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Impact of direct flights on tourist volume: Case of Turkish Airlines

Year 2016, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 36 - 50, 15.12.2016

Gürel Çetin , Orhan Akova , Dogan Gursoy , Fazıl Kaya Fazıl Kaya

Abstract

Accessibility of a destination is an important factor affecting the volume of arrivals to a region. This paper discusses the role of direct flights in development of tourism in Turkey by analyzing Turkish Airlines (THY / TK). THY has transformed into a leading airline by number of international destinations served within the past decade. Parallel to THY, Turkey as a tourist destination also experienced a metronomic rise in international arrivals. Secondary data is used to assess the number of international arrivals to Turkey before and after her air connectivity with certain countries is established. Findings confirm that direct flights to/from generating regions have significant impact on number of arrivals to destinations. Considering availability of direct flights to/from a destination as an important determinant of momentum in tourism development, the cost-benefits analysis of new flight routes would be based on a more holistic approach rather than mere airline revenue and costs.

Keywords

THY destination development accessibility flight routes airlines

References

  • Appiah-Adu, K., Fyall, A., & Singh, S. (2000). Marketing culture and business performance in the airline industry. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 8(3), 47-70.
  • Banno, M., & Redondi, R. (2014). Air connectivity and foreign direct investments: economic effects of the introduction of new routes. European Transport Research Review, 6(4), 355-363.
  • Barros, G.V. (2012). Transportation choice and tourists' behaviour. Tourism Economics, 18(3), 519-531.
  • Bieger, T., & Wittmer, A. (2006). Air transport and tourism—Perspectives and challenges for destinations, airlines and governments. Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(1), 40-46.
  • Borodako, K., & Rudnicki, M. (2014). Transport Accessibility in Business Travel–a Case Study of Central and East European Cities. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(2), 137-145.
  • Castillo-Manzano, J. I., López-Valpuesta, L., & Pedregal, D. J. (2012). How can the effects of the introduction of a new airline on a national airline network be measured? A time series approach for the Ryanair case in Spain. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP), 46(2), 263-279.
  • Cetin, G. (2014). Sustaining Tourism Development Through City Tax: The case of Istanbul. E-review of Tourism Research, 11 (1/2), 26-41.
  • Chang, Y. C., Hsu, C. J., & Lin, J. R. (2011). A historic move–the opening of direct flights between Taiwan and China. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(2), 255-264.
  • DHMI (2016). 2015 Faaliyet raporu (In Turkish). Ankara: Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi.
  • Dursun, M. E., O'Connell, J. F., Lei, Z., & Warnock-Smith, D. (2014). The transformation of a legacy carrier–A case study of Turkish Airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 40, 106-118.
  • Forsyth, P. (2006). Martin Kunz memorial lecture. Tourism benefits and aviation policy. Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(1), 3-13.
  • Fyall, A., Garrod, B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Destination collaboration: A critical review of theoretical approaches to a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1), 10-26.
  • Graham, A. (2013). Understanding the low cost carrier and airport relationship: A critical analysis of the salient issues. Tourism Management, 36, 66-76. Henderson, J. (2009).
  • Transport and tourism destination development: An Indonesian perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(3), 199-208.
  • IBB (2015). Istanbul Municapility: The 3rd airport will be opened on 29 October 2017. Retrieved from http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/Pages/Haber.aspx?NewsID=22505#.VnRDuPmLTIV.
  • Iñiguez, T., Plumed, M., & Martínez, M. P. L. (2014). Ryanair and Spain: Air connectivity and tourism from the perspective of complex networks. Tourism & Management Studies, 10(1), 46-52.
  • Ishii, J., Jun, S., & Van Dender, K. (2009). Air travel choices in multi-airport markets. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(2), 216-227.
  • Ismail, H., & Baum, T. O. M. (2006). Urban tourism in developing countries: In the case of Melaka (Malacca) City, Malaysia. Anatolia, 17(2), 211-233.
  • Jimenez, E., Claro, J., & de Sousa, J. P. (2012). Spatial and commercial evolution of aviation networks: a case study in mainland Portugal. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 383-395.
