BibTex RIS Cite

Vaginal Fornix Discharge Cellularity and Its Leukocyte Esterase Activity for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows

Year 2016, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 57 - 64, 11.08.2015

Abolfazl Hajıbemanı Abdolah Mırzaeı Hassan Sharıfıyazdı Abbas Rowshan Ghasrodashtı

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the application of some strip test markers (i.e., leukocyte esterase (LE) activity, protein, nitrate and pH) for diagnosis of endometritis in dairy cows using vaginal fornix discharge. Also, the total white blood cell count (t-WBC/ml) of this secretion and degenerative changes of neutrophils in cervical cytology were used as alternative methods to predict progression of the endometritis severity. Holstein cows (n=215) between 30-40 days in milk (DIM) were included and examined. Giemsa-stained smear was prepared from cervical mucus. Cervical cytology test was considered as reference screening method for the detection of subclinical endometritis. The LE activity and t-WBC in the vaginal fornix discharge of subclinical endometritis cows were significantly higher than those from healthy cows. Sensitivity and specificity were 78% and 73% for LE10 activity (10 minutes after contacting with discharges) and 60% and 69% for t-WBC (cut off point=210 cells/ml) for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis, respectively. There was a good agreement between LE10 activity, t-WBC and cervical cytology test with a Kappa coefficient of 0.4 and 0.42, respectively (P<0.0001). Total WBC count in discharge and degenerative neutrophils (DN) percentages increase simultaneously with the degree and severity of endometritis. There was a highly significant (P<0.01) correlation between t-WBC and some reagent strip test markers (LE activity, protein and nitrate) in clear discharge of studied cows. In conclusion, the present results suggest the LE activity and t-WBC in vaginal fornix discharge could be used as non-invasive reliable and valid methods for screening of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy herds.

