: Ferhunde Özbay, Seçme Yazılar, edited by Ş. Özar, 63-75. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
  • Morvaridi, B. (1992). “Gender relations in agriculture: Women in Turkey. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40(3), 567-586. https://doi.org/10.1086/451961 google scholar
  • Nicole-Drancourt, C. (1990). “Organisation du travail des femmes et flexibilite de l’emploi. Sociologie du Travail, 32(2), 173-193. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43149647 google scholar
  • OECD. (2019). “Education at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators” OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/f8d7880d-en. google scholar
  • Oyserman, D., & Markus, H. R. (1993). “The sociocultural self”. In Psychological Perspectives on the Self, Vol.4: The Self in Social Perspective, edited by J. Suls, 187-220. Psychology Press. google scholar
  • Öçel, K. (2019). “Impact of chosen economic variables on female labour force participation rate in Turkey” MS thesis, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. tez.yok.gov.tr (no: 580634) google scholar
  • Özbay, F. (2015). “Kadınların ev içi ve ev dışı uğraşlarındaki değişme” [The change in the domestic and non-domestic occupations of women] In 1980’ler Türkiyesi’nde Kadın Bakış Açısından Kadınlar [Women in the perspective ofwomen in 1980s’ Turkey], edited by Ş. Tekeli, 115-139. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
  • Özbay, F. (2019a). “Kırsal ve kentsel kesimlerde kadın emeği” [Woman labour in rural and nonrural regions] In Kadın Emeği: Ferhunde Özbay, Seçme Yazılar [Woman labour: Ferhunde Özbay, Selected Writings], edited by Ş. Özar, 129-144. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
  • Özbay, F. (2019b). “Türkiye’de kadın ve çocuk emeği”[Woman and child labour in Turkey] In Kadın Emeği: Ferhunde Özbay, Seçme Yazılar [Woman labour: Ferhunde Özbay, Selected Writings], edited by Ş. Özar, 197-215. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Using Multivariate Statistics (translation from sixth edition; Translation Ed.: M. Baloğlu) Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık google scholar
  • Terzi, Ş. (2006). Kendini Toparlama Gücü Ölçeğinin Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları [Adaptation of Resilience Scale to the Turk culture: Its reliability and validity], Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(26), 77-86. dergi-park.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/21446/229734 google scholar
  • Tesch, S. A., & Whitbourne, S. K. (1982). “Intimacy and identity status in young adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(5), 1041-1051. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.43.5.1041 google scholar
  • Toksöz, G. (2018). “Kalkınmada kadın emeği” [Woman labour in development/progress] İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları. google scholar
  • Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). “Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal ofNursing Measurement, 1(2), 165-178. google scholar
  • Yüksel-Arabacı, R. (2020). “The socio-demographic structure of young people not in education, employment or training and their connection with the labour market in Turkey. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 53(3), 103-130. researchgate.net/profile/Rabihan-Yueksel-Arabaci-2 google scholar
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Labor Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özden Turgut 0000-0003-3620-8869

Publication Date July 19, 2023
Submission Date February 17, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Turgut, Ö. (2023). Women in Emerging Adulthood: Employment, Education and Related Psychological Indicators of Women in Turkey. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi(84), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.84.1252316
AMA Turgut Ö. Women in Emerging Adulthood: Employment, Education and Related Psychological Indicators of Women in Turkey. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi. July 2023;(84):91-97. doi:10.26650/jspc.2023.84.1252316
Chicago Turgut, Özden. “Women in Emerging Adulthood: Employment, Education and Related Psychological Indicators of Women in Turkey”. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, no. 84 (July 2023): 91-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.84.1252316.
EndNote Turgut Ö (July 1, 2023) Women in Emerging Adulthood: Employment, Education and Related Psychological Indicators of Women in Turkey. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi 84 91–97.
IEEE Ö. Turgut, “Women in Emerging Adulthood: Employment, Education and Related Psychological Indicators of Women in Turkey”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, no. 84, pp. 91–97, July 2023, doi: 10.26650/jspc.2023.84.1252316.
ISNAD Turgut, Özden. “Women in Emerging Adulthood: Employment, Education and Related Psychological Indicators of Women in Turkey”. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi 84 (July 2023), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.84.1252316.
JAMA Turgut Ö. Women in Emerging Adulthood: Employment, Education and Related Psychological Indicators of Women in Turkey. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi. 2023;:91–97.
MLA Turgut, Özden. “Women in Emerging Adulthood: Employment, Education and Related Psychological Indicators of Women in Turkey”. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, no. 84, 2023, pp. 91-97, doi:10.26650/jspc.2023.84.1252316.
Vancouver Turgut Ö. Women in Emerging Adulthood: Employment, Education and Related Psychological Indicators of Women in Turkey. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi. 2023(84):91-7.