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Impact of Glutamine in Drinking Water on Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density

Year 2016, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 51 - 56, 11.08.2015

Abstract

This work sought to look into the impacts of glutamine in drinking water on performance, intestinal morphology and corticosterone level of chickens under different stocking densities. A total 300 male chicks randomly were divided to battery cages as 10 birds/(normal stocking density) and 15 birds/(high stocking density). The chicks received feed as (i) control diet and (ii) control diet + 5g glutamine/ liter in drinking water under normal and high stocking density for the whole experiment. On d 42, 3 chicks from each cage were randomly selected and slaughtered to collect blood and duodenal samples. The results showed significant improvement in growth performance and longer villi when chicken were supplemented with glutamine via drinking water. High stocking density impaired performance of chicks in the control diet, but not in chicken supplemented with glutamine under high stocking density condition. Moreover, high stocking density increased the level of corticosterone in the both groups. More interestingly, the rate of mortality significantly decreased in chickens fed with glutamine supplemented diet (2% when supplemented with glutamine and 5.33% without supplementation). In conclusion, glutamine supplementation via drinking water resulted in better growth performance of birds subjected to high stocking density.

References

  • Ayazi, M., 2014. The effect of dietary glutamine supplementation parameter, carcass characteristics, quality and characteristics meat of broiler chickens under continuous heat stress condition. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences 3 (12), 1234-1242.
  • Baddeley, A.J., Gundersen, H.J., Cruz-Orive, L.M., 1986. Estimation of surface area from vertical sections. Journal of Microscopy 142, 259-276.
  • Bancroft, J.D., Gamble, M., 2002. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. London: Churchill Livingstone pp. 217.
  • Bartell, S., Batal, A., 2007. The effect of supplemental glutamine on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral immune response of broilers. Poultry Science 86, 1940-1947.
  • Bessei, W., 2006. Welfare of broilers: A review. World's Poultry Science Journal 62, 455-466.
  • Beuving, G., Vonder, G.M.A., 1978. Effect of stressing factors on corticosterone levels in the plasma of laying hens. General and Comparative Endocrinology 35, 153-159.
  • Burkholder, K.M., Thompson, K.L., Einstein, M.E., Applegate, T.J., Patterson, J.A., 2008. Influence of stressors on normal intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis colonization in broilers. Poultry Science 87, 1734-1741.
  • Dai, S.F., Gao, F., Zhang, W.H., Song, S.X., Xu, X.L., Zhou, G.H., 2011. Effects of dietary glutamine and gamma- aminobutyric characteristics and serum parameters in broilers under circular heat stress. Animal Feed Science Technology 168, 51-60. performance, carcass
  • Dai, S.F., Wang, L.K., Wen, A.Y., Wang, L.X., Jin, G.M., 2009. Dietary glutamine supplementation improves growth performance, meat quality and colour stability of broilers under heat stress. British Poultry Science 50, 333-340.
  • Dawkins, M.S., 2003. Behaviour as a tool in the assessment of animal welfare. Zoology 106, 383-387.
  • DeMarco, V.G., Li, N., Thomas, J., West, C.M., Neu, J., 2003. Glutamine and barrier function in cultured Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers. Journal of Nutrition 133, 2176-2179.
  • Ebadiasl, G., 2011. Effects of supplemental glutamine and glutamate on growth performance, gastrointestinal development, jejunum morphology and Clostridium perfringens count in caecum of broilers, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management.
  • Estevez, I., 2007. Density allowances for broilers: where to set the limits? Poultry Science 86, 1265-1272.
  • Fasina, Y.O., Bowers, J.B., Hess, J.B., Mckee, S.R., 2010. Effect of dietary glutamine supplementation on Salmonella colonization in the caeca of young broiler chicks. Poultry Science 89, 1042-1048.
  • Houshmand, M., Azhar, K., Zulkifli, I., Bejo, M.H., Kamyab, A., 2012. Effects of prebiotic, protein level, and stocking density on performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers. Poultry Science 91, 393-401.
  • Imaeda, N., 2000. Influence of the stocking density and rearing season on incidence of sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 79, 201-204.
  • Jazideh, F., Farhoomand, P., Daneshyar, M., Najafi, G., 2014. The effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens reared under hot conditions. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 38, 264-270.
  • Labow, B.L., 2001. Mechanisms governing the expression of the enzymes of glutamine metabolism-glutaminase and glutamine synthesis. Journal of Nutrition 131, 2467-2474.
