Küresel İklim Değişikliği: İklim Mültecilerinin Güvenlik Sorunları

Year 2023, , 125 - 137, 19.07.2023

Neslihan Arslan

https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.84.1280975

Abstract

Tarih boyunca, insanlar farklı nedenlerden ötürü bulundukları yerlerden başka bölgelere ya da ülkelere göç etmişlerdir. Göçler bireyin isteği doğrultusunda gerçekleştiği gibi bazı durumlarda birey hareketliliği zorunlu olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Son yıllarda göç literatüründe giderek yükselen kavramlardan biri olan iklim mülteciliği de göçün farklı bir türü olarak çalışmalarda yerini bulmaktadır. Küresel iklim değişikliği, insanların yaşam alanlarında güvenli su temini, doğal kaynaklara erişim ve barınma gibi konularda yaşadıkları zorluklar nedeniyle alternatif bölgeleri tercih etmelerinde belirleyici olabilmektedir. İklim mültecileri iklim koşullarının olumsuz etkisi nedeniyle yer değiştirmek durumunda kalan insanları ifade etmekle birlikte, mülteciler göç ettikleri ülkeler açısından yasal, ekonomik, siyasi, kültürel pek çok sorunun odağı olarak görülmektedir. Teorik bir zemin üzerine kurulu olan bu çalışmada küresel iklim değişikliği ve iklim mülteciliği kavramları ele alınmakta; mültecilerin karşılaştıkları güvenlik sorunları iklim değişikliği, yasal statü ve toplumsal hayat yönüyle değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca devletlerin ve uluslararası mevzuatın iklim mültecilerine yönelik bakışına çalışma kapsamında yer verilmiştir.

Keywords

Küresel İklim Değişikliği, İklim Mültecileri, Göç, Güvenlik, İnsan Hakları

Global Climate Change: Security Problems of Climate Refugees

Abstract

Throughout history, people have migrated from one place to other regions or countries for various reasons. Migrations occur in line with one’s wants in some cases, while in other cases the individual migrates out of necessity. Climate refugees are one of the rising concepts in the migration literature in recent years and have also found their place in studies as a different type of migration. Global climate change can be a determinant in people’s preference for an alternative region due to the difficulties they experience in one area, such as lack of a safe water supply, access to natural resources, or shelter. Although climate refugees refer to people who have to relocate due to the negative effects of climatic conditions, refugees are seen as the focus of many legal, economic, political, and cultural problems in terms of the countries where they end up. This study has a theoretical basis and discusses the concepts of global climate change and climate refugees. The study evaluates the problems of security refugees face in terms of climate-related issues, legal status, and social life. In addition, the study includes within its scope the perspective of states and international legislation toward climate refugees.

