BibTex RIS Cite

Gaz Hidratlar ve Önemi: Türkiye Çevresi Denizlerde Gaz Hidrat ve Sığ Gaz Aramaları

Year 2009, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 29 - 47, 20.03.2012

Abstract

Gas Hydrates and Their Importance: Investigation of Gas Hydrates and Shallow Gas in Seas Around Turkey 

References

  • Abegg, F., Bohrmann, G., Freitag, J., Kipfstuhl, S., 2002, Structure and distribution of gas hydrates in marine sediments, Abstracts, 7th shallow gas group meeting, 7-11 September 2002, Baku, Azerbaijan, p.30-33.
  • Alpar, B., Yüce, H., Doğan, E., 1996, Gas–charged late Quaternary sediments in Strait of Çanakkale (Dardanelles), Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, ISSN: 1300–7122, 2(3), 155–169.
  • Alavi, S.N., Okyar, M., and Timur, K., 1989, Late Quaternary sedimentation in the strait of Bosphrous: High resolution seismic profiling, Marine Geology, 89, 185-205.
  • Amos, J., 2006, „Deep ice tells long climate story‟, BBC, 2006-09-04, Retrieved on 2008-01-21.
  • Anderson, A.L., 1992, Remote acoustic characterization of the seafloor including gassy and hydrated sediment regions, in 2nd international offshore and polar engineering conference proceedings, v. 1: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineering, Golden Colorado, p. 674-683.
  • Armijo, R., B. Meyer, S. Navarro, G. King, and A. Barka, 2002, Asymmetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: A clue to propagation process of the North Anatolian Fault? Terra Nova, 14, 80– 86.
  • Bange, H.W., Rapsomanikis, S., and Andreae, M.O., 1996, The Aegean Sea as a source of atmospheric nitrous oxide and methane, Marine Chemistry,53, 41–49.
  • Barka, A.A., 1992, The North Anatolian fault zone, Annales Tectonicae, 6, 164-195.
  • Berndt, C., Bünz, S., Clayton, T., Mienert, J., and Saunders, M., 2004, Seismic character of Bottom simulating reflectors: examples from the mid Norwegian magrin, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21, 6, 723-733.
  • Bohrmann, G., Ivanov, M, Foucher, J.P., Spiess, V., Bialas, J., Greinert, J., Weinrebe, W., Abegg, F., Aloisi, G., Artemov, Y., Blinova, V., Drews, M., Heidersdorf, F., Krabbenhöft, A., Klaucke, I., Krastel, S., Leder, T., Polikarpov, I., Saburova, M., Schmale, O., Seifert, R., Volkonskaya, A., and Zillmer, M., 2003, Mud volcanoes and gas hydrates in the Black Sea: new data from Dvurechenskii and Odessa mud volcanoes, Geo-Marine Letters, 23, 239-249.
  • Bohrmann, G., Weinrebe , W., and Poseidon P317/4 Scientific Party, 2005, Fluid escape features and gas hydrates in the Southern Black Sea, European Geosciences Union (EGU) Meeting, April 2005, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 7, 02607, Vienna, Austria.
  • Bugge, T., Befring, S., Belderson, R. H., Eidvin, T., Jansen, E., Kenyon, N. H., Holtedahl, H., and Sejrup, H.-P., 1987, A giant three-stage submarine slide off Norway, Geo-Marine Letters, 7, 191-198.
  • Carton, H., Singh, S.C., Hirn, A., Bazin, S., de Vooggd, B., Wigner, A., Ricolleau, A., Çetin, S., Ocakoğlu, N., Karakoç, F., Sevilgen, V., 2007, Seismic imaging of the three-dimensional architecture of the Cınarcık Basin along the North Anatolian Fault, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, 1-17.
  • CDF (College De France), 2007, Preliminary results of the MarNaut cruise in the Sea of Marmara, http://www.cdf.u-3mrs.fr/~henry/marmara/, 14 Temmuz 2008.
  • Coleman, D.F., and Ballard, R.D., 2001, A high concentrated region of cold hydrocarbon seeps in the southestarn Mediterranean Sea, Geo-Marine Letters, 21, 162-167.
  • Collett, T.S., 2002, Energy resource potential of natural gas hydrates, AAPG Bulletin 86, 1971-1992.
  • Coskun, B., 2000, North Anatolian Fault–Saros Gulf relationships and their relevance to hydrocarbon exploration, northern Aegean Sea, Turkey. Marine and Petroluem Goelogy, 17, 751-772.
  • Çiftçi, G., Limonov, A., Dimitrov, L., Gainanov, V., 1997, Mud Volcanoes and Dome-Like Structures at the Eastern Mediterranean Ridge, Marine Geophysical Researches, 19, 421–438,
  • Çiftçi, G., Özel, E., Dondurur, D., 2003, Doğu Karadeniz Türkiye Ģelf ve yamacında gaza doygun tortullar ve gaz hidratların sismik yöntemlerle arastırılması, DPT Projesi, Proje kodu: 2003K120360.
  • Çifçi.,G., Dondurur, D., Okay, S., Çopur, S., Sahling, H. and Klaucke, I., 2005, Preliminary Results From High Resolution Geophysical Study on the Kozlu High, Offshore Zonguldak, Western Black Sea, International Earth Sciences Colloquim On the Agean Regions (IESCA), 4-7 Ekim 2005, Izmir, Türkiye.
  • Dai, J., Xu, H., Snyder, F., Dutta, N., 2004, Detection and estimation of gas hydrates using rock physics and seismic inversion: Examples from the northern deepwater Gulf of Mexio, The Leading Edge, 1, 60-66.
  • Damcı, E., Demirbağ, E., Sarıkavak, K., 2008, Interpretation of seismic reflection data from offshore Bartın-Amasra (Black Sea), ESONET Training Workshop-1, 27-28 January 2008, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany.
  • Dando, P.R. Hughes, J.A., Leahy, Y., Niven, S.J., Taylor, L.J., and Smith, C., Smith, 1995, Gas venting rates from submarine hydrothermal areas around the island of Milos, Hellenic Volcanic Arc, Continental Shelf Research, 15, 913–929.
  • De Lange, G.J., and Brumsack, H.-J., 1998, The occurrence of gas hydrates in Eatern Mediterranean mud dome structures as indicated by pore-water composition. In: Henriet, J.-P., and Mienert, J. (eds.) Gas Hydrates: Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137, 167-175.
  • Deuser, W. G., 1974, Evolution of Anoxic Conditions in Black Sea During Holocene, the Black Sea Geology, Chemistry, and Biology, Degens, E. T. And Ross, A. D., ed., The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, United States, 133-136.
  • Dickens, G. R., O’Neil, J. R., Rea, D. K., and Owen, R. M., 1995, Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene, Paleoceanography, 10, 965-971.