  • Maiorka, A., Silva, A.V.F., Santin, E., Borges, S.A., Boleli, I.C., Macari, supplementation on performance and intestinal villous and crypt development in broiler chickens. Arquivo Brasileiro Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia 52, 487- 490. of glutamine
  • Menconi, A., Kallapura, G., Hernandez-Velasco, X., Latorre, J., Morgan, supplementation associated with probiotics on Salmonella Typhimurium and nitric oxide or glutamine with perinatal supplement on growth performance and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. Clinical Microbiology 2, 120. Effect of glutamine
  • Mitchell, M.A., Carlisle, A.J., 1992. The effects of chronic exposure to elevated environmental temperature on intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 101, 137-142.
  • Nascimento, G.M., Leandro, N.S.M., Café, M.B., Stringhini, J.H., Andrade, M.A., Martinez, K.L.D.A., Mascarenhas, A.G., 2014. Performance and intestinal characteristics of broiler chicken fed diet with glutamine in the diet without anticoccidials agents. Revista Brasileira de Saşde e Produção Animal 15, 637-648.
  • Newsholme, P., 2001. Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, post injury, surgery or infection? Journal of Nutrition 131, 2515S-2522S.
  • Pettit-Riley, R., Estevez, I., 2001. Effects of density on perching behaviour of broiler chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 71, 127-140.
  • Sakamoto, M., Murakami, I.A.E., Silveira, T.G.V., Fernandes, J.I.M., Oliveira, C.A.L., 2006. Influence of glutamine and vitamin E on the performance and the immune responses of broiler chickens. Revista Brasileira Ciencias Avicola 8, 243-249.
  • Salmanzadeh, M., Shahryar, H.A., 2013. Effects of dietary supplementation performance, small intestinal morphology and carcass traits in turkey poults under heat stress. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 164, 476-480. on growth
  • Sanotra, G.S., Lawson, L.G., Vestergaard, K.S., 2001. Influence of stocking density on tonic immobility, lameness, and tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4, 71-87.
  • Sapolsky, R.M., Romero, L.M., Munck, A.U., 2000. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews 21, 55-89.
  • SAS, 2003. SAS/STAT User’s Guide: Version 2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. M., Soltan,
  • Influence of dietary glutamine
  • supplementation on growth performance, small
  • intestinal morphology, immune response and some
  • blood parameters of broiler chickens. International
  • Journal of Poultry Science 8, 60-68.
  • Vachon, P., Moreau, J.P., 2001. Serum corticosterone and blood glucose in rats after two jugular vein blood sampling methods: comparison of the stress response. Journal of American Association Laboratory Animal Science 40, 22-24.
  • Yi, G.F., Allee, G.L., Frank, J.W., Spencer, J.D., Touchette, K.J., 2001. Impact of glutamine, menhaden fish meal, and spray-dried plasma on the growth and intestinal morphology of broilers. Poultry Science 80 (Suppl. 1), 201.
  • Yi, G.F., Carroll, J.A., Allee, G.L., Gaines, A.M., Kendall, D.C., Usry, J.L., Toride, Y., Izuru, S., 2005. Effect of glutamine and spray-dried plasma on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and immune responses of Escherichia coli K88+-challenged weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 83, 634-643.

Impact of Glutamine in Drinking Water on Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density

Year 2016, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 51 - 56, 11.08.2015

Abstract

This work sought to look into the impacts of glutamine in drinking water on performance, intestinal morphology and corticosterone level of chickens under different stocking densities. A total 300 male chicks randomly were divided to battery cages as 10 birds/(normal stocking density) and 15 birds/(high stocking density). The chicks received feed as (i) control diet and (ii) control diet + 5g glutamine/ liter in drinking water under normal and high stocking density for the whole experiment. On d 42, 3 chicks from each cage were randomly selected and slaughtered to collect blood and duodenal samples. The results showed significant improvement in growth performance and longer villi when chicken were supplemented with glutamine via drinking water. High stocking density impaired performance of chicks in the control diet, but not in chicken supplemented with glutamine under high stocking density condition. Moreover, high stocking density increased the level of corticosterone in the both groups. More interestingly, the rate of mortality significantly decreased in chickens fed with glutamine supplemented diet (2% when supplemented with glutamine and 5.33% without supplementation). In conclusion, glutamine supplementation via drinking water resulted in better growth performance of birds subjected to high stocking density.

