The Effectiveness of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Punica granatum Flower and Capsicum annuum Extracts Against Parascaris equorum Infective Larvae

Abstract

Recent investigations have shown that plants with medicinal peculiarities as good alternative to anthelmintics for livestock. In this study, the anthelmintic effects of three medicinal herbs (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Punica granatum flower and Capsicum annuum) were screened in vitro against the infective larvae of Parascaris equorum. The recovered larvae of the parasite were exposed to four concentrations (50, 75, 100 and 125 mg/mL) of the extracts and then they examined for the viability at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes after the challenge. The results revealed that all the concentrations of each plant extract had anthelmintic effects on P. equorum larvae. Also, the statistics indicated that there were significant interactions between the concentration of the extracts and time of exposure on the number of viable larvae. In addition, C. annuum extract seemed to be a strong potency to kill larvae at all concentrations from the beginning of the experiment. These results confirmed that those herbal extracts possess good antiparasitic effects against infective larvae of P. equorum and thus could be considered in anthelminth treatment strategies.

References

1. Abdel-Ghaffar, F., Semmler, M., Al-Rasheid, K.A., Strassen, B., Fischer, K., Aksu, G., Klimpel, S., Mehlhorn, H., 2011. The effects of different plant extracts on intestinal cestodes and on trematodes. Parasitology Research 108, 979-984.
2. Alawa, C., Adamu, A., Gefu, J., Ajanusi, O., Abdu, P., Chiezey, N., Alawa, J., Bowman, D., 2003. In vitro screening of two Nigerian medicinal plants (Vernonia amygdalina and Annona senegalensis) for anthelmintic activity. Veterinary Parasitology 113, 73-81.
3. Al Laham, S.A., Al Fadel, F.M., 2013. The Anti-Bacterial Effect of Punica granatum Extracts Against Antibiotic Resistant Pasteurella haemolytica. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 6, e7750.
4. Al-Mathal, E.M., Alsalem, A.M., 2012. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel is effective in a murine model of experimental Cryptosporidium parvum. Experimental Parasitology 131: 350-357.
5. Bizimenyera, E., Githiori, J., Eloff, J., Swan, G., 2006. In vitro activity of Peltophorum africanum Sond.(Fabaceae) extracts on the egg hatching and larval development of the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Veterinary Parasitology 142, 336-343.
6. Burk, S.V., Dangoudoubiyam, S., Brewster-Barnes, T., Bryant, U.K., Howe, D.K., Carter, C.N., Vanzant, E.S., Harmon, R.J., Kazacos, K.R., Rossano, M.G., 2014. In vitro culture of Parascaris equorum larvae and initial investigation of parasite excretory-secretory products. Parasitology Research 113, 4217-4224.
7. Costa, C., Bevilaqua, C., Maciel, M., Camurça-Vasconcelos, A., Morais, S., Monteiro, M., Farias, V., Da Silva, M., Souza, M., 2006. Anthelmintic activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. Veterinary Parasitology 137, 306-310.
8. Craig, T., Diamond, P., Ferwerda, N., Thompson, J., 2007. Evidence of ivermectin resistance by Parascaris equorum on a Texas horse farm. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 27, 67-71.