  • Khadaroo, J., & Seetanah, B. (2008). The role of transport infrastructure in international tourism development: A gravity model approach. Tourism management, 29(5), 831-840.
  • Kilinc, I., Oncu, M. A., & Tasgit, Y. E. (2012). A Study on the Competition Strategies of the Airline Companies in Turkey. Tourismos: An international multidisciplinary journal of tourism, 7(1), 325-338.
  • Kozak, M., & Rimmington, M. (1998). Benchmarking: destination attractiveness and small hospitality business performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 10(5), 184-188.
  • Kozlu, C. (2008). Bulutların üstüne tırmanırken: THY, bir dönüşüm öyküsü (In Turkish). Ankara: Remzi.
  • Laurino, A., & Beria, P. (2014). Low-cost carriers and secondary airports: Three experiences from Italy. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(3), 180-191.
  • Lohmann, G., Albers, S., Koch, B., & Pavlovich, K. (2009). From hub to tourist destination–An explorative study of Singapore and Dubai's aviation-based transformation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(5), 205-211.
  • Lohmann, G., & Duval, D. T. (2014). Destination morphology: A new framework to understand tourism–transport issues?. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(3), 133-136.
  • Lohmann, G., & Pearce, D. G. (2012). Tourism and transport relationships: The suppliers' perspective in gateway destinations in New Zealand. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 17(1), 14-29.
  • Lugosi, P., & Walls, A. R. (2013). Researching destination experiences: Themes, perspectives and challenges. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 2(2), 51-58.
  • Hedrick-Wong, Y., & Choong, D. (2015). Master Card 2015 Global Destination Cities Index, Master Card.
  • Nenem, M. S., & Ozkan-Gunay, E. N. (2012). Determining hub efficiency in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa: the impact of geographical positioning. Eurasian Economic Review, 2(2), 37-53.
  • OECD (2015). Real GDP forecast. Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/gdp/real-gdp-forecast.htm. Ozturk, A. B., & van Niekerk, M. (2014). Volume or value: A policy decision for Turkey׳s tourism industry. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(4), 193-197.
  • Pearce, D. G. (1987). Mediterranean charters—a comparative geographic perspective. Tourism Management, 8(4), 291-305.
  • Prideaux, B. (2000). The role of the transport system in destination development. Tourism management, 21(1), 53-63.
  • Sarilgan, A. E. (2016). Impact of Low Cost Carriers on Turkish Tourism Industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(4), 176-188.
  • Sinclair-Maragh, G., Gursoy, D., & Vieregge, M. (2015). Residents ׳ perceptions toward tourism development: A factor-cluster approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(1), 36-45.
  • Sörensson, A., & von Friedrichs, Y. (2013). An importance–performance analysis of sustainable tourism: A comparison between international and national tourists. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(1), 14-21.
  • Star Alliance (2015). Star Alliance – The way the Earth connects. Retrieved from http://www.staralliance.com/documents/20184/22080/General+Star+Backgrounder/0e31a9c3-2a 75-4091 -b1ae-8324db1997d7.
  • Tosun, C., Okumus, F., & Fyall, A. (2008). Marketing Philosophies: Evidence from Turkey. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 127-147.
  • THY (2016). Turkish Airlines corporate and financial reports. Retrieved from http://investor.turkishairlines.com/en/financial-operational/financial-statements/1/2016/all-period TurkStat (2015). Tourism statistics. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do? alt_id=1072.
  • Valente, F., Dredge, D., & Lohmann, G. (2015). Leadership and governance in regional tourism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(2), 127-136.
  • Williams, A. M., & Baláž, V. (2009). Low-cost carriers, economies of flows and regional externalities. Regional Studies, 43(5), 677-691.
  • WTO (2016). Tourism highlights. Retrieved from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/97 89284418145
  • Wong, P. P., & Teoh, K. (2015). The influence of destination competitiveness on customer-based brand equity. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(4), 206-212.
  • Zehrer, A., & Hallmann, K. (2015). A stakeholder perspective on policy indicators of destination competitiveness. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(2), 120-126.
  • Zook, M. A., & Brunn, S. D. (2005). Hierarchies, regions and legacies: European cities and global commercial passenger air travel. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 13(2), 203-220.