References

  • Ayazi, M., 2014. The effect of dietary glutamine supplementation parameter, carcass characteristics, quality and characteristics meat of broiler chickens under continuous heat stress condition. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences 3 (12), 1234-1242.
  • Baddeley, A.J., Gundersen, H.J., Cruz-Orive, L.M., 1986. Estimation of surface area from vertical sections. Journal of Microscopy 142, 259-276.
  • Bancroft, J.D., Gamble, M., 2002. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. London: Churchill Livingstone pp. 217.
  • Bartell, S., Batal, A., 2007. The effect of supplemental glutamine on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral immune response of broilers. Poultry Science 86, 1940-1947.
  • Bessei, W., 2006. Welfare of broilers: A review. World's Poultry Science Journal 62, 455-466.
  • Beuving, G., Vonder, G.M.A., 1978. Effect of stressing factors on corticosterone levels in the plasma of laying hens. General and Comparative Endocrinology 35, 153-159.
  • Burkholder, K.M., Thompson, K.L., Einstein, M.E., Applegate, T.J., Patterson, J.A., 2008. Influence of stressors on normal intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis colonization in broilers. Poultry Science 87, 1734-1741.
  • Dai, S.F., Gao, F., Zhang, W.H., Song, S.X., Xu, X.L., Zhou, G.H., 2011. Effects of dietary glutamine and gamma- aminobutyric characteristics and serum parameters in broilers under circular heat stress. Animal Feed Science Technology 168, 51-60. performance, carcass
  • Dai, S.F., Wang, L.K., Wen, A.Y., Wang, L.X., Jin, G.M., 2009. Dietary glutamine supplementation improves growth performance, meat quality and colour stability of broilers under heat stress. British Poultry Science 50, 333-340.
  • Dawkins, M.S., 2003. Behaviour as a tool in the assessment of animal welfare. Zoology 106, 383-387.
  • DeMarco, V.G., Li, N., Thomas, J., West, C.M., Neu, J., 2003. Glutamine and barrier function in cultured Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers. Journal of Nutrition 133, 2176-2179.
  • Ebadiasl, G., 2011. Effects of supplemental glutamine and glutamate on growth performance, gastrointestinal development, jejunum morphology and Clostridium perfringens count in caecum of broilers, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management.
  • Estevez, I., 2007. Density allowances for broilers: where to set the limits? Poultry Science 86, 1265-1272.
  • Fasina, Y.O., Bowers, J.B., Hess, J.B., Mckee, S.R., 2010. Effect of dietary glutamine supplementation on Salmonella colonization in the caeca of young broiler chicks. Poultry Science 89, 1042-1048.
  • Houshmand, M., Azhar, K., Zulkifli, I., Bejo, M.H., Kamyab, A., 2012. Effects of prebiotic, protein level, and stocking density on performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers. Poultry Science 91, 393-401.
  • Imaeda, N., 2000. Influence of the stocking density and rearing season on incidence of sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 79, 201-204.
  • Jazideh, F., Farhoomand, P., Daneshyar, M., Najafi, G., 2014. The effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens reared under hot conditions. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 38, 264-270.
  • Labow, B.L., 2001. Mechanisms governing the expression of the enzymes of glutamine metabolism-glutaminase and glutamine synthesis. Journal of Nutrition 131, 2467-2474.
  • Maiorka, A., Silva, A.V.F., Santin, E., Borges, S.A., Boleli, I.C., Macari, supplementation on performance and intestinal villous and crypt development in broiler chickens. Arquivo Brasileiro Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia 52, 487- 490. of glutamine
  • Menconi, A., Kallapura, G., Hernandez-Velasco, X., Latorre, J., Morgan, supplementation associated with probiotics on Salmonella Typhimurium and nitric oxide or glutamine with perinatal supplement on growth performance and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. Clinical Microbiology 2, 120. Effect of glutamine
  • Mitchell, M.A., Carlisle, A.J., 1992. The effects of chronic exposure to elevated environmental temperature on intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 101, 137-142.
  • Nascimento, G.M., Leandro, N.S.M., Café, M.B., Stringhini, J.H., Andrade, M.A., Martinez, K.L.D.A., Mascarenhas, A.G., 2014. Performance and intestinal characteristics of broiler chicken fed diet with glutamine in the diet without anticoccidials agents. Revista Brasileira de Saşde e Produção Animal 15, 637-648.
  • Newsholme, P., 2001. Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, post injury, surgery or infection? Journal of Nutrition 131, 2515S-2522S.
  • Pettit-Riley, R., Estevez, I., 2001. Effects of density on perching behaviour of broiler chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 71, 127-140.
  • Sakamoto, M., Murakami, I.A.E., Silveira, T.G.V., Fernandes, J.I.M., Oliveira, C.A.L., 2006. Influence of glutamine and vitamin E on the performance and the immune responses of broiler chickens. Revista Brasileira Ciencias Avicola 8, 243-249.
  • Salmanzadeh, M., Shahryar, H.A., 2013. Effects of dietary supplementation performance, small intestinal morphology and carcass traits in turkey poults under heat stress. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 164, 476-480. on growth
  • Sanotra, G.S., Lawson, L.G., Vestergaard, K.S., 2001. Influence of stocking density on tonic immobility, lameness, and tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4, 71-87.
  • Sapolsky, R.M., Romero, L.M., Munck, A.U., 2000. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews 21, 55-89.
  • SAS, 2003. SAS/STAT User’s Guide: Version 2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. M., Soltan,
  • Influence of dietary glutamine
  • supplementation on growth performance, small
  • intestinal morphology, immune response and some
  • blood parameters of broiler chickens. International
  • Journal of Poultry Science 8, 60-68.
  • Vachon, P., Moreau, J.P., 2001. Serum corticosterone and blood glucose in rats after two jugular vein blood sampling methods: comparison of the stress response. Journal of American Association Laboratory Animal Science 40, 22-24.
  • Yi, G.F., Allee, G.L., Frank, J.W., Spencer, J.D., Touchette, K.J., 2001. Impact of glutamine, menhaden fish meal, and spray-dried plasma on the growth and intestinal morphology of broilers. Poultry Science 80 (Suppl. 1), 201.
  • Yi, G.F., Carroll, J.A., Allee, G.L., Gaines, A.M., Kendall, D.C., Usry, J.L., Toride, Y., Izuru, S., 2005. Effect of glutamine and spray-dried plasma on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and immune responses of Escherichia coli K88+-challenged weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 83, 634-643.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Majid Shakerı This is me