  • Dillon, W. P., Danforth, W. W., Hutchinson, D. R., Drury, R. M., Taylor, M. H., Booth, J. S., 1998, Evidence for faulting related to dissociation of gas hydrate and release of methane off the southeastern United States. 293302. In. J.-P. Henriet, and J., Mienert (eds.) Gas hydrates: Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change, The Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 137, 293-302.
  • Dimitrov, L., 2002, Contribution to atmospheric methane by natural see pages on the Bulgarian continental shelf, Continental Shelf Research, 22, 2429–2442.
  • Dondurur, D., Çiftçi, G., 2007, Acoustic structure and recent sediment transport processes on the continental slope of Yesilırmak River Fan, Eastern Black Sea, Marine Geology, 237, 37-53.
  • Dondurur D, Coskun S, Gürçay S, Okay S, Özer P, Çifçi G, Ergün M, 2008, Acoustic Observations of Shallow Gas Accumulations, Gas Seeps and Active Pockmarks in the Gulf of Izmir, Aegean Sea. Astracts, 9th International Conference on Gas in Marine Sediments Bremen University, September 15 – 19, 2008, Bremen, Germany.
  • Dunbar, J. A., 2007, Electrical resistivity investigation of gas hydrate distribution in Mississippii Canyon Block 118, Gulf of Mexio,http://204.154.137.14/technologies/oilgas/ FutureSupply/MethaneHydrates/projects/DOEPr ojects/MH_42959ElectricalResist.html, 13 Mayıs 2008.
  • Egorov, V.N., Luth, U., Luth, C. and Gulin, M.B., 1998, Gas seeps in the submarine Dnieper Canyon, Black Sea: acoustic, video and trawl data. In: U. Luth, C. Luth and H. Thiel (Editors), Methane gas seep explorations in the Black Sea (MEGASEEBS), Project Report. Ber. Zentrum Meeres- u. Klimaforsch. Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, p. 11-21.
  • Egorov, V.N., Polikarpov, G.G., Gulin, S.B., Artemov, Yu.G., Stokozov, N.A., Kostova, S.K., 2003, Modern conception about forming casting and ecological role of methane gas seeps from bottom of the Black Sea, Marine Ecological Journal, Vol. II. No. 3, 5-26.
  • Ergün, M., Çiftçi, G., Dondurur, D., ve Limonov, A., 2000, Karadeniz sedimanlarındagas hidrat olusumu ve etkilerinin arastırılması, TÜBITAK projesi, Proje Kodu: 100Y078.
  • Faraday, M., and Davy, H., 1823, On Fluid Chlorine, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 113, 160-165.
  • Garcia-Garcia, A., Orange, D.L., Maher, N.B., Heffernan, A.S., Fortier, G.S., Malone, 2004, Geophysical evidence for gas geohazards off Iskenderun Bay SE Turkey, Marine Geology, 21, 1255-1264.
  • Garcia-Gil, S., Vilas, F., Garcia-Garcia, A., 2002, Shallow gas features in incised valley fills (Rio de Vigo, NW Spain, Continental Shelf Research, 22, 2303-2315.
  • Géli, L., Henry, P., Dupré, S., Voelker, D., Zitter, T., Le Pichon, X., Tryon, M., Çağatay, N., and Shipboard Science Party, 2007, Acoustic detection of gas emissions within the submerged section of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the Sea of Marmara, AGU Fall meeting 10-14 December 2007, Abstracts B43E-1659, San Francisco, USA.
  • GEOMAR (Research Center for Marine Geosciences at the University of Kiel), 2000, http://www.marum.de/Galerie.html, 29 Nisan 2008.
  • Ginzburg, G.D., Kremlev, A.N., Grigoriev, M.N., Larkin, G.N., Pavlenkin, A.D., and Saltykova, N.A., 1990, Filtrogenic gas hydrates in the Black Sea, 21th Cruise of R/V evpatoria. Geologiya i Geofizika, 3, 10-19 (in Russian).
  • Grauls, D., 2001, Gas hydrates: importance and applications in petroleum exploration, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 18, 519-523.
  • Guerin, G., Goldberg, D.S., and Collett, T.S., 2006, Sonic velocities in an active gas hydrate system, Hydrate Ridge. In Tréhu, A.M., Bohrmann, G., Torres, M.E., and Colwell, F.S. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 204: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 1–38. doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.204.124.2006.
  • Güreli, M., 2008, Sismik yöntemlerle gaz hidratların aranması, ĠTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ġstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Haq, B. U., 1997, The rol of gas hydrates in climate change, Thalassas, 13, 127-134.
  • Hasiotis, T., Papatheodorou, G., Kastanos, N., and Ferentinos, G., 1996, A pockmark field in Patras Gulf (Greece) and its activation during the 14/7/93 seismic event, Marine Geology, 130, 333-344.
  • Henry, P., Zitter, T.A.C., Fornacciari, F., Geli, L., 2006, Cold seeps along the Main Marmara Fault: context and perspectives for monitoring, Nort Anatolian Fault - San Andreas Fault workshop in Istanbul Technical University, August 14-16, 2006, Istanbul.
  • Henry, P., Zitter, T. A. C., Le Pichon, X., Geli, L., Tryon, M.D., Mercier de Lepinay, B:, Çağatay, N.M., ġengör, A.M.C., Görür, N., Bourlange, S., and the Marnaut Scientific Party 2008, Cold seeps in the North Anatolian Fault zone, Sea of Marmara: hints for a deep connection, EGU General Assembly 2008, April 2008 Vienna, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, A-05747, Vienna, Austria.
  • Hermann, W.B., 2006, Nitrous oxide and methane in European coastal waters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 70, 361-374.
  • Huguen, C., Mascle, J., Chaumillon, E., Woodside, J.M., Benkhelil, J., Kopf, A., Volkonskaya, A., 2001, Deformational styles of the eastern Mediterranean Ridge and surroundings from combined swath mapping and seismic reflection profiling, Tectonophysics, 343, 21–47.
  • Huguen, C:, Mascle, J., Woodside, J.M., Zitter, T., Foucher, J.P., 2005, Mud volcanoes and mud domes of the Central Mediterranean Ridge: Nearbottom and in situ observation, Deep Sea Research Part 1: Oceanographic Research Papers, 52, 10, 1910-1931.
  • Hürriyet, 2005, Karadeniz'in dibinde dev çamur volkanı, http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/ goster/haber.aspx?id=3530552&tarih=2005-1117, 8 Temmuz 2008.
  • Hyndman, R.D., and Dallimore, S.R., 2001, Natural gas hydrate studies in Canada, Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 26, 11-20.
  • Hyndman, G.D., Spence, R., Chapman, M. R., and Edwards, R.N., 2007, Gas Hydrates Geophysical studies of marine gas hydrate in Northern Cascadia, http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/gashydrates/ncascadia/inde x_e.php#seismic, 14 Mayıs 2008.
