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Biyokimyasal Özellikleri ile L - Karnitin

Year 2012, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 207 - 218, 15.11.2012

Abstract

ÖZET

Karnitin, organizmada yağların enerjiye dönüşümünü sağlayan bir maddedir. Karaciğer ve böbrekte sentezlenerek, iskelet kasları, kalp, beyin gibi dokularda depolanır. Genellikle canlı organizma kendisine yetecek oranda karnitini sentezleyebilir. Ancak bazı organizmalarda ise bu sentez miktarı ya da kullanılabilecek oranda karnitin dokulara transferi yeterli olamayabilir. Karnitin, oksidatif stresi azaltan bir faktör olarak değişik şartlarda tedavi edici bir faktör olarak etkindir ve doktor kontrollü olmak üzere geleneksel tedavide ilave ajanlar olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Yorgunluk, fiziksel performansın artırılması, kalp - damar sisteminin korunması gibi farklı amaçlarla karnitin kullanımı güvenli ve pozitif etkilere sahip gibi görünmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Karnitin, biyokimyasal fonksiyon, medikal kullanım

 

ABSTRACT

L - CARNITINE AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Carnitine is a nutrient that helps the body turn fat into energy. It is produced by the body in the liver and kidneys and stored in the skeletal muscles, heart and brain. Usually, the body can make all the carnitine it needs. However, some organisms may be deficient in carnitine because their bodies cannot make enough carnitine or transport it into tissues so it can be used. Carnitine has been proposed as a treatment for many conditions because it helps reduce oxidative stress. Some of the conditions carnitine may help treat are serious, and it should be take the supplement under the supervision of doctor, as an adjunct therapy to conventional medicine. For other conditions, such as fatigue or improving exercise performance, protection of heart diseases, carnitine appears safe and seems to have positive effects.

Key Words: Carnitine, biochemical function, medical usage

 

