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Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin Göç Hareketlerinde Sosyal Sermaye Etkisi: İzmir ve İstanbul Örneği

Year 2021, Issue: 80, 199 - 229, 09.07.2021

Abstract

Bu çalışma sosyal sermayenin göç sürecindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Çalışmada, geçici koruma kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin göç sürecinde barınma, iş bulma ve toplumsal uyum gibi konularda sosyal sermayelerinden ne ölçüde yararlandıklarını ortaya koymak amaçlanmaktadır. Geçici koruma kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin göç davranışları ve buna bağlı olarak güven düzeyleri, toplumsal algıları ve işgücü piyasasındaki konumlarına dair bakış açısı geliştirebilmek çalışmanın önemini oluşturmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda İzmir ve İstanbul’da yaşayan geçici koruma kapsamındaki 19 Suriyeliyle yapılan derinlemesine görüşmeler; Nvivo 12 programı aracılığıyla analiz edilerek yorumlanmıştır. Bulgular, sosyal sermayenin göç kararından varış noktasındaki gündelik yaşam deneyimlerine kadar her alanda etkili olduğu yönünde olmuştur. Katılımcıların öncü ve potansiyel göçmenlerle olan ilişkileri; yarattıkları bilgi ağı ve etnik destek mekanizmaları, mekân hareketlerindeki önemli belirleyiciler olarak gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca bir sivil toplum kuruluşuna üye olan katılımcıların kamusal alanda daha aktif oldukları gözlenmiştir. Katılımcıların dil bilme düzeyine bağlı olarak daha nitelikli işlerde çalıştıkları gözlenmiş; çalışma izni ve diploma denkliği problemlerinin engeller yarattığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Alp, H. (2018). Suriyeli sığınmacılara yönelik ayrımcı ve ötekileştirici söylemin yerel medyada yeniden üretilmesi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 5(15), 22-37. google scholar
  • Bankston, C. L. (2014). Immigrant networks and social capital. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. google scholar
  • Bankston, C. L. & Zhou, M. (2006). Being well vs. doing well: Self-esteem and school performance among immigrant and nonimmigrant racial and ethnic groups. International Migration Review, 36(2), 389-415. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00086.x google scholar
  • Boyd, D. M. & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x google scholar
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital, In Richardson, J. (Ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241-258). Westport, CT: Greenwood. google scholar
  • Castles, S. & Miller, M. J. (2008). Göçler çağı: Modern dünyada uluslararası göç hareketleri (B. Uğur ve İ. Akbulut, Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Coleman, J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal Sociology, 94, 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943 google scholar
  • Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E., Hobson, C., McPartland, J., Mood, A. & Weinfeld, F. (1966). Equality of educational opportunity study. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. google scholar
  • Davis, B., Stecklov, G. & Winters, P. (2002). Domestic and international migration from rural Mexico: Disaggregating the effects of network structure and composition. Population Studies, 56(3), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720215936 google scholar
  • Deniz, A. Ç., Ekinci, Y. ve Hülür, A. B. (2016). Bizim müstakbel hep harap oldu: Suriyeli sığınmacıların gündelik hayatı Antep-Kilis çevresi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. New York: McGraw- Hill. google scholar
  • Elias, N. and Scotson, J. (1994). The Established and the Outsiders: A Sociological Inquiry into Community Problems, Sage Publications, London. google scholar
  • Faist, T. (2000). The volume and dynamics of international migration. Oxford: Oxford University. google scholar
  • Faist, T. (2003). Uluslararası göç ve ulusaşırı toplumsal alanlar (A. Gündoğan ve C. Nacar, Çev.). İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları. google scholar
  • Fernandez-Kelly, M. (1995). Social and cultural capital in the urban ghetto, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. In Portes A. (Ed.), Economic sociology of immigration, The: Essays on networks, ethnicity, and entrepreneurship (ss. 213-247). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. google scholar
  • Field, J. (2006). Sosyal sermaye. (B. Bilgen ve B. Şen, Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Fordham, S. (1996). Blacked out: Dilemmas of race, identity, and success at capital high. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Fukuyama, F. (2000). Social capital and civil society. The international monetary fund, working paper No: 00/74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451849585.001 google scholar
  • Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/713701144 google scholar
  • Garip, F. (2008). Social capital and migration: How do similar resources lead to divergent outcomes? Demography, 45(3), 591-617. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0016 google scholar
  • Glazer, N. & D. P. Moynihan. (1970). Beyond the melting pot: The negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. Cambridge: MIT Press. google scholar