  • Ivanov, M.K., Limonov, A.F., Cronin, B.T. (Eds.). 1996, Mud volcanism and fluid venting in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Ridge, Initial results of the geological and geophysical investigations during the fifth UNESCO-ESF „„Training-Through-Research‟‟ Cruise of RV Professor Logachev (July–September 1995), UNESCO reports in marine science 68, UNESCO, Paris, p.126.
  • Ivanov M.K., Koniukhov A.I., Kulnitskii L.M., and Musatov, A.A., 1989, Mud volcanism in the deep Black sea basin, Vestnik MGU, geologicheskaya seriya, N3.
  • Imren, C., X. Le Pichon, C. Rangin, E. Demirbağ, B. Ecevitoğlu, and N. Görür, 2001, The North Anatolian Fault within the Sea of Marmara: A new interpretation based on multi-channel seismic and multi-beam bathymetry data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 186, 143-158.
  • Judd, A., Hovland, M., 2007, Seabed Fluid Flow, The impact on Geology, Biology and the marine environment, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
  • Karabakal, U., and Parlaktuna, M., 2005, Natural gas hydrate Formation conditions of Black Sea – A Theoretical Approach, 15th International Petroleum and Natural Gas Congress and Exhibition of Turkey IPETGAS 2005, 11-13 May 3005.
  • Katz, H. R., 1981, Probable gas hydrate in continental slope east of the North Island, New Zealand, J. Pet. Geol. 3, 315-324.
  • Klauda, J.B., Sandler, S.I., 2003, Predictions of gas hydrate phase equilibria and amounts in natural sediment porous media, Marine Geology, 20,459-470.
  • Kopf, A., Klaeschen, D., Mascle, J., 2001, Extreme efficiency in dewatering accretionary prisms, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 189, 295-313.
  • Korsakov, O.D., Byakov, Y.A., and Stupak, S., 1989, Gas Hydrates in the Black Sea Basin, International Geology Review, 1251-1257.
  • Krastel, S., Spiess, V., Ivanov, M., Weinrebe, W., Bohrmann, G., Shashkin, P., Heidersdorf, F., 2003, Acoustic investigations of mud volcanoes in the Sorokin Trough, Black Sea, Geo-Mar Letter, 23, 230-238.
  • Kruglyakova, R.P., Byakov, Y.A., Kruglyakova, M.V., Chalenko, L.A. and Shevtsova, N.T., 2004, Natural oil and gas seeps on the Black Sea floor, Geo-Marine Letters, 24, 150-162.
  • Kusçu,I., Okamura, M., Matsuoka,H., Gökasaan,E., Awata,Y., Tur,H., ġimsek,M., Keçer,M., 2005, Seafloor gas seeps and sediment failures triggered by the August 17, 1999 earthquake in the Eastern part of the Gulf of Izmit, Sea of Marmara, NW Turkey, Marine Geology, 215, 193-241.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A., 1988, Methane hydrate-a major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere? Chemical Geology, 71, 41-51.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A., 1993, A primer on gas hydrates. In: Howel, D.G. (Ed.), The Future of Energy Gases, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1570, 279-291.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A., 1995, A review of the geochemistry of methane in natural gas hydrate, Org. Geochem., 23, 997-1008.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A., and Loreson, T. D., 2001, A global inventory of natural gas hydrate occurrence, USGS: Western Region Coastal and Marine.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A., and McMenamin, M. A., 1980, Hydrates of natural gas: A review of their geological occurrence, U.S. Geol. Circ., 825, 1-11.
  • Le Pichon, X., ġengör, AMC., Demirbağ, E., Rangin, C., Ġmren, C., Armijo, R., Görür, N., Çağatay, N., Mercier de Lepinay, B., Meyer, B., Saatçiler, R., Tok, B., 2001, The active main Marmara Fault, Earth Planet Sci Letter, 192, 595-616.
  • Limonov, A.F., Woodside, J.M., Cita, M.B., Ivanov, M.K., 1996, The Mediterranean Ridge and related mud diapirism: a background, Marine Geology 132, 7-19
  • Loncke, L., Mascle, J., and Fanil Scientific Parties, 2004, Mud volcanoes, gas chimneys, pockmarks and mounds in the Nile deep-sea fan (Eastern Mediterranean): geophydical evidences, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21, 669-689.
  • Makogon, Y.F., 1965, A gas hydrate formation in the gas saturated layers under low temperature, Gas Ind. 5.
  • Makogon, Y.F., 1974, Hydrate of Natural Gas, Nedra, Moscow, (237 pp.) 1974 Penn. Well Tulsa, USA.
  • Makogon, Y.F., 1997, Hydrates of Hydrocarbons, Penn. Well Publ. Co, Tulsa, USA.
  • Makogon, Y.F., Holditch, S.A., Makogon, T.Y., 2007, Natural gas-hydrates-A potential energy source for the 21st Century, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 56, 14-31.
  • MMS (Minerals Management Service of USA), 2008, http://www.mms.gov/offshore/Assets/GasHydrat eFiles/hydr_dist_IMapForClathColl.gif, 28 Nisan 2008.
  • Naudts, L., Greinert, J., Artemov, Y., Staelens, P., Poort, J., Van Rensbergen, P., De Batist, M., 2006, Geological and morphological setting of 2778 methane seeps in the Inepr Paleo-delta, NW Black Sea. Marine Geology, 227, 177-199.
  • Nisbet, E. G., 1990, The end of the ice-age, Can. J. Earth Sci. 27, 148-157.
  • Nisbet, E., and Piper, D. W., 1998, Giant submarine slides, Nature, 392, 329-330.
  • Okay, A.I., Demirbağ, E., Kurt, H., Okay, N., ve Kusçu, I., 1999, An active, deep marine strikeslip basin along the North Anatolian fault in Turkey, Tectonics, 18, 129-148.
  • Okay, A.I., A. Kaslilar-Ozcan, C. Imren, A. Boztepe Guney, E. Demirbag, I. Kuscu, 2000, Active faults and evolving strike-slip basins in the Marmara Sea, northwest Turkey: a multichannel seismic reflection study, Tectonophysics,321,189-218.
  • Okay, S., Çifçi G., Lericolais G., Bohrmann G., Ivanov M., 2006, A tributary canyon system, shallow gas accumulations and an unnamed mud volcano at Bosphorus outlet in Black Sea, European Geosciences Union, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 8, 08072, Vienna, 02-07 April 2006.
  • Okyar, M., Ediger, V., 1999, Seismic evidence of shallow gas in the sediment on the shelf of Trabzon, southeastern Black Sea, Continental Shelf Research, 19, 575-587.
  • Papatheodorou, G., Hesiotis, T., and Ferentinos, G., 1993, Gas charged sediments in the Aegean and Ionian Seas, Greece, Marine Geology, 112, 171-184.
  • Paull, C. K., Ussler, W., Dillon, W. P., 1991, Is the extent of glaciation limited by marine gas hydrates? Geophysical Research Letter, 18, 432-434.