Keywords

-

References

  • Ahmadi, M. R., Khodakaram Tafti, A., Nazifi, S., Ghaisari, H. R., 2005. The comparative evaluation of uterine and cervical histopathology in cows. Comparative Clinical Pathology 14, 90-94. with endometrial
  • Ahmadi, M. R., Nazifi, S., Ghaisari, H. R., 2006. Comparative cervical cytology and conception rate in postpartum dairy cows. Veterinarski Arhiv 76, 323-332.
  • Azawi, O. I., 2008. Postpartum uterine infection in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science 105, 187-208.
  • Barlund, C. S., Carruthers, T. D., Waldner, C. L., Palmer, C. W., 2008. A comparison of diagnostic techniques for postpartum Theriogenology 69, 714-723. in dairy cattle.
  • Bonnett, B. N., Miller, R. B., Etherington, W. G., Martin, S. W., Johnson, W. H., 1991. Endometrial biopsy in Holstein- Friesian dairy cows. III. Bacteriological analysis and correlations with histological findings. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 55, 168-173.
  • Bretzlaff, K. N., 1987. Rationale for treatment of endometritis in the dairy cow. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 3, 593-607.
  • Brownlow, A., 1983. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes of peritoneal fluid. Equine Veterinary Journal 15, 22- 24.
  • Carneiro, L. C., Ferreira, A. F., Padua, M., Saut, J. P., Ferraudo, A. S., dos Santos, R. M., 2014. Incidence of subclinical endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production 46, 1435-1439.
  • Cheong, S. H., Nydam, D. V., Galvão, K. N., Crosier, B. M., Gilbert, R. O., 2011. Cow-level and herd-level risk factors for subclinical endometritis in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 762-770.
  • Cheong, S. H., Nydam, D. V., Galvao, K. N., Crosier, B. M., Ricci, A., Caixeta, L.S., Sper, R. B., Fraga, M., Gilbert, R. O., 2012. Use of reagent test trips for diagnosis of endometritis in dairy cows. Theriogenology 77, 858- 864.
  • Couto, G.B., Vaillancourt, D.H., Lefebvre R.C., 2013. Comparison of a leukocyte esterase test with endometrial cytology for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis Theriogenology 79, 103-107. dairy cows.
  • Drillich, M., Beetz, O., Pfutzner, A., Sabin, M., Sabin, H. J., Kutzer, P., Nattermann, H., Heuwieser W., 2001. Evaluation of a systemic antibiotic treatment of toxic puerperal metritis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 2010-2017.
  • Gilbert, R. O., Shin, S. T., Guard, C. L., Erb, H. N., 1998. Incidence of endometritis and effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology 49, 251.
  • Gilbert, R. O., Shin, S. T., Guard, C. L., Erb, H. N., Frajblat, M., 2005. Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive Theriogenology 64, 1879-1888. of dairy cows.
  • Kasimanickam, R., Duffield, T. F., Foster, R. A., Gartley, C. J., Leslie, K. E., Walton, J. S., Johnson, W. H., 2004. Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 62, 9-23.
  • Kutter, D., Figueiredo, G., Klemmer, L., 1987. Chemical detection of leukocytes in urine by means of a new multiple test strip. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 25, 91-94.
  • LeBlanc, S. J., Duffield, T. F., Leslie, K. E., Bateman, K. G., Keefe, G. P., Walton, J. S., Johnson, W. H., 2002. Defining endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 2223-2236. postpartum clinical
  • Santos, N. R., Roman, H. B., Gilbert, R. O., 2006. The use of leukocyte esterase reagent strips for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in dairy cows [Abstract]. Theriogenology 66, 666-667.
  • Sheldon, I. M., Cronin, J., Goetze, L., Donofrio, G., Schuberth, H., 2009. Defining postpartum uterine disease and the mechanisms of infection and immunity in the female reproductive tract in cattle, Biology of Reproduction 81, 1025-1032.
  • Sheldon, I. M., Lewis, G. S., LeBlanc, S., Gilbert, R. O., 2006. Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology 65, 1516-1530.
  • Sheldon, I. M., Noakes, D. E., Rycroft, A. N., Dobson, H., 2002. Effect of postpartum manual examination of the vagina on uterine bacterial contamination in cows. Veterinary Record 151, 531-534.
  • Sheldon, I. M., Williams, E., Miller, A., Nash, D., Herath, S., 2008. Uterine diseases in cattle after parturition. Veterinary Journal 176, 115-121.
  • Williams, E. J., Fischer, D. P., Pfeiffer, D. U., England, G. C. W., Noakes, D. E., Dobson, H., Sheldon, I. M., 2005. Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology 63, 102-117.
  • Yavari, M., Haghkhah, M., Ahmadi, M. R., Gheisari, H. R., Nazifi, S., 2009. Comparison of cervical and uterine cytology postpartum endometritis and bacterial isolates. International Journal of Dairy Science 4, 19-26. of

Vaginal Fornix Discharge Cellularity and Its Leukocyte Esterase Activity for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows

Year 2016, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 57 - 64, 11.08.2015

Abolfazl Hajıbemanı Abdolah Mırzaeı Hassan Sharıfıyazdı Abbas Rowshan Ghasrodashtı

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the application of some strip test markers (i.e., leukocyte esterase (LE) activity, protein, nitrate and pH) for diagnosis of endometritis in dairy cows using vaginal fornix discharge. Also, the total white blood cell count (t-WBC/ml) of this secretion and degenerative changes of neutrophils in cervical cytology were used as alternative methods to predict progression of the endometritis severity. Holstein cows (n=215) between 30-40 days in milk (DIM) were included and examined. Giemsa-stained smear was prepared from cervical mucus. Cervical cytology test was considered as reference screening method for the detection of subclinical endometritis. The LE activity and t-WBC in the vaginal fornix discharge of subclinical endometritis cows were significantly higher than those from healthy cows. Sensitivity and specificity were 78% and 73% for LE10 activity (10 minutes after contacting with discharges) and 60% and 69% for t-WBC (cut off point=210 cells/ml) for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis, respectively. There was a good agreement between LE10 activity, t-WBC and cervical cytology test with a Kappa coefficient of 0.4 and 0.42, respectively (P<0.0001). Total WBC count in discharge and degenerative neutrophils (DN) percentages increase simultaneously with the degree and severity of endometritis. There was a highly significant (P<0.01) correlation between t-WBC and some reagent strip test markers (LE activity, protein and nitrate) in clear discharge of studied cows. In conclusion, the present results suggest the LE activity and t-WBC in vaginal fornix discharge could be used as non-invasive reliable and valid methods for screening of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy herds.