  • Hanifan, L. J. (1916). The rural school community centre. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 67(9), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271621606700118 google scholar
  • İnce, C. (2018). Uluslararası göç bağlamında Türkiye’deki Suriyeli göçmenlerin mekansal yoğunlaşması. Adıyaman: İksad Yayınları. google scholar
  • Massey, D. S. & Zenteno, R. M. (1999). The dynamics of mass migration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(9), 5328-5335. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.9.5328 google scholar
  • Maxwell, J. A. (2005). Qualitive research design: An interactive approach (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. google scholar
  • Merriam,S. B. (2018). Nitel araştırma desen ve uygulama için bir rehber (Turan, S. Çev.) Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Nare, L., Walsh, K. & Baldassar, L. (2017). Ageing in transnational contexts: Transforming everyday practices and identities in later life. Identities, 24(5), 515-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2017.1346986 google scholar
  • Orhan, O., & Gündogar, S. S. (2015). Effects of the Syrian refugees on Turkey (ORSAM Report 195). Prepared in cooperation between ORSAM and TESEV. Ankara: Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. google scholar
  • ORSAM, T. (2015). Effects of the Syrian Refugees on Turkey, No: 195. Ankara: Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. google scholar
  • Özdemir, S., Başel, H., ve Şenocak, H. (2009). “Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK)’nın Artan Önemi ve Üsküdar’da Faaliyet Gösteren Bazı STK’lar Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, (56). google scholar
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage. google scholar
  • Pieterse, J. N. (2003). Social capital and migration: Beyond ethnic economies, Ethnicities, 3(1), 29-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796803003001785 google scholar
  • Portes, A. & MacLeod, D. (1996). What shall i call myself? Hispanic identity formation in the second generation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19(3), 523-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1996.9993923 google scholar
  • Putnam, R. (1993). The prosperous community: Social capital and public life. The American Prospect, 4(3), 35-42. google scholar
  • Rozek, C. S., Svoboda, R. C., Harackiewicz, J. M., Hulleman, C. S. & Hyde, J. S. (2017). Utility-value intervention with parents increases students stem preparation and career pursuit. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(5), 909-914. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607386114 google scholar
  • Stanton-Salazar, R. D. & Dornbusch, S. M. (1995). Social capital and the reproduction of inequality: Information networks among Mexican-origin high school students. Sociology of Education, 68(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112778 google scholar
  • Steinberg, S. (2001). The ethnic myth: Race, ethnicity and class in America. Boston: Beacon Press. google scholar
  • T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Müdürlüğü. (2017). 2016 Türkiye göç raporu. Ankara: T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Müdürlüğü Yayınları. google scholar
  • Teachman, J. D., Paasch, K. & Carver, K. (1997). Social capital and the generation of human capital. Social Forces, 75(4), 1343. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580674 google scholar
  • Tilly, C. (1990). Transplanted networks. In V. Yans-McLaughlin (Ed), Immigration reconsidered: History, sociology, and politics (ss. 79-95). Oxford: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • White, M., J. & Glick J. E. (2000). Generation status, social capital, and the routes out of high school. Sociological Forum, 15(4), 671-691. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007515100190 google scholar
  • Yılmaz, G. (2008) Düş, umut, acı ve travmanın sentezi: Sermaye birikiminde göçmen emeği. Toplum ve Hekim, 3, 172-178. google scholar
  • Zhou, Y. (1998). How do places matter? A comparative study of Chinese ethnic economies in Los Angeles and New York City. Urban Geography, 19(6), 531-553. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.19.6.531 google scholar
  • Zhou, M. ve Bankston, C. (1998). Growing up American: How Vietnamese children adapt to life in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. google scholar
  • Zhou, M. ve Portes, A. (1992). Chinatown: The socioeconomic potential of an urban enclave. Temple University Press, Philadelphia. google scholar
  • Zhou, M. ve Kim, S. (2006). Community forces, social capital and educational achievement: The case of supplementary education in the Chinese and Korean immigrant communities. Harvard Educational Review, 76(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.76.1.u08t548554882477 google scholar
  • Zucker, L.G. (1986). “The Production of Trust: Institutional Sources of Economic Structure”, Research in Organizational Behavior, No: 8, ss. 53-111. google scholar
  • https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2015/06/150615_suriye_multeci_avrupa google scholar