  • Pecher, I.A., Henrys, S.A., Ellis, S., Chiswell, S.M., and Kukowski, N., 2005, Erosion of the seafloor at the top of the gas hydrate stability zone on the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32 , L24603, doi:10.1029/2005GL024687.
  • Poort, J., Kutas, R.I., Klerkx, J., Beaubien, S.B., Lombardi, S., Dimitrov, L., Vassilev, A., Naudts, L., 2007, Strong heat flow variability in an active shallow gas environment, Dnepr Paleodelta, Black Sea, Geo-Mar Letter, 27, 185-195.
  • Popescu, I., Lericolais, G., Panin, N., De Batist, M., Gillet, H., 2007, Seismic expression of gas and gas hydrates across the western Black Sea, GeoMar Letter, 27, 173-183.
  • Prensky, S.E., 1995, A review of gas hydrates and formation evaluation of hydrate-bearing reservoirs, 1995 meeting of the Society of Professional Well Log Analysts, June 26-29, Paris, France.
  • Rangin, C., Bader, A. G., Pascal, G., Ecevitoglu, B. and Görür, N., 2002, Deep structure of the Mid Black Sea High (offshore Turkey) imaged by multi-channel seismic survey (BLACKSIS curise), Marine Geology 182, 265-278.
  • Reeburgh, W. S., Ward, B. B.,Whalen, S. C., Sandbeck, K. A., Kilpatrick, K. A., and Kerkhof, L. J., 1991, Black Sea methane geochemistry, Deep-Sea Research, 38 (2), 1189-1210.
  • Rice, D.D., and Claypool, G.E., 1981, Generation, accumulation and resource potential of biogenic gas, AAPG Bulletin, 65, 5-25.
  • Robertson, A.H.F., Kopf, A., 1998, Tectonic Setting and Processes of Mud Volcanism on the Mediterranean Ridge Accretionary Complex: Evidence from Leg 160, In: Proceedings of the ODP, Science Results 160, College Station, TX, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 665-680.
  • Romankevich, E. A., 1984, Geochemistry of organic matter in the ocea, Berlin: Springer.
  • Rutherford, S.R., and Williams, R.H., 1989, Amplitude-versus-offset variations in gas sand, Geophys., 54, 6880-688.
  • Sahling, H., Blinova, V., Bürk, D., Çifçi, G., S., Dondurur, D., Klaucke, I., Lursmanashvili, N., Okay, S., Renken, J., Schott, T., 2004, Report and preliminary results of R/V Poseidon Cruise P317/4, Istanbul-Istanbul, 16 October-4 November 2004, berichte, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universitat Bremen, No.235, 92 pages, Bremen.
  • Schmale, O., Greinert, J. and Rehder, G., 2005, Methane emission from high-intensity marine gas seeps in the Black Sea into the atmosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, 32(L07609): doi:10.1029/2004GL021138.
  • Sloan, E.D., 1990, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, Marcel Dekker, New York.
  • Sloan, E.D., 1998, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, Second edition, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
  • Soter, S., 1999, Macroscopic seismic anomalies and submarine pockmarks in the Corinth–Patras rift, Greece, Tectonophysics, 308, 275–290.
  • Sengör, A.M.C., Görür, N., Saroğlu, F., Biddle, K.T., Christie- Blick, N., 1985, Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape; Turkey as a case study. Strike-slip deformation, basin formation, and sedimentation, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 37, 227-264.
  • Taymaz, T., 2001, Active tectonics of the north and central Aegean Sea, Symposia on Seismotectonics of the north-western Anatolia Aegean and Recent Turkish Earthquakes, May 8, 2001, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul.
  • Taymaz, T., Jackson, J.A. & McKenzie, D., 1991, Active Tectonics of the North and Central Aegean Sea, Geophys. J. Int., 106, 433-490.
  • ten Veen, J.H., Woodside M., Zitter, T.A.C., Dumont, J.F., Mascle, J., Volkonskaia, A., 2004, Neotectonic evolution of the Anaximander Mountains at the junction of the Hellenic and Cyprus Arcs, Tectonophysics, 391, 35-65.
  • Tinivella, U. and Carcione, J.M., 2001, Estimation of gas-hydrate concentration and free-gas saturation from log and seismic data, Lead. Edge 20 2, 200-203.
  • USGS (United State Geological Survey), 1992, http://marine.er.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/gashydrates/gas-hydrates-3.gif, 28 Nisan 2008.
  • USGS (United State Geological Survey), 2004, http://geology.usgs.gov/connections/ mms/joint_projects/Methane.htm, 28 Nisan 2008.
  • USGS (United State Geological Survey), 2006, http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/projectpages/hydrates/what.html, 29 Nisan 2008.
  • Vanneste, M., Poort, J., Batist, M.D., Klerkx, J., 2002, A typical heat-flow near gas hydrate irregularities and cold seeps in the Baikal Rift Zone, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 19, 10, 1257-1274.
  • Vassilev, A. and Dimitrov, L., 2002, Spatial and quantity evaluation of the Black Sea gas hydrates, Russian Geology and Geophysics, 43, 637-649.
  • Weitemeyer, K., Constable, S., Key, K., 2006, Marine EM techniques for gas hydrate detection and hazard mitigation, The Leading Edge, May, 629-632.
  • Wessel, P., Smith, W.H.F., 1995, New version of the Generic Mapping Tools released, Eos, 76 (33), 329.
  • Woodside, J.M., Ivanov, M.K., Limonov, A.F., 1998, Shallow gas and gas hydrates in the Anaximander Mountains region, eastern Mediterranean Sea. In: Henriet, J.P., Mienert, J. (Eds.), Gas Hydrates: Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change, Geological Society, Special Publications, London, 137, 177-193.
  • Woodside, J.M., Mascle, J., Zitter, T.A.C., Limonov, A.F., Ergun, M., Volkonskaia, A., 2002, The florence Rise, the western bend of the Cyprus Arc, Marine Geology 185, 177-194.
  • Yamano, M., Uyeda, S., Aoki, Y., and Shipley, T.H., 1982, Estimates of heat flow derived from gas hydrates, Geology , 10 , 339-343.
  • Yefremova, A.G., and Zhizhchenko, B.P., 1974, Occurrence of crystal hydrates of gases in the sediments of modern marine basins, Doklady Akademii Nauk, SSSR Earth Science Section 214, 219-220.
  • Yuan, T., R.D. Hyndman, G.D. Spence, and B. Desmons, 1996, Seismic velocity increase and deep-sea gas hydrate concentration above a bottom-simulating reflector on the northern Cascadia continental slope, J. of Geophys. Res., 101, 13,655-13, 671.
  • Zillmer, M., Flueh, E.R., Peterson, J., 2005, Seismic investigation of a bottom simulating reflector and quantification of gas hydrate in the Black Sea, Geophysical Journal International, 161, 662-678.
  • Zitter, T.A.C., Huguen, C., Woodside, J.M., 2005, Geology of mud volcanoes in the eastern Mediterranean from combined sidescan sonar and submersible surveys, Deep-Sea Research I, 52, 457-475.