Keywords

Leukocyte esterase vaginal fornix discharge postpartum endometritis dairy cows

References

  • Ahmadi, M. R., Khodakaram Tafti, A., Nazifi, S., Ghaisari, H. R., 2005. The comparative evaluation of uterine and cervical histopathology in cows. Comparative Clinical Pathology 14, 90-94. with endometrial
  • Ahmadi, M. R., Nazifi, S., Ghaisari, H. R., 2006. Comparative cervical cytology and conception rate in postpartum dairy cows. Veterinarski Arhiv 76, 323-332.
  • Azawi, O. I., 2008. Postpartum uterine infection in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science 105, 187-208.
  • Barlund, C. S., Carruthers, T. D., Waldner, C. L., Palmer, C. W., 2008. A comparison of diagnostic techniques for postpartum Theriogenology 69, 714-723. in dairy cattle.
  • Bonnett, B. N., Miller, R. B., Etherington, W. G., Martin, S. W., Johnson, W. H., 1991. Endometrial biopsy in Holstein- Friesian dairy cows. III. Bacteriological analysis and correlations with histological findings. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 55, 168-173.
  • Bretzlaff, K. N., 1987. Rationale for treatment of endometritis in the dairy cow. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 3, 593-607.
  • Brownlow, A., 1983. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes of peritoneal fluid. Equine Veterinary Journal 15, 22- 24.
  • Carneiro, L. C., Ferreira, A. F., Padua, M., Saut, J. P., Ferraudo, A. S., dos Santos, R. M., 2014. Incidence of subclinical endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production 46, 1435-1439.
  • Cheong, S. H., Nydam, D. V., Galvão, K. N., Crosier, B. M., Gilbert, R. O., 2011. Cow-level and herd-level risk factors for subclinical endometritis in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 762-770.
  • Cheong, S. H., Nydam, D. V., Galvao, K. N., Crosier, B. M., Ricci, A., Caixeta, L.S., Sper, R. B., Fraga, M., Gilbert, R. O., 2012. Use of reagent test trips for diagnosis of endometritis in dairy cows. Theriogenology 77, 858- 864.
  • Couto, G.B., Vaillancourt, D.H., Lefebvre R.C., 2013. Comparison of a leukocyte esterase test with endometrial cytology for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis Theriogenology 79, 103-107. dairy cows.
  • Drillich, M., Beetz, O., Pfutzner, A., Sabin, M., Sabin, H. J., Kutzer, P., Nattermann, H., Heuwieser W., 2001. Evaluation of a systemic antibiotic treatment of toxic puerperal metritis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 2010-2017.
  • Gilbert, R. O., Shin, S. T., Guard, C. L., Erb, H. N., 1998. Incidence of endometritis and effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology 49, 251.
  • Gilbert, R. O., Shin, S. T., Guard, C. L., Erb, H. N., Frajblat, M., 2005. Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive Theriogenology 64, 1879-1888. of dairy cows.
  • Kasimanickam, R., Duffield, T. F., Foster, R. A., Gartley, C. J., Leslie, K. E., Walton, J. S., Johnson, W. H., 2004. Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 62, 9-23.
  • Kutter, D., Figueiredo, G., Klemmer, L., 1987. Chemical detection of leukocytes in urine by means of a new multiple test strip. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 25, 91-94.
  • LeBlanc, S. J., Duffield, T. F., Leslie, K. E., Bateman, K. G., Keefe, G. P., Walton, J. S., Johnson, W. H., 2002. Defining endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 2223-2236. postpartum clinical
  • Santos, N. R., Roman, H. B., Gilbert, R. O., 2006. The use of leukocyte esterase reagent strips for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in dairy cows [Abstract]. Theriogenology 66, 666-667.
  • Sheldon, I. M., Cronin, J., Goetze, L., Donofrio, G., Schuberth, H., 2009. Defining postpartum uterine disease and the mechanisms of infection and immunity in the female reproductive tract in cattle, Biology of Reproduction 81, 1025-1032.
  • Sheldon, I. M., Lewis, G. S., LeBlanc, S., Gilbert, R. O., 2006. Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology 65, 1516-1530.
  • Sheldon, I. M., Noakes, D. E., Rycroft, A. N., Dobson, H., 2002. Effect of postpartum manual examination of the vagina on uterine bacterial contamination in cows. Veterinary Record 151, 531-534.
  • Sheldon, I. M., Williams, E., Miller, A., Nash, D., Herath, S., 2008. Uterine diseases in cattle after parturition. Veterinary Journal 176, 115-121.
  • Williams, E. J., Fischer, D. P., Pfeiffer, D. U., England, G. C. W., Noakes, D. E., Dobson, H., Sheldon, I. M., 2005. Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology 63, 102-117.
  • Yavari, M., Haghkhah, M., Ahmadi, M. R., Gheisari, H. R., Nazifi, S., 2009. Comparison of cervical and uterine cytology postpartum endometritis and bacterial isolates. International Journal of Dairy Science 4, 19-26. of
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Abolfazl Hajıbemanı This is me