Keywords

Global Climate Change, Climate Refugees, Migration, Security, Human Rights

References

• Aktive Bürgerschaft e.V, (2014). Deutsche zivilgesellschaftliche Traditionen, http://www.aktive-buergerschaft.de/buergergesellschaft/basisinformationen/entwicklung_und_diskurs/deutsche_traditionen#.VKGxXv9ACM. (19.12.2014). google scholar
• Afifi T., Govil R., Sakdapolrak P.&Warner K. (2012). Climate Change, Vulnerability And Human Mobility: Perspectives Of Refugees From The East And Horn of Africa, Bonn: United Nations University, Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), Erişim Adresi: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5154014e2.html, (04.06.2023). google scholar
• Akçay, S. E. (2022). Güneşin altında gölgede kalanlar: iklim mültecileri. Euro Politika, 15, 60-66. google scholar
• An, N., Turp M. T., & Kurnaz, L. (2021). İklim değişikliğine bağlı çevresel bozulmanın göç kararına etkisi: genel bir bakış. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 30(2), 383-403. google scholar
• Andreevna, P. J. (2016). Cultural and language problems faced by migrants as the members of a certain ethnic community. , 1(5), 72-75. google scholar
• Apap. (2019). The Concept of ’Climate Refugee’ Towards A Possible Definition, EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service, Briefing,1-12. google scholar
• Ayazi, H., Elsheikh, E. (2019). Climate Refugees The Climate Crisis and Rights Denied, Erişim Adresi: https://migracionesclimaticas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/climate_refugees-diciembre-2019.pdf (12.02.2023). google scholar
• Balsari, S., Dresser C., & Leaning J. (2020). Climate change, migration, and civil strife. Current Environmental Health Reports, 7, 404-414. google scholar Belhaj, F. (2022). COPs Offer Middle East-North Africa A Climate Leadership Role, erişim Adresi: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2022/11/16/cops-offer-middle-east-north-africa-a-climate-leadership-role, (18.06.2023). google scholar
• Biermann F., Boas I. (2010). Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees, Global Environmental Politics, 10 (1), 60-88. google scholar
• Bilben, M. S. (2020). Uluslararası Politika ve Güvenlik Tartışmaları Ekseninde İklim Değişikliği Kaynaklı Göçlere Genel Bir Bakış, 75-99, (İçinde) Küresel Ekolojik Güvenlik Uluslararası Sempozyum, (Ed.) Algan Nesrin, Demiralp Duygu Özel ve Çörtoğlu Feza Sener, 16-17-18 Ekim 2019, Ankara 2020, Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
• Black, R. (2014). Refugees, Environment and Development, Routledge. google scholar
• BNN. (2020). UN: Illegal for Countries to Send Back Climate Refugees, Erişim Adresi: https://bnn-news.com/un-illegal-for-countries-to-send-back-climate-refugees-209590, (18.06.2023). google scholar
• Borghesi, S., Ticci, E. (2019). Climate Change in the MENA Region: Environmental Risks, Socioeconomic Effects and Policy Challenges for the Future, MED-Mediterranean Yearbook. google scholar
• Brown, L. R., McGrath P. L., Stokes, B. (1976). Twenty-Two Dimensions of The Population Problem, Worldwatch Paper, 5, Erişim Adresi: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED128282.pdf, (18.06.2023). google scholar
• Christian Aid. (2022). Human Tide: The Real Migration Crisis, A Christian Aid Report, Erişim Adresi:human-tide-real-migration-crisis-christian-aid-report (04.04.2023)_ google scholar
• EDGAR, CO2 Emissions Of All World Countries, 2022 Report, google scholar
• Erişim Adresi: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2022: :text=In%202021%2C% 20China%2C%20the%20United,the%20world’s%20largest%20CO2%20emitters. (26.03.2023). google scholar
• Ekşi, N. (2016). İklim mültecileri. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 10-58. google scholar
• EJF-Environmentl Justice Foundation (2021). No Shelter from The Storm The Urgent Need to Recognise and Protect Climate Refugees, Erişim Adresi: https://ejfoundation.org/resources/downloads/EJF_Climate-Refugee-Report_2021_final.pdf (13.02.2023). google scholar
• El-Hinnawi, E. (1985). Environmental Refugees, UNEP. Nairobi. google scholar
• European Commission (2023). Consequences of Climate Change, Erişim Adresi: https://climate.ec.europa.eu/climate-change/consequences-climate-change_en (03.06.2023). google scholar
• Flautre H., Lambert J., Keller S., Lochbiller B. (2013). Climate Change, Refugees and Migration, Position Pa-per, Erişim Adresi: https://europeangreens.eu/sites/europeangreens.eu/files/news/files/Greens%20EFA%2020-%20Position%20Paper%20- %20Climate%20Change%20Refugees%20and%20Migration.pdf (13.02.2023). google scholar