Year 2009, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 29 - 47, 20.03.2012

Abstract

References

  • Abegg, F., Bohrmann, G., Freitag, J., Kipfstuhl, S., 2002, Structure and distribution of gas hydrates in marine sediments, Abstracts, 7th shallow gas group meeting, 7-11 September 2002, Baku, Azerbaijan, p.30-33.
  • Alpar, B., Yüce, H., Doğan, E., 1996, Gas–charged late Quaternary sediments in Strait of Çanakkale (Dardanelles), Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, ISSN: 1300–7122, 2(3), 155–169.
  • Alavi, S.N., Okyar, M., and Timur, K., 1989, Late Quaternary sedimentation in the strait of Bosphrous: High resolution seismic profiling, Marine Geology, 89, 185-205.
  • Amos, J., 2006, „Deep ice tells long climate story‟, BBC, 2006-09-04, Retrieved on 2008-01-21.
  • Anderson, A.L., 1992, Remote acoustic characterization of the seafloor including gassy and hydrated sediment regions, in 2nd international offshore and polar engineering conference proceedings, v. 1: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineering, Golden Colorado, p. 674-683.
  • Armijo, R., B. Meyer, S. Navarro, G. King, and A. Barka, 2002, Asymmetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: A clue to propagation process of the North Anatolian Fault? Terra Nova, 14, 80– 86.
  • Bange, H.W., Rapsomanikis, S., and Andreae, M.O., 1996, The Aegean Sea as a source of atmospheric nitrous oxide and methane, Marine Chemistry,53, 41–49.
  • Barka, A.A., 1992, The North Anatolian fault zone, Annales Tectonicae, 6, 164-195.
  • Berndt, C., Bünz, S., Clayton, T., Mienert, J., and Saunders, M., 2004, Seismic character of Bottom simulating reflectors: examples from the mid Norwegian magrin, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21, 6, 723-733.
  • Bohrmann, G., Ivanov, M, Foucher, J.P., Spiess, V., Bialas, J., Greinert, J., Weinrebe, W., Abegg, F., Aloisi, G., Artemov, Y., Blinova, V., Drews, M., Heidersdorf, F., Krabbenhöft, A., Klaucke, I., Krastel, S., Leder, T., Polikarpov, I., Saburova, M., Schmale, O., Seifert, R., Volkonskaya, A., and Zillmer, M., 2003, Mud volcanoes and gas hydrates in the Black Sea: new data from Dvurechenskii and Odessa mud volcanoes, Geo-Marine Letters, 23, 239-249.
  • Bohrmann, G., Weinrebe , W., and Poseidon P317/4 Scientific Party, 2005, Fluid escape features and gas hydrates in the Southern Black Sea, European Geosciences Union (EGU) Meeting, April 2005, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 7, 02607, Vienna, Austria.
  • Bugge, T., Befring, S., Belderson, R. H., Eidvin, T., Jansen, E., Kenyon, N. H., Holtedahl, H., and Sejrup, H.-P., 1987, A giant three-stage submarine slide off Norway, Geo-Marine Letters, 7, 191-198.
  • Carton, H., Singh, S.C., Hirn, A., Bazin, S., de Vooggd, B., Wigner, A., Ricolleau, A., Çetin, S., Ocakoğlu, N., Karakoç, F., Sevilgen, V., 2007, Seismic imaging of the three-dimensional architecture of the Cınarcık Basin along the North Anatolian Fault, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, 1-17.
  • CDF (College De France), 2007, Preliminary results of the MarNaut cruise in the Sea of Marmara, http://www.cdf.u-3mrs.fr/~henry/marmara/, 14 Temmuz 2008.
  • Coleman, D.F., and Ballard, R.D., 2001, A high concentrated region of cold hydrocarbon seeps in the southestarn Mediterranean Sea, Geo-Marine Letters, 21, 162-167.
  • Collett, T.S., 2002, Energy resource potential of natural gas hydrates, AAPG Bulletin 86, 1971-1992.
  • Coskun, B., 2000, North Anatolian Fault–Saros Gulf relationships and their relevance to hydrocarbon exploration, northern Aegean Sea, Turkey. Marine and Petroluem Goelogy, 17, 751-772.
  • Çiftçi, G., Limonov, A., Dimitrov, L., Gainanov, V., 1997, Mud Volcanoes and Dome-Like Structures at the Eastern Mediterranean Ridge, Marine Geophysical Researches, 19, 421–438,
  • Çiftçi, G., Özel, E., Dondurur, D., 2003, Doğu Karadeniz Türkiye Ģelf ve yamacında gaza doygun tortullar ve gaz hidratların sismik yöntemlerle arastırılması, DPT Projesi, Proje kodu: 2003K120360.
  • Çifçi.,G., Dondurur, D., Okay, S., Çopur, S., Sahling, H. and Klaucke, I., 2005, Preliminary Results From High Resolution Geophysical Study on the Kozlu High, Offshore Zonguldak, Western Black Sea, International Earth Sciences Colloquim On the Agean Regions (IESCA), 4-7 Ekim 2005, Izmir, Türkiye.
  • Dai, J., Xu, H., Snyder, F., Dutta, N., 2004, Detection and estimation of gas hydrates using rock physics and seismic inversion: Examples from the northern deepwater Gulf of Mexio, The Leading Edge, 1, 60-66.
  • Damcı, E., Demirbağ, E., Sarıkavak, K., 2008, Interpretation of seismic reflection data from offshore Bartın-Amasra (Black Sea), ESONET Training Workshop-1, 27-28 January 2008, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany.
  • Dando, P.R. Hughes, J.A., Leahy, Y., Niven, S.J., Taylor, L.J., and Smith, C., Smith, 1995, Gas venting rates from submarine hydrothermal areas around the island of Milos, Hellenic Volcanic Arc, Continental Shelf Research, 15, 913–929.
  • De Lange, G.J., and Brumsack, H.-J., 1998, The occurrence of gas hydrates in Eatern Mediterranean mud dome structures as indicated by pore-water composition. In: Henriet, J.-P., and Mienert, J. (eds.) Gas Hydrates: Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137, 167-175.
  • Deuser, W. G., 1974, Evolution of Anoxic Conditions in Black Sea During Holocene, the Black Sea Geology, Chemistry, and Biology, Degens, E. T. And Ross, A. D., ed., The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, United States, 133-136.
  • Dickens, G. R., O’Neil, J. R., Rea, D. K., and Owen, R. M., 1995, Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene, Paleoceanography, 10, 965-971.
  • Dillon, W. P., Danforth, W. W., Hutchinson, D. R., Drury, R. M., Taylor, M. H., Booth, J. S., 1998, Evidence for faulting related to dissociation of gas hydrate and release of methane off the southeastern United States. 293302. In. J.-P. Henriet, and J., Mienert (eds.) Gas hydrates: Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change, The Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 137, 293-302.