References

  • Abd-Allah, A.R., Helal, G.K., Al-Yahya, A.A., Aleisa, A.M., Al-Rejaie, S.S., Al-Bakheet, S.A., 2009. Pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways which compromise sperm motility and survival may be altered by L- carnitine. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2, 73-81.
  • Arduini, A., 1992. Carnitine and its acetyl esters as secondary antioxidants? American Heart Journal 123, 1726-1727.
  • Arockia Rani, P.J., Panneerselvam, C . , 2001. L- carnitine as a free radical scavenger in aging. Experimental Gerontology 36, 1713-1726.
  • Arrigoni-Martelli, E . , Caso, V., 2001. Carnitine protects mitocondria and removes toxic acyls from xenobiotics. Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research 27(1), 27-49.
  • Balercia, G., Regoli, F . , Armeni, T., Koverech, A., Mantero, F . , Boscaro, M., 2005. Placebo- controlled double-blind randomized trial on the use of L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, or combined L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine in men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia. Fertility and Sterility 84, 662-671.
  • Banji, M.S., 1984. Nutrition and healt implications of lysin-carnitine relationship. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 44, 185-211.
  • Bartelloni, M., Canale, D., Izzo, P.L., Giorgi, P.M., Meschini, P., Menchini-Fabris, G.F., 1987. L - Carnitine and acetylcarnitine in human sperm with normal and reduced motility. Acta Europaea Fertilitatis 18, 29-31.
  • Baruksal, G., 2010. L-Karnitinin yaşlı sıçanlarda kalp, karaciğer, beyin ve plazma yağ aisdi profillerine ve kalp fonksiyonlarına etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Başpınar, N., Kurtoğlu, F . , 2003. Vitaminler. ISBN 975-448-168-7. Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayın Ünitesi, Konya.
  • Binienda, Z.K., Ali, S.F., 2001. Neuroprotective role of L-carnitine in the 3-nitropropionic acid induced neurotoxicity. Toxicology Letters 125, 67-73.
  • Borum, P.R., 1983. Carnitine. The Annual Review of Nutrition 3, 233-259.
  • Bremer, J . , 1983. Carnitine-metabolism and functions. Physiology Review 63, 1420-1480.
  • Bremer, J . , 1990. The role of carnitine in intracelluler metabolism. Journal of Clinical Chemistry Clinical Biochemistry 28, 297-301.
  • Brevetti, G., Diehm, C., Lambert, D., 1999. European multicenter study on propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 34 (5), 1618ı 1624.
  • Brevetti, G., Perna, S., 1992. Metabolic and Clinical Effects of L-carnitine in Peripheral Vascular Disease. In: Ferrari, R., DiMauro, S., Sherwood, G. (Eds.), L-carnitine and Its Role in Medicine: From Function to Therapy. Academic Press, London, pp. 359-378.
  • Brooks, D.E., 1979. Carnitine in the male reproductive tract and its relation to the motabolism of the epididymis and spermatozoa. Proceding of Virginia Biochemistry Symposium pp. 219-235.
  • Burns, K.A., Casillas, E.R., 1989. The metabolism of acetylcarnitine and acetate by bovine and hamster epididymal spermatozoa. Biology of Reproduction 41, 218-226.
  • Carter, H.E., Bhattacharya, P.K., Weidman, K.R., Fraenkel, G., 1952. Chemical studies on vitamin BT-isolation and characterization as carnitine. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 38, 405-416.
  • Cerretelli, P., Marconi, C., 1990. L-Carnitine supplementation in humans. The effects of physical performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine 11, 1-14.
  • Chen, W., Huang, Y . C . , Shultz, T.D., Mitchell, M.E., 1998. Urinary, plasma, and erythrocyte carnitine concentrations during transition to a lactoovovegetarian diet with vitamin B-6 depletion and epletion in young adult women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 221ı 230.
  • Çitil, M., 2002. Veteriner hekimlikte karnitin. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 8 (1), 77-82.
  • Coşkun, Ö., Öter, Ş., Korkmaz, A., Sezen, Ş., Öztaş, E . , Cıncık, M., 2000. Yoğun egzersiz ile iskelet kasında oluşan glikojen azalması, laktik asit birikmesi ve morfolojik değişikliklere, karnitinin etkisi. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 20, 325-333.
  • Costell, M., O'Connor, J . E . , Grisolia, S., 1989. Age- dependent decrease of L-carnitine content in muscle of mice and humans. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication 161 (3), 1135-1143.
  • Da Torre, S.D., Creer, M.H., Progwizd, S.M., Corr, P.B., 1991. Amphipathic lipid metabolites and their relation to arrhythmogenesis in ischemic heart. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 23 (1), 11-22.
  • De Vivo, D.C., Tein, I., 1990. Primary and secondary disorders of carnitine metabolism. International Pediatry 5, 134-141.
  • Deniz, G., 1999. Karnitin: Sentez, Metabolizma, Fonksiyon ve İskemik Kalpte Terapötik Önemi. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri 19, 55-62.
  • Duran, M., Loof, N.E., Dorland, L . , 1990. Secondary carnitine deficiency. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28, 359ı 363.
  • Engel, A.G., Rebouche, C . J . , 1983. Carnitine metabolism and inborne errors. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 7, 38-43.
  • Erfle, J.D., Fisher, L . J . , Sauer, F.D., 1971. Effect of infusion of carnitine and glucose on blood glucose, ketones, and free fatty acides of ketotic cows. Journal of Dairy Science 54, 673-680.
  • Evans, A., 2003. Dialysis-related carnitine disorder and levocarnitine pharmacology. The American Journal of Kidney Diseases 41 (suppl. 4), S13- S26.
  • Fabriello, R.G., Calabrese, F . , 1988. Prevention of ischemia induced increase in M D A by acetyl carnitine. Annals of Neurology 24, 114-118.
  • Feller, A.G., Rudman, D., 2002. Role of carnitine in human nutrition. Journal of Nutrition 118, 541ı 547.
  • Fujisawa, S., Kobayashi, A., Hironoko, Y . , 1992. Effect of L-carnitine and its acyl derivatives in the ischemic heart. Japanese Heart Journal 33 (5), 693-705.
  • Garzya, G., Corallo, D., Fiore, A., 1990. Evaluation of the effects of L-acetylcarnitine on senile patients suffering form depression. Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research 16, 101ı 106.
  • Gülçin, I., 2006. Antioxidant and antiradical activities of L-Carnitine. Life Sciences 78, 803-811.
  • Hagen, T., Liu, J . , Lykkesfeldt, J . , 2002. Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significiantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (4), 1870-1875.
  • Harmeyer, J . , Schlumbohm, C., 1997. Die physiologische Bedeutung von L-Carnitin und Effekte von Carnitinzulagen bei Haustieren. In: Proc. Vitamine und Zusatztoffe in der Erna hrung von Mensch und Tier. 6. Symposium, Jena/Thüringen, pp. 42-46.
  • Heinonen, O.J., 1996. Carnitine and physical exercise. Sports Medicine 22, 109-132.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, L . , Serpek, B., Nizamlıoğlu, M., Başpınar, N., Tiftik, M.A., 2010. Biyokimya. 4. Baskı. Nobel Yayınevi ISBN: 978-975-591ı 131-1.
  • Kayaalp, O.S., 1993. Rasyonel Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji, 6. baskı. Ankara: Feryal Basımevi 3, pp. 2505-2511.
  • Kopec, B., Fritz, I.B., 1973. Comparison of properties of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I with dose of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, and prepations of antibodies to carnitine palmitoyltransferases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 248, 4069ı 4079.
  • Koudelova, J . , Mourek, J . , Drahota, Z., Rauchova, H., 1994. Protective effect of carnitine on lipoperoxide formation in rat brain. Physiological Research 43, 387-389.
  • Kudo, N., Barr, A.J., Barr, R . L . , Desai, S., Lopaschuk, G.D., 1995. High rates of fatty acid oxydation during reperfusion of ischemic hearts are associated with a decrease in malonyl-CoA levels due to an increase in 5- AMP activated protein kinase inhibition of acetly-CoA carboxylase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 (229), 17513-17520.
  • L i , B.U.K., Lloyd, M.L., Gudjonsson, H., Shug, A.L., Olsen, W.A., 1992. The effect of enteral carnitine administration in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 838-845.
  • Lopaschuk, G., 2002. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in ischemia and perfusion. American Heart Journal 139 (2-3), 115-119.
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Year 2012, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 207 - 218, 15.11.2012