Year 2016, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 36 - 50, 15.12.2016

Gürel Çetin , Orhan Akova , Dogan Gursoy , Fazıl Kaya Fazıl Kaya

Abstract

References

  • Appiah-Adu, K., Fyall, A., & Singh, S. (2000). Marketing culture and business performance in the airline industry. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 8(3), 47-70.
  • Banno, M., & Redondi, R. (2014). Air connectivity and foreign direct investments: economic effects of the introduction of new routes. European Transport Research Review, 6(4), 355-363.
  • Barros, G.V. (2012). Transportation choice and tourists' behaviour. Tourism Economics, 18(3), 519-531.
  • Bieger, T., & Wittmer, A. (2006). Air transport and tourism—Perspectives and challenges for destinations, airlines and governments. Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(1), 40-46.
  • Borodako, K., & Rudnicki, M. (2014). Transport Accessibility in Business Travel–a Case Study of Central and East European Cities. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(2), 137-145.
  • Castillo-Manzano, J. I., López-Valpuesta, L., & Pedregal, D. J. (2012). How can the effects of the introduction of a new airline on a national airline network be measured? A time series approach for the Ryanair case in Spain. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP), 46(2), 263-279.
  • Cetin, G. (2014). Sustaining Tourism Development Through City Tax: The case of Istanbul. E-review of Tourism Research, 11 (1/2), 26-41.
  • Chang, Y. C., Hsu, C. J., & Lin, J. R. (2011). A historic move–the opening of direct flights between Taiwan and China. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(2), 255-264.
  • DHMI (2016). 2015 Faaliyet raporu (In Turkish). Ankara: Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi.
  • Dursun, M. E., O'Connell, J. F., Lei, Z., & Warnock-Smith, D. (2014). The transformation of a legacy carrier–A case study of Turkish Airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 40, 106-118.
  • Forsyth, P. (2006). Martin Kunz memorial lecture. Tourism benefits and aviation policy. Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(1), 3-13.
  • Fyall, A., Garrod, B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Destination collaboration: A critical review of theoretical approaches to a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1), 10-26.
  • Graham, A. (2013). Understanding the low cost carrier and airport relationship: A critical analysis of the salient issues. Tourism Management, 36, 66-76. Henderson, J. (2009).
  • Transport and tourism destination development: An Indonesian perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(3), 199-208.
  • IBB (2015). Istanbul Municapility: The 3rd airport will be opened on 29 October 2017. Retrieved from http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/Pages/Haber.aspx?NewsID=22505#.VnRDuPmLTIV.
  • Iñiguez, T., Plumed, M., & Martínez, M. P. L. (2014). Ryanair and Spain: Air connectivity and tourism from the perspective of complex networks. Tourism & Management Studies, 10(1), 46-52.
  • Ishii, J., Jun, S., & Van Dender, K. (2009). Air travel choices in multi-airport markets. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(2), 216-227.
  • Ismail, H., & Baum, T. O. M. (2006). Urban tourism in developing countries: In the case of Melaka (Malacca) City, Malaysia. Anatolia, 17(2), 211-233.
  • Jimenez, E., Claro, J., & de Sousa, J. P. (2012). Spatial and commercial evolution of aviation networks: a case study in mainland Portugal. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 383-395.
  • Khadaroo, J., & Seetanah, B. (2008). The role of transport infrastructure in international tourism development: A gravity model approach. Tourism management, 29(5), 831-840.
  • Kilinc, I., Oncu, M. A., & Tasgit, Y. E. (2012). A Study on the Competition Strategies of the Airline Companies in Turkey. Tourismos: An international multidisciplinary journal of tourism, 7(1), 325-338.
  • Kozak, M., & Rimmington, M. (1998). Benchmarking: destination attractiveness and small hospitality business performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 10(5), 184-188.
  • Kozlu, C. (2008). Bulutların üstüne tırmanırken: THY, bir dönüşüm öyküsü (In Turkish). Ankara: Remzi.
  • Laurino, A., & Beria, P. (2014). Low-cost carriers and secondary airports: Three experiences from Italy. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(3), 180-191.
  • Lohmann, G., Albers, S., Koch, B., & Pavlovich, K. (2009). From hub to tourist destination–An explorative study of Singapore and Dubai's aviation-based transformation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(5), 205-211.
  • Lohmann, G., & Duval, D. T. (2014). Destination morphology: A new framework to understand tourism–transport issues?. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(3), 133-136.
  • Lohmann, G., & Pearce, D. G. (2012). Tourism and transport relationships: The suppliers' perspective in gateway destinations in New Zealand. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 17(1), 14-29.
  • Lugosi, P., & Walls, A. R. (2013). Researching destination experiences: Themes, perspectives and challenges. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 2(2), 51-58.
  • Hedrick-Wong, Y., & Choong, D. (2015). Master Card 2015 Global Destination Cities Index, Master Card.
  • Nenem, M. S., & Ozkan-Gunay, E. N. (2012). Determining hub efficiency in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa: the impact of geographical positioning. Eurasian Economic Review, 2(2), 37-53.
  • OECD (2015). Real GDP forecast. Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/gdp/real-gdp-forecast.htm. Ozturk, A. B., & van Niekerk, M. (2014). Volume or value: A policy decision for Turkey׳s tourism industry. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(4), 193-197.
  • Pearce, D. G. (1987). Mediterranean charters—a comparative geographic perspective. Tourism Management, 8(4), 291-305.
  • Prideaux, B. (2000). The role of the transport system in destination development. Tourism management, 21(1), 53-63.
  • Sarilgan, A. E. (2016). Impact of Low Cost Carriers on Turkish Tourism Industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(4), 176-188.
  • Sinclair-Maragh, G., Gursoy, D., & Vieregge, M. (2015). Residents ׳ perceptions toward tourism development: A factor-cluster approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(1), 36-45.
  • Sörensson, A., & von Friedrichs, Y. (2013). An importance–performance analysis of sustainable tourism: A comparison between international and national tourists. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(1), 14-21.
  • Star Alliance (2015). Star Alliance – The way the Earth connects. Retrieved from http://www.staralliance.com/documents/20184/22080/General+Star+Backgrounder/0e31a9c3-2a 75-4091 -b1ae-8324db1997d7.
  • Tosun, C., Okumus, F., & Fyall, A. (2008). Marketing Philosophies: Evidence from Turkey. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 127-147.
  • THY (2016). Turkish Airlines corporate and financial reports. Retrieved from http://investor.turkishairlines.com/en/financial-operational/financial-statements/1/2016/all-period TurkStat (2015). Tourism statistics. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do? alt_id=1072.
  • Valente, F., Dredge, D., & Lohmann, G. (2015). Leadership and governance in regional tourism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(2), 127-136.
  • Williams, A. M., & Baláž, V. (2009). Low-cost carriers, economies of flows and regional externalities. Regional Studies, 43(5), 677-691.
  • WTO (2016). Tourism highlights. Retrieved from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/97 89284418145
  • Wong, P. P., & Teoh, K. (2015). The influence of destination competitiveness on customer-based brand equity. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(4), 206-212.
  • Zehrer, A., & Hallmann, K. (2015). A stakeholder perspective on policy indicators of destination competitiveness. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(2), 120-126.
  • Zook, M. A., & Brunn, S. D. (2005). Hierarchies, regions and legacies: European cities and global commercial passenger air travel. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 13(2), 203-220.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gürel Çetin