  • Dimitrov, L., 2002, Contribution to atmospheric methane by natural see pages on the Bulgarian continental shelf, Continental Shelf Research, 22, 2429–2442.
  • Dondurur, D., Çiftçi, G., 2007, Acoustic structure and recent sediment transport processes on the continental slope of Yesilırmak River Fan, Eastern Black Sea, Marine Geology, 237, 37-53.
  • Dondurur D, Coskun S, Gürçay S, Okay S, Özer P, Çifçi G, Ergün M, 2008, Acoustic Observations of Shallow Gas Accumulations, Gas Seeps and Active Pockmarks in the Gulf of Izmir, Aegean Sea. Astracts, 9th International Conference on Gas in Marine Sediments Bremen University, September 15 – 19, 2008, Bremen, Germany.
  • Dunbar, J. A., 2007, Electrical resistivity investigation of gas hydrate distribution in Mississippii Canyon Block 118, Gulf of Mexio,http://204.154.137.14/technologies/oilgas/ FutureSupply/MethaneHydrates/projects/DOEPr ojects/MH_42959ElectricalResist.html, 13 Mayıs 2008.
  • Egorov, V.N., Luth, U., Luth, C. and Gulin, M.B., 1998, Gas seeps in the submarine Dnieper Canyon, Black Sea: acoustic, video and trawl data. In: U. Luth, C. Luth and H. Thiel (Editors), Methane gas seep explorations in the Black Sea (MEGASEEBS), Project Report. Ber. Zentrum Meeres- u. Klimaforsch. Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, p. 11-21.
  • Egorov, V.N., Polikarpov, G.G., Gulin, S.B., Artemov, Yu.G., Stokozov, N.A., Kostova, S.K., 2003, Modern conception about forming casting and ecological role of methane gas seeps from bottom of the Black Sea, Marine Ecological Journal, Vol. II. No. 3, 5-26.
  • Ergün, M., Çiftçi, G., Dondurur, D., ve Limonov, A., 2000, Karadeniz sedimanlarındagas hidrat olusumu ve etkilerinin arastırılması, TÜBITAK projesi, Proje Kodu: 100Y078.
  • Faraday, M., and Davy, H., 1823, On Fluid Chlorine, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 113, 160-165.
  • Garcia-Garcia, A., Orange, D.L., Maher, N.B., Heffernan, A.S., Fortier, G.S., Malone, 2004, Geophysical evidence for gas geohazards off Iskenderun Bay SE Turkey, Marine Geology, 21, 1255-1264.
  • Garcia-Gil, S., Vilas, F., Garcia-Garcia, A., 2002, Shallow gas features in incised valley fills (Rio de Vigo, NW Spain, Continental Shelf Research, 22, 2303-2315.
  • Géli, L., Henry, P., Dupré, S., Voelker, D., Zitter, T., Le Pichon, X., Tryon, M., Çağatay, N., and Shipboard Science Party, 2007, Acoustic detection of gas emissions within the submerged section of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the Sea of Marmara, AGU Fall meeting 10-14 December 2007, Abstracts B43E-1659, San Francisco, USA.
  • GEOMAR (Research Center for Marine Geosciences at the University of Kiel), 2000, http://www.marum.de/Galerie.html, 29 Nisan 2008.
  • Ginzburg, G.D., Kremlev, A.N., Grigoriev, M.N., Larkin, G.N., Pavlenkin, A.D., and Saltykova, N.A., 1990, Filtrogenic gas hydrates in the Black Sea, 21th Cruise of R/V evpatoria. Geologiya i Geofizika, 3, 10-19 (in Russian).
  • Grauls, D., 2001, Gas hydrates: importance and applications in petroleum exploration, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 18, 519-523.
  • Guerin, G., Goldberg, D.S., and Collett, T.S., 2006, Sonic velocities in an active gas hydrate system, Hydrate Ridge. In Tréhu, A.M., Bohrmann, G., Torres, M.E., and Colwell, F.S. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 204: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 1–38. doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.204.124.2006.
  • Güreli, M., 2008, Sismik yöntemlerle gaz hidratların aranması, ĠTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ġstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Haq, B. U., 1997, The rol of gas hydrates in climate change, Thalassas, 13, 127-134.
  • Hasiotis, T., Papatheodorou, G., Kastanos, N., and Ferentinos, G., 1996, A pockmark field in Patras Gulf (Greece) and its activation during the 14/7/93 seismic event, Marine Geology, 130, 333-344.
  • Henry, P., Zitter, T.A.C., Fornacciari, F., Geli, L., 2006, Cold seeps along the Main Marmara Fault: context and perspectives for monitoring, Nort Anatolian Fault - San Andreas Fault workshop in Istanbul Technical University, August 14-16, 2006, Istanbul.
  • Henry, P., Zitter, T. A. C., Le Pichon, X., Geli, L., Tryon, M.D., Mercier de Lepinay, B:, Çağatay, N.M., ġengör, A.M.C., Görür, N., Bourlange, S., and the Marnaut Scientific Party 2008, Cold seeps in the North Anatolian Fault zone, Sea of Marmara: hints for a deep connection, EGU General Assembly 2008, April 2008 Vienna, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, A-05747, Vienna, Austria.
  • Hermann, W.B., 2006, Nitrous oxide and methane in European coastal waters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 70, 361-374.
  • Huguen, C., Mascle, J., Chaumillon, E., Woodside, J.M., Benkhelil, J., Kopf, A., Volkonskaya, A., 2001, Deformational styles of the eastern Mediterranean Ridge and surroundings from combined swath mapping and seismic reflection profiling, Tectonophysics, 343, 21–47.
  • Huguen, C:, Mascle, J., Woodside, J.M., Zitter, T., Foucher, J.P., 2005, Mud volcanoes and mud domes of the Central Mediterranean Ridge: Nearbottom and in situ observation, Deep Sea Research Part 1: Oceanographic Research Papers, 52, 10, 1910-1931.
  • Hürriyet, 2005, Karadeniz'in dibinde dev çamur volkanı, http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/ goster/haber.aspx?id=3530552&tarih=2005-1117, 8 Temmuz 2008.
  • Hyndman, R.D., and Dallimore, S.R., 2001, Natural gas hydrate studies in Canada, Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 26, 11-20.
  • Hyndman, G.D., Spence, R., Chapman, M. R., and Edwards, R.N., 2007, Gas Hydrates Geophysical studies of marine gas hydrate in Northern Cascadia, http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/gashydrates/ncascadia/inde x_e.php#seismic, 14 Mayıs 2008.
  • Ivanov, M.K., Limonov, A.F., Cronin, B.T. (Eds.). 1996, Mud volcanism and fluid venting in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Ridge, Initial results of the geological and geophysical investigations during the fifth UNESCO-ESF „„Training-Through-Research‟‟ Cruise of RV Professor Logachev (July–September 1995), UNESCO reports in marine science 68, UNESCO, Paris, p.126.