Abstract

References

  • Abd-Allah, A.R., Helal, G.K., Al-Yahya, A.A., Aleisa, A.M., Al-Rejaie, S.S., Al-Bakheet, S.A., 2009. Pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways which compromise sperm motility and survival may be altered by L- carnitine. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2, 73-81.
  • Arduini, A., 1992. Carnitine and its acetyl esters as secondary antioxidants? American Heart Journal 123, 1726-1727.
  • Arockia Rani, P.J., Panneerselvam, C . , 2001. L- carnitine as a free radical scavenger in aging. Experimental Gerontology 36, 1713-1726.
  • Arrigoni-Martelli, E . , Caso, V., 2001. Carnitine protects mitocondria and removes toxic acyls from xenobiotics. Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research 27(1), 27-49.
  • Balercia, G., Regoli, F . , Armeni, T., Koverech, A., Mantero, F . , Boscaro, M., 2005. Placebo- controlled double-blind randomized trial on the use of L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, or combined L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine in men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia. Fertility and Sterility 84, 662-671.
  • Banji, M.S., 1984. Nutrition and healt implications of lysin-carnitine relationship. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 44, 185-211.
  • Bartelloni, M., Canale, D., Izzo, P.L., Giorgi, P.M., Meschini, P., Menchini-Fabris, G.F., 1987. L - Carnitine and acetylcarnitine in human sperm with normal and reduced motility. Acta Europaea Fertilitatis 18, 29-31.
  • Baruksal, G., 2010. L-Karnitinin yaşlı sıçanlarda kalp, karaciğer, beyin ve plazma yağ aisdi profillerine ve kalp fonksiyonlarına etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Başpınar, N., Kurtoğlu, F . , 2003. Vitaminler. ISBN 975-448-168-7. Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayın Ünitesi, Konya.
  • Binienda, Z.K., Ali, S.F., 2001. Neuroprotective role of L-carnitine in the 3-nitropropionic acid induced neurotoxicity. Toxicology Letters 125, 67-73.
  • Borum, P.R., 1983. Carnitine. The Annual Review of Nutrition 3, 233-259.
  • Bremer, J . , 1983. Carnitine-metabolism and functions. Physiology Review 63, 1420-1480.
  • Bremer, J . , 1990. The role of carnitine in intracelluler metabolism. Journal of Clinical Chemistry Clinical Biochemistry 28, 297-301.
  • Brevetti, G., Diehm, C., Lambert, D., 1999. European multicenter study on propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 34 (5), 1618ı 1624.
  • Brevetti, G., Perna, S., 1992. Metabolic and Clinical Effects of L-carnitine in Peripheral Vascular Disease. In: Ferrari, R., DiMauro, S., Sherwood, G. (Eds.), L-carnitine and Its Role in Medicine: From Function to Therapy. Academic Press, London, pp. 359-378.
  • Brooks, D.E., 1979. Carnitine in the male reproductive tract and its relation to the motabolism of the epididymis and spermatozoa. Proceding of Virginia Biochemistry Symposium pp. 219-235.
  • Burns, K.A., Casillas, E.R., 1989. The metabolism of acetylcarnitine and acetate by bovine and hamster epididymal spermatozoa. Biology of Reproduction 41, 218-226.
  • Carter, H.E., Bhattacharya, P.K., Weidman, K.R., Fraenkel, G., 1952. Chemical studies on vitamin BT-isolation and characterization as carnitine. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 38, 405-416.
  • Cerretelli, P., Marconi, C., 1990. L-Carnitine supplementation in humans. The effects of physical performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine 11, 1-14.
  • Chen, W., Huang, Y . C . , Shultz, T.D., Mitchell, M.E., 1998. Urinary, plasma, and erythrocyte carnitine concentrations during transition to a lactoovovegetarian diet with vitamin B-6 depletion and epletion in young adult women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 221ı 230.
  • Çitil, M., 2002. Veteriner hekimlikte karnitin. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 8 (1), 77-82.
  • Coşkun, Ö., Öter, Ş., Korkmaz, A., Sezen, Ş., Öztaş, E . , Cıncık, M., 2000. Yoğun egzersiz ile iskelet kasında oluşan glikojen azalması, laktik asit birikmesi ve morfolojik değişikliklere, karnitinin etkisi. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 20, 325-333.