Social Capital Effect on the Migration Movements of Syrians: The Case of Izmir and Istanbul

Year 2021, Issue: 80, 199 - 229, 09.07.2021

Abstract

This study examines the impact of social capital on the migration process through the mobility of refugees. In the study, interviews were conducted and analyzed through the Nvivo 12 program with 19 refugees living in Izmir and Istanbul. The findings show that social capital is effective in every area, from the migration decision to the daily life experiences at the final destination. Asylum seekers’ relations with a pioneering, and potential migrants, information networks, and ethnic support mechanisms significant determinants of space movements. Moreover, asylum seekers who are members of a non-governmental organization are more active and participatory in the public sphere. The refugees work better jobs depending on their language skills; the results revealed that work permit problems and diploma equivalence created obstacles.

References

  • Alp, H. (2018). Suriyeli sığınmacılara yönelik ayrımcı ve ötekileştirici söylemin yerel medyada yeniden üretilmesi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 5(15), 22-37. google scholar
  • Bankston, C. L. (2014). Immigrant networks and social capital. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. google scholar
  • Bankston, C. L. & Zhou, M. (2006). Being well vs. doing well: Self-esteem and school performance among immigrant and nonimmigrant racial and ethnic groups. International Migration Review, 36(2), 389-415. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00086.x google scholar
  • Boyd, D. M. & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x google scholar
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital, In Richardson, J. (Ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241-258). Westport, CT: Greenwood. google scholar
  • Castles, S. & Miller, M. J. (2008). Göçler çağı: Modern dünyada uluslararası göç hareketleri (B. Uğur ve İ. Akbulut, Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Coleman, J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal Sociology, 94, 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943 google scholar
  • Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E., Hobson, C., McPartland, J., Mood, A. & Weinfeld, F. (1966). Equality of educational opportunity study. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. google scholar
  • Davis, B., Stecklov, G. & Winters, P. (2002). Domestic and international migration from rural Mexico: Disaggregating the effects of network structure and composition. Population Studies, 56(3), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720215936 google scholar
  • Deniz, A. Ç., Ekinci, Y. ve Hülür, A. B. (2016). Bizim müstakbel hep harap oldu: Suriyeli sığınmacıların gündelik hayatı Antep-Kilis çevresi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. New York: McGraw- Hill. google scholar
  • Elias, N. and Scotson, J. (1994). The Established and the Outsiders: A Sociological Inquiry into Community Problems, Sage Publications, London. google scholar
  • Faist, T. (2000). The volume and dynamics of international migration. Oxford: Oxford University. google scholar
  • Faist, T. (2003). Uluslararası göç ve ulusaşırı toplumsal alanlar (A. Gündoğan ve C. Nacar, Çev.). İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları. google scholar
  • Fernandez-Kelly, M. (1995). Social and cultural capital in the urban ghetto, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. In Portes A. (Ed.), Economic sociology of immigration, The: Essays on networks, ethnicity, and entrepreneurship (ss. 213-247). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. google scholar
  • Field, J. (2006). Sosyal sermaye. (B. Bilgen ve B. Şen, Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Fordham, S. (1996). Blacked out: Dilemmas of race, identity, and success at capital high. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Fukuyama, F. (2000). Social capital and civil society. The international monetary fund, working paper No: 00/74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451849585.001 google scholar
  • Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/713701144 google scholar
  • Garip, F. (2008). Social capital and migration: How do similar resources lead to divergent outcomes? Demography, 45(3), 591-617. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0016 google scholar
  • Glazer, N. & D. P. Moynihan. (1970). Beyond the melting pot: The negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. Cambridge: MIT Press. google scholar
  • Hanifan, L. J. (1916). The rural school community centre. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 67(9), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271621606700118 google scholar
  • İnce, C. (2018). Uluslararası göç bağlamında Türkiye’deki Suriyeli göçmenlerin mekansal yoğunlaşması. Adıyaman: İksad Yayınları. google scholar
  • Massey, D. S. & Zenteno, R. M. (1999). The dynamics of mass migration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(9), 5328-5335. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.9.5328 google scholar
  • Maxwell, J. A. (2005). Qualitive research design: An interactive approach (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. google scholar
  • Merriam,S. B. (2018). Nitel araştırma desen ve uygulama için bir rehber (Turan, S. Çev.) Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Nare, L., Walsh, K. & Baldassar, L. (2017). Ageing in transnational contexts: Transforming everyday practices and identities in later life. Identities, 24(5), 515-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2017.1346986 google scholar
  • Orhan, O., & Gündogar, S. S. (2015). Effects of the Syrian refugees on Turkey (ORSAM Report 195). Prepared in cooperation between ORSAM and TESEV. Ankara: Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. google scholar
  • ORSAM, T. (2015). Effects of the Syrian Refugees on Turkey, No: 195. Ankara: Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. google scholar
  • Özdemir, S., Başel, H., ve Şenocak, H. (2009). “Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK)’nın Artan Önemi ve Üsküdar’da Faaliyet Gösteren Bazı STK’lar Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, (56). google scholar
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage. google scholar
  • Pieterse, J. N. (2003). Social capital and migration: Beyond ethnic economies, Ethnicities, 3(1), 29-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796803003001785 google scholar
  • Portes, A. & MacLeod, D. (1996). What shall i call myself? Hispanic identity formation in the second generation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19(3), 523-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1996.9993923 google scholar
  • Putnam, R. (1993). The prosperous community: Social capital and public life. The American Prospect, 4(3), 35-42. google scholar
  • Rozek, C. S., Svoboda, R. C., Harackiewicz, J. M., Hulleman, C. S. & Hyde, J. S. (2017). Utility-value intervention with parents increases students stem preparation and career pursuit. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(5), 909-914. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607386114 google scholar
  • Stanton-Salazar, R. D. & Dornbusch, S. M. (1995). Social capital and the reproduction of inequality: Information networks among Mexican-origin high school students. Sociology of Education, 68(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112778 google scholar
  • Steinberg, S. (2001). The ethnic myth: Race, ethnicity and class in America. Boston: Beacon Press. google scholar
  • T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Müdürlüğü. (2017). 2016 Türkiye göç raporu. Ankara: T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Müdürlüğü Yayınları. google scholar
  • Teachman, J. D., Paasch, K. & Carver, K. (1997). Social capital and the generation of human capital. Social Forces, 75(4), 1343. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580674 google scholar
  • Tilly, C. (1990). Transplanted networks. In V. Yans-McLaughlin (Ed), Immigration reconsidered: History, sociology, and politics (ss. 79-95). Oxford: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • White, M., J. & Glick J. E. (2000). Generation status, social capital, and the routes out of high school. Sociological Forum, 15(4), 671-691. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007515100190 google scholar
  • Yılmaz, G. (2008) Düş, umut, acı ve travmanın sentezi: Sermaye birikiminde göçmen emeği. Toplum ve Hekim, 3, 172-178. google scholar
  • Zhou, Y. (1998). How do places matter? A comparative study of Chinese ethnic economies in Los Angeles and New York City. Urban Geography, 19(6), 531-553. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.19.6.531 google scholar
  • Zhou, M. ve Bankston, C. (1998). Growing up American: How Vietnamese children adapt to life in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. google scholar
  • Zhou, M. ve Portes, A. (1992). Chinatown: The socioeconomic potential of an urban enclave. Temple University Press, Philadelphia. google scholar
  • Zhou, M. ve Kim, S. (2006). Community forces, social capital and educational achievement: The case of supplementary education in the Chinese and Korean immigrant communities. Harvard Educational Review, 76(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.76.1.u08t548554882477 google scholar
  • Zucker, L.G. (1986). “The Production of Trust: Institutional Sources of Economic Structure”, Research in Organizational Behavior, No: 8, ss. 53-111. google scholar
  • https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2015/06/150615_suriye_multeci_avrupa google scholar
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Kübra Aycan Gelekçi This is me 0000-0001-8286-3974