Orhan Akova

Dogan Gursoy

Fazıl Kaya Fazıl Kaya

Publication Date December 15, 2016
Submission Date January 17, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çetin, G., Akova, O., Gursoy, D., Fazıl Kaya, F. K. (2016). Impact of direct flights on tourist volume: Case of Turkish Airlines. Journal of Tourismology, 2(2), 36-50.
AMA Çetin G, Akova O, Gursoy D, Fazıl Kaya FK. Impact of direct flights on tourist volume: Case of Turkish Airlines. Journal of Tourismology. December 2016;2(2):36-50.
Chicago Çetin, Gürel, Orhan Akova, Dogan Gursoy, and Fazıl Kaya Fazıl Kaya. “Impact of Direct Flights on Tourist Volume: Case of Turkish Airlines”. Journal of Tourismology 2, no. 2 (December 2016): 36-50.
EndNote Çetin G, Akova O, Gursoy D, Fazıl Kaya FK (December 1, 2016) Impact of direct flights on tourist volume: Case of Turkish Airlines. Journal of Tourismology 2 2 36–50.
IEEE G. Çetin, O. Akova, D. Gursoy, and F. K. Fazıl Kaya, “Impact of direct flights on tourist volume: Case of Turkish Airlines”, Journal of Tourismology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 36–50, 2016.
ISNAD Çetin, Gürel et al. “Impact of Direct Flights on Tourist Volume: Case of Turkish Airlines”. Journal of Tourismology 2/2 (December 2016), 36-50.
JAMA Çetin G, Akova O, Gursoy D, Fazıl Kaya FK. Impact of direct flights on tourist volume: Case of Turkish Airlines. Journal of Tourismology. 2016;2:36–50.
MLA Çetin, Gürel et al. “Impact of Direct Flights on Tourist Volume: Case of Turkish Airlines”. Journal of Tourismology, vol. 2, no. 2, 2016, pp. 36-50.
Vancouver Çetin G, Akova O, Gursoy D, Fazıl Kaya FK. Impact of direct flights on tourist volume: Case of Turkish Airlines. Journal of Tourismology. 2016;2(2):36-50.