  • Costell, M., O'Connor, J . E . , Grisolia, S., 1989. Age- dependent decrease of L-carnitine content in muscle of mice and humans. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication 161 (3), 1135-1143.
  • Da Torre, S.D., Creer, M.H., Progwizd, S.M., Corr, P.B., 1991. Amphipathic lipid metabolites and their relation to arrhythmogenesis in ischemic heart. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 23 (1), 11-22.
  • De Vivo, D.C., Tein, I., 1990. Primary and secondary disorders of carnitine metabolism. International Pediatry 5, 134-141.
  • Deniz, G., 1999. Karnitin: Sentez, Metabolizma, Fonksiyon ve İskemik Kalpte Terapötik Önemi. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri 19, 55-62.
  • Duran, M., Loof, N.E., Dorland, L . , 1990. Secondary carnitine deficiency. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28, 359ı 363.
  • Engel, A.G., Rebouche, C . J . , 1983. Carnitine metabolism and inborne errors. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 7, 38-43.
  • Erfle, J.D., Fisher, L . J . , Sauer, F.D., 1971. Effect of infusion of carnitine and glucose on blood glucose, ketones, and free fatty acides of ketotic cows. Journal of Dairy Science 54, 673-680.
  • Evans, A., 2003. Dialysis-related carnitine disorder and levocarnitine pharmacology. The American Journal of Kidney Diseases 41 (suppl. 4), S13- S26.
  • Fabriello, R.G., Calabrese, F . , 1988. Prevention of ischemia induced increase in M D A by acetyl carnitine. Annals of Neurology 24, 114-118.
  • Feller, A.G., Rudman, D., 2002. Role of carnitine in human nutrition. Journal of Nutrition 118, 541ı 547.
  • Fujisawa, S., Kobayashi, A., Hironoko, Y . , 1992. Effect of L-carnitine and its acyl derivatives in the ischemic heart. Japanese Heart Journal 33 (5), 693-705.
  • Garzya, G., Corallo, D., Fiore, A., 1990. Evaluation of the effects of L-acetylcarnitine on senile patients suffering form depression. Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research 16, 101ı 106.
  • Gülçin, I., 2006. Antioxidant and antiradical activities of L-Carnitine. Life Sciences 78, 803-811.
  • Hagen, T., Liu, J . , Lykkesfeldt, J . , 2002. Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significiantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (4), 1870-1875.
  • Harmeyer, J . , Schlumbohm, C., 1997. Die physiologische Bedeutung von L-Carnitin und Effekte von Carnitinzulagen bei Haustieren. In: Proc. Vitamine und Zusatztoffe in der Erna hrung von Mensch und Tier. 6. Symposium, Jena/Thüringen, pp. 42-46.
  • Heinonen, O.J., 1996. Carnitine and physical exercise. Sports Medicine 22, 109-132.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, L . , Serpek, B., Nizamlıoğlu, M., Başpınar, N., Tiftik, M.A., 2010. Biyokimya. 4. Baskı. Nobel Yayınevi ISBN: 978-975-591ı 131-1.
  • Kayaalp, O.S., 1993. Rasyonel Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji, 6. baskı. Ankara: Feryal Basımevi 3, pp. 2505-2511.
  • Kopec, B., Fritz, I.B., 1973. Comparison of properties of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I with dose of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, and prepations of antibodies to carnitine palmitoyltransferases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 248, 4069ı 4079.
  • Koudelova, J . , Mourek, J . , Drahota, Z., Rauchova, H., 1994. Protective effect of carnitine on lipoperoxide formation in rat brain. Physiological Research 43, 387-389.
  • Kudo, N., Barr, A.J., Barr, R . L . , Desai, S., Lopaschuk, G.D., 1995. High rates of fatty acid oxydation during reperfusion of ischemic hearts are associated with a decrease in malonyl-CoA levels due to an increase in 5- AMP activated protein kinase inhibition of acetly-CoA carboxylase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 (229), 17513-17520.
  • L i , B.U.K., Lloyd, M.L., Gudjonsson, H., Shug, A.L., Olsen, W.A., 1992. The effect of enteral carnitine administration in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 838-845.
  • Lopaschuk, G., 2002. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in ischemia and perfusion. American Heart Journal 139 (2-3), 115-119.
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There are 76 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Halil Yavuz This is me