Abdolah Mırzaeı This is me

Hassan Sharıfıyazdı This is me

Abbas Rowshan Ghasrodashtı This is me

Publication Date August 11, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 42 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Hajıbemanı, A., Mırzaeı, A., Sharıfıyazdı, H., Rowshan Ghasrodashtı, A. (2015). Vaginal Fornix Discharge Cellularity and Its Leukocyte Esterase Activity for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(1), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2016.21786
AMA Hajıbemanı A, Mırzaeı A, Sharıfıyazdı H, Rowshan Ghasrodashtı A. Vaginal Fornix Discharge Cellularity and Its Leukocyte Esterase Activity for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows. iuvfd. August 2015;42(1):57-64. doi:10.16988/iuvfd.2016.21786
Chicago Hajıbemanı, Abolfazl, Abdolah Mırzaeı, Hassan Sharıfıyazdı, and Abbas Rowshan Ghasrodashtı. “Vaginal Fornix Discharge Cellularity and Its Leukocyte Esterase Activity for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 42, no. 1 (August 2015): 57-64. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2016.21786.
EndNote Hajıbemanı A, Mırzaeı A, Sharıfıyazdı H, Rowshan Ghasrodashtı A (August 1, 2015) Vaginal Fornix Discharge Cellularity and Its Leukocyte Esterase Activity for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 42 1 57–64.
IEEE A. Hajıbemanı, A. Mırzaeı, H. Sharıfıyazdı, and A. Rowshan Ghasrodashtı, “Vaginal Fornix Discharge Cellularity and Its Leukocyte Esterase Activity for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows”, iuvfd, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 57–64, 2015, doi: 10.16988/iuvfd.2016.21786.
ISNAD Hajıbemanı, Abolfazl et al. “Vaginal Fornix Discharge Cellularity and Its Leukocyte Esterase Activity for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 42/1 (August 2015), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2016.21786.
JAMA Hajıbemanı A, Mırzaeı A, Sharıfıyazdı H, Rowshan Ghasrodashtı A. Vaginal Fornix Discharge Cellularity and Its Leukocyte Esterase Activity for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows. iuvfd. 2015;42:57–64.
MLA Hajıbemanı, Abolfazl et al. “Vaginal Fornix Discharge Cellularity and Its Leukocyte Esterase Activity for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 42, no. 1, 2015, pp. 57-64, doi:10.16988/iuvfd.2016.21786.
Vancouver Hajıbemanı A, Mırzaeı A, Sharıfıyazdı H, Rowshan Ghasrodashtı A. Vaginal Fornix Discharge Cellularity and Its Leukocyte Esterase Activity for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows. iuvfd. 2015;42(1):57-64.