Ehsan Oskoueıan This is me

Pardis Najafı This is me

Mahdi Ebrahımı This is me

Publication Date August 11, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 42 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Shakerı, M., Oskoueıan, E., Najafı, P., Ebrahımı, M. (2015). Impact of Glutamine in Drinking Water on Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(1), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2016.42317
AMA Shakerı M, Oskoueıan E, Najafı P, Ebrahımı M. Impact of Glutamine in Drinking Water on Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density. iuvfd. August 2015;42(1):51-56. doi:10.16988/iuvfd.2016.42317
Chicago Shakerı, Majid, Ehsan Oskoueıan, Pardis Najafı, and Mahdi Ebrahımı. “Impact of Glutamine in Drinking Water on Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 42, no. 1 (August 2015): 51-56. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2016.42317.
EndNote Shakerı M, Oskoueıan E, Najafı P, Ebrahımı M (August 1, 2015) Impact of Glutamine in Drinking Water on Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 42 1 51–56.
IEEE M. Shakerı, E. Oskoueıan, P. Najafı, and M. Ebrahımı, “Impact of Glutamine in Drinking Water on Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density”, iuvfd, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 51–56, 2015, doi: 10.16988/iuvfd.2016.42317.
ISNAD Shakerı, Majid et al. “Impact of Glutamine in Drinking Water on Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 42/1 (August 2015), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2016.42317.
JAMA Shakerı M, Oskoueıan E, Najafı P, Ebrahımı M. Impact of Glutamine in Drinking Water on Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density. iuvfd. 2015;42:51–56.
MLA Shakerı, Majid et al. “Impact of Glutamine in Drinking Water on Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 42, no. 1, 2015, pp. 51-56, doi:10.16988/iuvfd.2016.42317.
Vancouver Shakerı M, Oskoueıan E, Najafı P, Ebrahımı M. Impact of Glutamine in Drinking Water on Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density. iuvfd. 2015;42(1):51-6.