  • Ivanov M.K., Koniukhov A.I., Kulnitskii L.M., and Musatov, A.A., 1989, Mud volcanism in the deep Black sea basin, Vestnik MGU, geologicheskaya seriya, N3.
  • Imren, C., X. Le Pichon, C. Rangin, E. Demirbağ, B. Ecevitoğlu, and N. Görür, 2001, The North Anatolian Fault within the Sea of Marmara: A new interpretation based on multi-channel seismic and multi-beam bathymetry data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 186, 143-158.
  • Judd, A., Hovland, M., 2007, Seabed Fluid Flow, The impact on Geology, Biology and the marine environment, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
  • Karabakal, U., and Parlaktuna, M., 2005, Natural gas hydrate Formation conditions of Black Sea – A Theoretical Approach, 15th International Petroleum and Natural Gas Congress and Exhibition of Turkey IPETGAS 2005, 11-13 May 3005.
  • Katz, H. R., 1981, Probable gas hydrate in continental slope east of the North Island, New Zealand, J. Pet. Geol. 3, 315-324.
  • Klauda, J.B., Sandler, S.I., 2003, Predictions of gas hydrate phase equilibria and amounts in natural sediment porous media, Marine Geology, 20,459-470.
  • Kopf, A., Klaeschen, D., Mascle, J., 2001, Extreme efficiency in dewatering accretionary prisms, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 189, 295-313.
  • Korsakov, O.D., Byakov, Y.A., and Stupak, S., 1989, Gas Hydrates in the Black Sea Basin, International Geology Review, 1251-1257.
  • Krastel, S., Spiess, V., Ivanov, M., Weinrebe, W., Bohrmann, G., Shashkin, P., Heidersdorf, F., 2003, Acoustic investigations of mud volcanoes in the Sorokin Trough, Black Sea, Geo-Mar Letter, 23, 230-238.
  • Kruglyakova, R.P., Byakov, Y.A., Kruglyakova, M.V., Chalenko, L.A. and Shevtsova, N.T., 2004, Natural oil and gas seeps on the Black Sea floor, Geo-Marine Letters, 24, 150-162.
  • Kusçu,I., Okamura, M., Matsuoka,H., Gökasaan,E., Awata,Y., Tur,H., ġimsek,M., Keçer,M., 2005, Seafloor gas seeps and sediment failures triggered by the August 17, 1999 earthquake in the Eastern part of the Gulf of Izmit, Sea of Marmara, NW Turkey, Marine Geology, 215, 193-241.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A., 1988, Methane hydrate-a major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere? Chemical Geology, 71, 41-51.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A., 1993, A primer on gas hydrates. In: Howel, D.G. (Ed.), The Future of Energy Gases, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1570, 279-291.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A., 1995, A review of the geochemistry of methane in natural gas hydrate, Org. Geochem., 23, 997-1008.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A., and Loreson, T. D., 2001, A global inventory of natural gas hydrate occurrence, USGS: Western Region Coastal and Marine.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A., and McMenamin, M. A., 1980, Hydrates of natural gas: A review of their geological occurrence, U.S. Geol. Circ., 825, 1-11.
  • Le Pichon, X., ġengör, AMC., Demirbağ, E., Rangin, C., Ġmren, C., Armijo, R., Görür, N., Çağatay, N., Mercier de Lepinay, B., Meyer, B., Saatçiler, R., Tok, B., 2001, The active main Marmara Fault, Earth Planet Sci Letter, 192, 595-616.
  • Limonov, A.F., Woodside, J.M., Cita, M.B., Ivanov, M.K., 1996, The Mediterranean Ridge and related mud diapirism: a background, Marine Geology 132, 7-19
  • Loncke, L., Mascle, J., and Fanil Scientific Parties, 2004, Mud volcanoes, gas chimneys, pockmarks and mounds in the Nile deep-sea fan (Eastern Mediterranean): geophydical evidences, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21, 669-689.
  • Makogon, Y.F., 1965, A gas hydrate formation in the gas saturated layers under low temperature, Gas Ind. 5.
  • Makogon, Y.F., 1974, Hydrate of Natural Gas, Nedra, Moscow, (237 pp.) 1974 Penn. Well Tulsa, USA.
  • Makogon, Y.F., 1997, Hydrates of Hydrocarbons, Penn. Well Publ. Co, Tulsa, USA.
  • Makogon, Y.F., Holditch, S.A., Makogon, T.Y., 2007, Natural gas-hydrates-A potential energy source for the 21st Century, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 56, 14-31.
  • MMS (Minerals Management Service of USA), 2008, http://www.mms.gov/offshore/Assets/GasHydrat eFiles/hydr_dist_IMapForClathColl.gif, 28 Nisan 2008.
  • Naudts, L., Greinert, J., Artemov, Y., Staelens, P., Poort, J., Van Rensbergen, P., De Batist, M., 2006, Geological and morphological setting of 2778 methane seeps in the Inepr Paleo-delta, NW Black Sea. Marine Geology, 227, 177-199.
  • Nisbet, E. G., 1990, The end of the ice-age, Can. J. Earth Sci. 27, 148-157.
  • Nisbet, E., and Piper, D. W., 1998, Giant submarine slides, Nature, 392, 329-330.
  • Okay, A.I., Demirbağ, E., Kurt, H., Okay, N., ve Kusçu, I., 1999, An active, deep marine strikeslip basin along the North Anatolian fault in Turkey, Tectonics, 18, 129-148.
  • Okay, A.I., A. Kaslilar-Ozcan, C. Imren, A. Boztepe Guney, E. Demirbag, I. Kuscu, 2000, Active faults and evolving strike-slip basins in the Marmara Sea, northwest Turkey: a multichannel seismic reflection study, Tectonophysics,321,189-218.
  • Okay, S., Çifçi G., Lericolais G., Bohrmann G., Ivanov M., 2006, A tributary canyon system, shallow gas accumulations and an unnamed mud volcano at Bosphorus outlet in Black Sea, European Geosciences Union, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 8, 08072, Vienna, 02-07 April 2006.
  • Okyar, M., Ediger, V., 1999, Seismic evidence of shallow gas in the sediment on the shelf of Trabzon, southeastern Black Sea, Continental Shelf Research, 19, 575-587.
  • Papatheodorou, G., Hesiotis, T., and Ferentinos, G., 1993, Gas charged sediments in the Aegean and Ionian Seas, Greece, Marine Geology, 112, 171-184.
  • Paull, C. K., Ussler, W., Dillon, W. P., 1991, Is the extent of glaciation limited by marine gas hydrates? Geophysical Research Letter, 18, 432-434.
  • Pecher, I.A., Henrys, S.A., Ellis, S., Chiswell, S.M., and Kukowski, N., 2005, Erosion of the seafloor at the top of the gas hydrate stability zone on the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32 , L24603, doi:10.1029/2005GL024687.