Firuze Kurtoğlu This is me

Publication Date November 15, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 38 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yavuz, H., & Kurtoğlu, F. (2012). Biyokimyasal Özellikleri ile L - Karnitin. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(2), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.34399
AMA Yavuz H, Kurtoğlu F. Biyokimyasal Özellikleri ile L - Karnitin. iuvfd. November 2012;38(2):207-218. doi:10.16988/iuvfd.34399
Chicago Yavuz, Halil, and Firuze Kurtoğlu. “Biyokimyasal Özellikleri Ile L - Karnitin”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 38, no. 2 (November 2012): 207-18. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.34399.
EndNote Yavuz H, Kurtoğlu F (November 1, 2012) Biyokimyasal Özellikleri ile L - Karnitin. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 38 2 207–218.
IEEE H. Yavuz and F. Kurtoğlu, “Biyokimyasal Özellikleri ile L - Karnitin”, iuvfd, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 207–218, 2012, doi: 10.16988/iuvfd.34399.
ISNAD Yavuz, Halil - Kurtoğlu, Firuze. “Biyokimyasal Özellikleri Ile L - Karnitin”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 38/2 (November 2012), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.34399.
JAMA Yavuz H, Kurtoğlu F. Biyokimyasal Özellikleri ile L - Karnitin. iuvfd. 2012;38:207–218.
MLA Yavuz, Halil and Firuze Kurtoğlu. “Biyokimyasal Özellikleri Ile L - Karnitin”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 38, no. 2, 2012, pp. 207-18, doi:10.16988/iuvfd.34399.
Vancouver Yavuz H, Kurtoğlu F. Biyokimyasal Özellikleri ile L - Karnitin. iuvfd. 2012;38(2):207-18.