Some Morphological Data of Various Stages of Linguatula Serrata

Abstract

Linguatula serrata is a zoonotic parasite causing visceral and nasopharyngeal linguatulosis in humans. Dog and other canines are the main definitive hosts while most of herbivores, including ruminants serve as intermediate hosts for linguatulosis. The current abattoir survey aimed to assess some morphological characterizations of different stages (egg, nymphs, male and female adults) of L. serrata. Upper respiratory tract of stray dogs and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of domestic ruminants (goats, buffaloes, cattle and sheep) were examined for the presence of L. serrata. Eggs, adults and nymphal stages of L. serrata were analyzed for morphometric traits. No significant differences were observed in the size of various parts of nymphs collected from different hosts. Larger body size and absent of spines in adult forms were the major different in compared to the nymphs. Eggs were ovoid shape with semi-thickness shell. Probably, semi-thickness shell in eggs protected them from environmental condition and help to transmission of infections to intermediate hosts.

Keywords

• -

References

1. Acha, P.N., Szyfre, B., 2003. Pentastomosis. In: Acha PN, Szyfres B. (Eds.) Zoonosis and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals (parasitosis), Scientific and technical publication, No. 550. Vol. 3, Pan American Health Organization. Washington, DC., pp. 345-380.
2. Alcala-Canto, Y., Alberti-Navarro, A., Ibbara-Velarde, F., 2007. Serine protease activity demonstrated in larval stage of the pentastomid Linguatula serrata. Parasitology Research 100, 1011-1014.
3. Banaja, A.A., 1983. Scanning electron microscopy examination of larval Linguatula serrata Frohlich (Linguatulidae: Pentastomida). Zeitschrift Für Parasitenkunde 69, 271- 277.
4. Beaver, P.C., Jung, R.O.C., Cup, E.W., 1984. Crustacea, Linguatulid, Millipeds, Centipeds, Scorpions, Spiders, Ticks and Mites. In: Beaver PC, Jung ROC, Cup EW (Eds.), Clinical Parasitology, 9th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. pp. 572-573.
5. Bowman, D.D., Lyn, R.C., Eberhard, M.L., 2004. Georgis Parasitologia Para Veterinarious. 8th ed. Elsevier, Espana, pp. 440.
6. Drabick, J.J., 1987. Pentastomiasis. Reviews Infectious Diseases 9, 1087-1094.
7. El-Hassan, A.M., Eltoum. I.A., El-Asha, B.M.A., 1991. The Marara syndrome: Isolation of Linguatula serrata nymph from a patient and the viscera of goats. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85, 309.
8. Esmail-Nia, K., Hadizadeh-Moalem, S., Derakhshanfa, A., Moatamedi, G., 2000. A study on the prevalence of Linguatula serrata infestation in small ruminants of Mazandaran Province in Babol abattoir. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 54, 94-95.