Oytun Meçik 0000-0002-7409-6266

Publication Date July 9, 2021
Submission Date September 29, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 80

Cite

APA Gelekçi, K. A., & Meçik, O. (2021). Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin Göç Hareketlerinde Sosyal Sermaye Etkisi: İzmir ve İstanbul Örneği. Journal of Social Policy Conferences(80), 199-229.
AMA Gelekçi KA, Meçik O. Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin Göç Hareketlerinde Sosyal Sermaye Etkisi: İzmir ve İstanbul Örneği. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. July 2021;(80):199-229.
Chicago Gelekçi, Kübra Aycan, and Oytun Meçik. “Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin Göç Hareketlerinde Sosyal Sermaye Etkisi: İzmir Ve İstanbul Örneği”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, no. 80 (July 2021): 199-229.
EndNote Gelekçi KA, Meçik O (July 1, 2021) Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin Göç Hareketlerinde Sosyal Sermaye Etkisi: İzmir ve İstanbul Örneği. Journal of Social Policy Conferences 80 199–229.
IEEE K. A. Gelekçi and O. Meçik, “Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin Göç Hareketlerinde Sosyal Sermaye Etkisi: İzmir ve İstanbul Örneği”, Journal of Social Policy Conferences, no. 80, pp. 199–229, July 2021.
ISNAD Gelekçi, Kübra Aycan - Meçik, Oytun. “Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin Göç Hareketlerinde Sosyal Sermaye Etkisi: İzmir Ve İstanbul Örneği”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences 80 (July 2021), 199-229.
JAMA Gelekçi KA, Meçik O. Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin Göç Hareketlerinde Sosyal Sermaye Etkisi: İzmir ve İstanbul Örneği. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. 2021;:199–229.
MLA Gelekçi, Kübra Aycan and Oytun Meçik. “Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin Göç Hareketlerinde Sosyal Sermaye Etkisi: İzmir Ve İstanbul Örneği”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, no. 80, 2021, pp. 199-2.
Vancouver Gelekçi KA, Meçik O. Geçici Koruma Kapsamındaki Suriyelilerin Göç Hareketlerinde Sosyal Sermaye Etkisi: İzmir ve İstanbul Örneği. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. 2021(80):199-22.