9. Dkhil, M.A., 2013. Anti-coccidial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activities of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract. Parasitology Research 112:2639-2646.
10. Dell’Agli, M., Galli, G.V., Corbett, Y., Taramelli, D., Lucantoni, L., Habluetzel, A., Maschi, O., Caruso, D., Giavarini, F., Romeo, S., 2009. Antiplasmodial activity of Punica granatum L. fruit rind. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 125, 279-285.
11. Fichi, G., Flamini, G., Zaralli, L., Perrucci, S., 2007. Efficacy of an essentifal oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum against Psoroptes cuniculi. Phytomedicine 14, 227-231.
12. Gasbarre, L.C., Stout, W.L., Leighton, E.A., 2001. Gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle in the northeastern US: results of a producer survey. Veterinary Parasitology 101, 29-44.
13. Hussain, A., Khan, M.N., Iqbal, Z., Sajid, M.S., 2008. An account of the botanical anthelmintics used in traditional veterinary practices in Sahiwal district of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119, 185-190.
14. Iqbal, Z., Lateef, M., Akhtar, M.S., Ghayur, M.N., Gilani, A.H., 2006a. In vivo anthelmintic activity of ginger against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 106, 285-287.
15. Iqbal, Z., Lateef, M., Jabbar, A., Ghayur, M.N., Gilani, A.H., 2006b. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Phytotherapy Research 20, 4648.
16. Jabbar, A., Zaman, M.A., Iqbal, Z., Yaseen, M., Shamim, A., 2007. Anthelmintic activity of Chenopodium album (L.) and Caesalpinia crista (L.) against trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114, 86-91.
17. Ketzis, J., Taylor, A., Bowman, D., Brown, D., Warnick, L., Erb, H., 2002. Chenopodium ambrosioides and its essential oil as treatments for Haemonchus contortus and mixed adult-nematode infections in goats. Small Ruminant Research 44, 193-200.
18. Lyons, E., Tolliver, S., Collins, S., 2006. Prevalence of large endoparasites at necropsy in horses infected with Population B small strongyles in a herd established in Kentucky in 1966. Parasitology Research 99, 114-118.
19. Lyons, E., Tolliver, S., Ionita, M., Collins, S., 2008. Evaluation of parasiticidal activity of fenbendazole, ivermectin, oxibendazole, and pyrantel pamoate in horse foals with emphasis on ascarids (Parascaris equorum) in field studies on five farms in Central Kentucky in 2007. Parasitology Research 103, 287-291.
20. Moazeni, M., Nazer, A., 2010. In vitro effectiveness of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on scolices of hydatid cyst. World Journal of Surgery 34, 2677-2681.
21. Orak, H.H., Demirci, A.Ş., Gümüş, T., 2011. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv.) peel. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry 10, 1958-1969.
22. Poné J.W., Tameli F, K., Mbida, M., Tedonkeng E, P., Bilong Bilong, C.F., 2011. In vitro activities of acetonic extracts from leaves of three forage legumes (Calliandra calotyrsus,Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena diversifolia) on Haemonchus contortus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 4, 125-128.
23. Rabiu, H., Subasish, M., Parag, G., 2011. Investigation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of Cinnamomum Camphor leaves. International Journal of Drug Development & Research 3, 301-306.
24. Reinemeyer, C., Marchiondo, A., 2010. Efficacy of pyrantel pamoate in horses against a macrocyclic lactoneresistant isolate of Parascaris equorum in horses. Veterinary Parasitology 171, 111-115.
25. Ryu, S.H., Bak, U.B., Youn, H.J., 2004. Case Report: Gastrointestinal impaction by Parascaris equorum in a Thoroughbred foal in Jeju, Korea. Journal of Veterinary Science 5, 181-182.
26. Schougaard, H., Nielsen, M.K., 2007. Apparent ivermectin resistance of Parascaris equorum in foals in Denmark. Veterinary Record-English Edition 160, 439-440.
27. Slocombe, J.O.D., de Gannes, R.V., Lake, M.C., 2007. Macrocyclic lactone-resistant Parascaris equorum on stud farms in Canada and effectiveness of fenbendazole and pyrantel pamoate. Veterinary Parasitology 145, 371-376.
28. Urban Jr, J., Douvres, F., Tromba, F., 1981. A rapid method for hatching Ascaris suum eggs in vitro. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington.
29. Van Doorn, D., Lems, S., Weteling, A., Ploeger, H., Eysker, M., 2007. Resistance of Parascaris equorum against ivermectin due to frequent anthelmintic treatment of foals in The Netherlands. In: Proceedings of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, 21st International Conference, pp. 19-23.
30. Van Veen, T.S., 1997. Sense or nonsense? Traditional methods of animal parasitic disease control. Veterinary Parasitology 71, 177-194.
31. Veronesi, F., Moretta, I., Moretti, A., Fioretti, D.P., Genchi, C., 2009. Field effectiveness of pyrantel and failure of Parascaris equorum egg count reduction following ivermectin treatment in Italian horse farms. Veterinary Parasitology 161, 138-141.