• Gemenne F. (2015). One good reason to speak of ’climate refugees’. Forced Migration Review, (49), 70-71. google scholar
• Gray, C., Bilsborrow, R. (2013). Environmental ınfluences on human migration in rural Ecuador. Demography, 50(4), 1217-1241. google scholar
• Hiraide L. A. (2022). Climate Refugees: A Useful Concept? Towards An Alternative Vocabulary of Ecological Displacement, Politics, Special Issue: Race and Climate, 1-16. google scholar
• Hugo, G. (1996). Environmental concerns and ınternational migration. International Migration Review, 30(1), 105-131. google scholar
• Hugo, G. (2011). Future demographic change and its interactions with migration and climate change. Global Environmental Change, 21, 21-33. google scholar
• IDMC (2022). Children and Youth in Internal Displacement, Erişim Adresi: https://www.internal- google scholar
• displacement.org/sites/default/files/IDMC_GRID_2022_HQ.pdf (12.02.2023). google scholar
• International Organization on Migration-IOM (2019). Climate Change and Migration In Vulnerable Countries, Erişim Adresi: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/climate_change_and_migration_in_vulnerable_countries.pdf (13.03.2023). google scholar
• Jacobson, J. L. (1988). environmental refugees: a yardstick of habitability. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 8(3), 257-258. google scholar
• Jaldi A., & Ouassif A. E. (2022). Climate Refugees: A Major Challenge of International Community and Africa, Policiy Center For The New South, Research Paper, Erişim Adresi: https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/default/files/2022-06/RP_07-22_Jaldi-Ouassif.pdf, (13.03.2023). google scholar
• Jaswal & Jolly (2013). Climate refugees: challenges and opportunities for ınternational law. Journal of the Indian Law Institute, 55(1), 45-58. google scholar
• Kalin W. (2010). Climate Change and Displacement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. McAdam J. (Ed.), Conceptualising Climate-Induced Displacement 81-104. UK:Hart Publishing. google scholar
• Karagöz T. (2021). Climate Refugees: Understanding The Challenges For Climate Refugees, Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, Issue. 1, 38-58. google scholar
• Karameşe, Ş. (2021). İklim değişikliği mültecileri’nin birleşmiş milletler ve Türkiye’den bekledikleri yasal düzenlemeler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 23, Özel Sayı, 133-150. google scholar
• Karayiğit, M. T., Kılıç, M. (2021). The legal status and protection of climate refugees in the EU. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 13-38. google scholar
• Kavurmacı, A. (2022). İklim Değişikliği Çerçevesinde Küresel İstihdam Sorunu ve Yeşil İşler, (İçinde) Güncel Araştırmalar Çerçevesinde İklim Değişikliği, Nedenler, Sonuçlar ve Mücadele Politikaları, Nobel, 1. Basım, 311-334. google scholar
• Lindwall C. (2022). What Are the Effects of Climate Change?, Erişim Adresi: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-are-effects-climate-changeweather, (03.06.2023). google scholar
• Lonergan S. (1998). The Role of Environmental Degradation in Population Displacement, Environmental Change and Security Project Report, Issue 4 (Spring), 5-15, Erişim Adresi:The Role of Environmental Degradation in Population Displacement.pdf(26.03.2023). google scholar
• Marchena E. D. Â. (2021). Migration and human displacement in the context of climate change: reflections on the category of climate Refugees. Peace Security, 9, 1-25. google scholar
• McDonald, T. (2015). The Man Who Would be The First Climate Change Refugee, Erişim Adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34674374, (19.06.2023). google scholar
• Myers, N. (1993). Environmental Refugees in a Globally Warmed World, BioScience, 43(11), 752-761. google scholar
• Myers N. (1997). Environmental refugees. Population and Environment, 19(2), 167-182. google scholar
• Myers, N. (2002). Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century. The Royal Society, 609-613. google scholar
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-NOAA (2021). Climate Change İmpacts, Erişim Adresi: https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/climate/climate-change-impacts, (03.06.2023). google scholar