9. Fata, A.M., Elahi, R., Berenji, F., Mirsalehi, M., 1994. Pentastomiasis and report of the first case of Hlazoun syndrome in Khorasan Province. Medical Journal of Mashhad University Medical Science 37, 137-142.
10. Gosling, P.J., 2005. Dictionary of Parasitology. 1st ed. CRC press. pp. 209.
11. Hami, M., Naddaf, S.R., Mobedi, I., Zare-Bidaki, M., Athari, S.S., Hajimohammadi, B., Anaraki-Mohammadi, G., 2009. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata infection in domestic bovids slaughtered in Tabriz abattoir, Iran. Iranian Journal of Parasitology 4(3), 25-31.
12. Lazo, R.F., Hidalgo, E., Lazo, J.E., Bermeo, A., Llaguno, M., Murillo, J., Teixeira, V.P., 1999. Ocular linguatulosis in Ecuador: A case report and morphometric study of the larva of L. serrata. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 405-406.
13. Mehlborn, H., 2008. Encyclopedia of Parasitology. 3rd ed. Springer Publishing Co. pp. 120-122.
14. Meshgi, B., Asgarian, O., 2003. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata infestation in stray dogs of Shahrekord, Iran. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B 50, 466-467.
15. Muller, R., 2002. Worm and Human Diseases, CABI Publishing Co. pp. 240-242.
16. Nikande, S., Saari, S., 2006. A SEM study of the reindeer sinus worm (Linguatula arctica). Rangifer 26(1), 15-24.
17. Nourollahi-Fard, S.R., Kheirandish, R., Nourouzi-Asl, E., Fathi, S., 2010a. The prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs slaughterhouse, Kerman, Iran. Veterinary Parasitology 171, 176-178. in Kerman
18. Nourollahi-Fard, S.R., Kheirandish, R., Nourouzi-Asl, E., Fathi, S., 2010b. The prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in mesenteric lymph nodes in cattle. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 5(2), 155- 158.
19. Nourollahi-Fard, S.R., Kheirandish, R., Nourouzi-Asl, E., Fathi, S., 2011. Mesenteric and mediastinal lymph node infection with Linguatula serrata nymphs in sheep slaughtered in Kerman slaughterhouse, Southeast Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production 43, 1-3.
20. Oryan, A., Moghadar, N., Hanifepour, M.R., 1993. Arthropods recovered from the visceral organs of camel with special reference to their incidence and pathogenesis in Fars Provinces of Iran. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 63, 290-293.
21. Oryan, A., Sadjadi, S.M., Rezai, M., Mehrabani, D., 1997. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata in stray dogs of Shiraz. Second National Congress of Parasitic diseases, Tehran, Iran, 176.
22. Oryan, A., Sadjjadi, S.M., Mehrabani, D., Rezaei, M., 2008. The status of Linguatula serrata infection of stray dogs in Shiraz, Iran. Comparative Clinical Pathology 17, 55-60.
23. Pourjafar, M., Azizi, H., Darabi, S., 2007. The prevalence of nymphal stage of Lingautula serrata in camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Najaf-Abad. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 14(2), 171-173.
24. Ravindran, R., Lakshmanan, B., Ravishankar, C., Subramanian, H., 2008. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata in domestic ruminants in South India. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 39(5), 808-812.
25. Razavi, S.M., Shekarforoush, S.S., Izadi, M., 2004. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymph in goats in Shiraz, Iran. Small Ruminant Research 54(3), 213-217.
26. Riley, J., 1994. Reproductive Strategies of Pentastomids, Vol VI. In: Adiyodi, KG. And R.G (ed.) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. pp. 293- 307.
27. Riley, J., Henderson, R.J., 1999. Pentastomids and tetrapod lung. Parasitology 119, S89-S105.
28. Sachs, R., Rack, G., Woodford, M.H., 1973. Observation on Pentastomids infestation of East African game animals. Bulletin of Epizootic Diseases of Africa 21, 401-409.
29. Saiyari, M., Mohammadian, B., Sharma, R.N., 1996. Linguatula serrata (Forlich 1789) nymphs in lungs of goats in Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production 28, 312-314.
30. Shekarforoush, S.S., Razavi, S.M., Izadi, M., 2004. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymph in sheep in Shiraz, Iran. Small Ruminant Research 52, 99-101.
31. Sisakumar, P., Sankar, M., Nambi, P.A., Praveena, P.E., Singh, N., 2005. The occurrence of nymphal stage of Linguatula serrata in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): Nymphal morphology and lymph node pathology. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A 52, 506-509.
32. Tajik, H., Tavassoli, M., Dalir-Naghadeh, B., Danehloipour, M., 2006. Mesentric lymph nodes in infection with Linguatula serrata nymphs in cattle. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 7, 82-85.
33. Tajik, H., Tavassoli, M., Javadi, S., Baghebani, H., 2008. The prevalence rate of Linguatula serrata nymphs in Iranian River Buffaloes. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 3, 174-178.
34. Tajik, H., Tavassoli, M., Khani, H., Javadi, S., 2007. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in slaughtered camels of Iran. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 14, 69-71.
35. Tavassoli, M., Tajik, H., Dalir-Naghadeh, B., Hariri, F., 2007. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs and gross changes of infected mesenteric lymph nodes in sheep in Urmia, Iran. Small Ruminant Research 72, 73-76.
36. Yagi, H., El-Bahari, S., Mohamed, H.A., Sid-Ahmed, R., Mustafa, B., Mahmoud, M., Saad, M.B.A., Ulaiman, S.M., Hassan. A.M., 1996. The Marrara syndrome: A hypersensitivity reaction of the upper respiratory tract and buccopharyngeal mucosa to nymphs of Linguatula serrata. Acta Tropica 62, 127-134.