• Özgüler, V. C. (2018). Göç ve uyum politikaları, migration and integration policies. GSI Journals Serie B: Advancements in Business and Economics, 1(1), 1-14. google scholar
• Öztürk, K. (2002). Küresel iklim değişikliği ve Türkiye’ye olası etkileri. G.Ü. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 47-65. google scholar
• Rüttinger L., Smith D., Stang G., Tanzler D., Vivekananda J. (2015). A New Climate for Peace, Taking Action On Climate And Fragility Risks, An Independent Report Commissioned By The G7 Members, Erişim Adresi: https://climate-diplomacy.org/sites/default/files/202011/NewClimateForPeace_FullReport_small_0.pdf, (05.06.2023). google scholar
• Safi, S. (2020). Ioane Teitiota Kiribatı / Yeni Zelanda Davası ve BM İnsan Hakları Komitesi’nin İklim Mültecileri ile İlgili Tarihi Kararı, 22(2), 509-540. google scholar
• Sipahioğlu B. Ö. (2022). Küresel iklim değişikliğinin bir sonucu olarak iklim göçü. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 9(20), 543-565. google scholar
• Stanley S. K., Tseung-Wong C. Ng., & Leviston Z. (2022). Welcoming climate refugees to the United States: do attitudes depend on refugee origins, numbers, or permanence? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 83, 101874, 1-9. google scholar
• Tacoli, C. (2009). Crisis or adaptation? migration and climate change in a context of high mobility. Environment & Urbanization, 21(2), 513-525. google scholar
• Council of the European Union&European Commission (2008). “Climate Change and International Security, 113(08), Erişim Adresi: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication- detail/-/publication/489ee3e8-41d1-4af1-bdcf-fa42f3355af1/ (09.06.2023). google scholar
• Topgül S., Beytaş O. (2022). İklim mültecileri ve sosyal hizmet: kriz mi fırsat mı? Journal of Society Social Work, 33(2), 687-705. google scholar
• UN (2023). Causes and Effects of Climate Change, Erişim Adresi: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change(02.04.2023). google scholar
• UNEP Climate Change and Security Risks, Erişim Adresi: https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/disasters-conflicts/what-we-do/disaster-risk-reduction/climate-change-and-__text=Security concerns linked to climate,and forced migration and displacement. (04.06.2023)_ google scholar
• UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies (2016). CCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee, Erişim Adresi: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2fC%2f127%2fD%2f2728%2f2016Lang=en,(18.06.2023). google scholar
• UNHCR (1951). Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, Erişim Adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10 (25.03.2023). google scholar
• UNHCR (2001). Refugees and the Environment, Erişim Adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/what-we-do/publications/refugees-and-environment(05.06.2023). google scholar
• UNHCR, Supporting The Social Inclusion of Refugees, Social Inclusion of Refugees Backround Guide Challenge Topic 3, Erişim Adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/media/39076, (05.06.2023). google scholar
• UNHCR Türkiye. UNHCR’nin Tarihçesi, Erişim Adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/tr/unhcrnin-tarihcesi, (18.06.2023). google scholar
• Uyduranoğlu A. (2021). Su ve Gıda Güvenliği Çerçevesinde İklim Politikaları, Erişim Adresi: https://www.iklimhaber.org/su-ve-gida-guvenligi-cercevesinde-iklim-politikalari/ (25.03.2023). google scholar
• Wodon, Q., Burger, N., Grant, A. & Liverani, A. (2014). Climate Change, Migration, and Adaptation in the MENA Region, MPRA Paper, Erişim Adresi: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/56927/1/MPRA_paper_56927.pdf, (18.06.2023). google scholar
• Yılmaz F. H. ve Navruz M. (2019). Küresel İklim Değişikliği, İklim Mültecileri ve Güvenlik, ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi 13. Uluslararası Kamu Yönetimi Sempozyumu Bildirileri Özel Sayısı, 255-270. google scholar
• YIMER-Yabancılar İletişim Merkezi (Mültecilerin Hukuk Statüsüne İlişkin 1967 Protokolü, Erişim Adresi: https://www.goc.gov.tr/kurumlar/goc.gov.tr/files/M%c3%9cLTEC%c4%b0LER%c4%b0N%20HUKUK%20STAT% c3%9cS%c3%9cNE%20%c4%b0L%c4%b0%c5%9eK%c4%b0N%201967%20PROTOKOL%c3%9c(1).pdf (25.03.2023). google scholar
• Yücel G. (2020). İklim mültecilerinin türkiye’deki hukuki statüsü. Middle East Journal of Refugee Studies, 5(2), 43-62. google scholar
• Ziya, O. (2012). Mülteci-göçmen belirsizliğinde iklim mültecileri. TBB Dergisi, 99, 229-240. google scholar