  • Poort, J., Kutas, R.I., Klerkx, J., Beaubien, S.B., Lombardi, S., Dimitrov, L., Vassilev, A., Naudts, L., 2007, Strong heat flow variability in an active shallow gas environment, Dnepr Paleodelta, Black Sea, Geo-Mar Letter, 27, 185-195.
  • Popescu, I., Lericolais, G., Panin, N., De Batist, M., Gillet, H., 2007, Seismic expression of gas and gas hydrates across the western Black Sea, GeoMar Letter, 27, 173-183.
  • Prensky, S.E., 1995, A review of gas hydrates and formation evaluation of hydrate-bearing reservoirs, 1995 meeting of the Society of Professional Well Log Analysts, June 26-29, Paris, France.
  • Rangin, C., Bader, A. G., Pascal, G., Ecevitoglu, B. and Görür, N., 2002, Deep structure of the Mid Black Sea High (offshore Turkey) imaged by multi-channel seismic survey (BLACKSIS curise), Marine Geology 182, 265-278.
  • Reeburgh, W. S., Ward, B. B.,Whalen, S. C., Sandbeck, K. A., Kilpatrick, K. A., and Kerkhof, L. J., 1991, Black Sea methane geochemistry, Deep-Sea Research, 38 (2), 1189-1210.
  • Rice, D.D., and Claypool, G.E., 1981, Generation, accumulation and resource potential of biogenic gas, AAPG Bulletin, 65, 5-25.
  • Robertson, A.H.F., Kopf, A., 1998, Tectonic Setting and Processes of Mud Volcanism on the Mediterranean Ridge Accretionary Complex: Evidence from Leg 160, In: Proceedings of the ODP, Science Results 160, College Station, TX, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 665-680.
  • Romankevich, E. A., 1984, Geochemistry of organic matter in the ocea, Berlin: Springer.
  • Rutherford, S.R., and Williams, R.H., 1989, Amplitude-versus-offset variations in gas sand, Geophys., 54, 6880-688.
  • Sahling, H., Blinova, V., Bürk, D., Çifçi, G., S., Dondurur, D., Klaucke, I., Lursmanashvili, N., Okay, S., Renken, J., Schott, T., 2004, Report and preliminary results of R/V Poseidon Cruise P317/4, Istanbul-Istanbul, 16 October-4 November 2004, berichte, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universitat Bremen, No.235, 92 pages, Bremen.
  • Schmale, O., Greinert, J. and Rehder, G., 2005, Methane emission from high-intensity marine gas seeps in the Black Sea into the atmosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, 32(L07609): doi:10.1029/2004GL021138.
  • Sloan, E.D., 1990, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, Marcel Dekker, New York.
  • Sloan, E.D., 1998, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, Second edition, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
  • Soter, S., 1999, Macroscopic seismic anomalies and submarine pockmarks in the Corinth–Patras rift, Greece, Tectonophysics, 308, 275–290.
  • Sengör, A.M.C., Görür, N., Saroğlu, F., Biddle, K.T., Christie- Blick, N., 1985, Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape; Turkey as a case study. Strike-slip deformation, basin formation, and sedimentation, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 37, 227-264.
  • Taymaz, T., 2001, Active tectonics of the north and central Aegean Sea, Symposia on Seismotectonics of the north-western Anatolia Aegean and Recent Turkish Earthquakes, May 8, 2001, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul.
  • Taymaz, T., Jackson, J.A. & McKenzie, D., 1991, Active Tectonics of the North and Central Aegean Sea, Geophys. J. Int., 106, 433-490.
  • ten Veen, J.H., Woodside M., Zitter, T.A.C., Dumont, J.F., Mascle, J., Volkonskaia, A., 2004, Neotectonic evolution of the Anaximander Mountains at the junction of the Hellenic and Cyprus Arcs, Tectonophysics, 391, 35-65.
  • Tinivella, U. and Carcione, J.M., 2001, Estimation of gas-hydrate concentration and free-gas saturation from log and seismic data, Lead. Edge 20 2, 200-203.
  • USGS (United State Geological Survey), 1992, http://marine.er.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/gashydrates/gas-hydrates-3.gif, 28 Nisan 2008.
  • USGS (United State Geological Survey), 2004, http://geology.usgs.gov/connections/ mms/joint_projects/Methane.htm, 28 Nisan 2008.
  • USGS (United State Geological Survey), 2006, http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/projectpages/hydrates/what.html, 29 Nisan 2008.
  • Vanneste, M., Poort, J., Batist, M.D., Klerkx, J., 2002, A typical heat-flow near gas hydrate irregularities and cold seeps in the Baikal Rift Zone, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 19, 10, 1257-1274.
  • Vassilev, A. and Dimitrov, L., 2002, Spatial and quantity evaluation of the Black Sea gas hydrates, Russian Geology and Geophysics, 43, 637-649.
  • Weitemeyer, K., Constable, S., Key, K., 2006, Marine EM techniques for gas hydrate detection and hazard mitigation, The Leading Edge, May, 629-632.
  • Wessel, P., Smith, W.H.F., 1995, New version of the Generic Mapping Tools released, Eos, 76 (33), 329.
  • Woodside, J.M., Ivanov, M.K., Limonov, A.F., 1998, Shallow gas and gas hydrates in the Anaximander Mountains region, eastern Mediterranean Sea. In: Henriet, J.P., Mienert, J. (Eds.), Gas Hydrates: Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change, Geological Society, Special Publications, London, 137, 177-193.
  • Woodside, J.M., Mascle, J., Zitter, T.A.C., Limonov, A.F., Ergun, M., Volkonskaia, A., 2002, The florence Rise, the western bend of the Cyprus Arc, Marine Geology 185, 177-194.
  • Yamano, M., Uyeda, S., Aoki, Y., and Shipley, T.H., 1982, Estimates of heat flow derived from gas hydrates, Geology , 10 , 339-343.
  • Yefremova, A.G., and Zhizhchenko, B.P., 1974, Occurrence of crystal hydrates of gases in the sediments of modern marine basins, Doklady Akademii Nauk, SSSR Earth Science Section 214, 219-220.
  • Yuan, T., R.D. Hyndman, G.D. Spence, and B. Desmons, 1996, Seismic velocity increase and deep-sea gas hydrate concentration above a bottom-simulating reflector on the northern Cascadia continental slope, J. of Geophys. Res., 101, 13,655-13, 671.
  • Zillmer, M., Flueh, E.R., Peterson, J., 2005, Seismic investigation of a bottom simulating reflector and quantification of gas hydrate in the Black Sea, Geophysical Journal International, 161, 662-678.
  • Zitter, T.A.C., Huguen, C., Woodside, J.M., 2005, Geology of mud volcanoes in the eastern Mediterranean from combined sidescan sonar and submersible surveys, Deep-Sea Research I, 52, 457-475.
There are 121 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Neslihan Ocakoğlu This is me

Publication Date March 20, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 22 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ocakoğlu, N. (2012). Gaz Hidratlar ve Önemi: Türkiye Çevresi Denizlerde Gaz Hidrat ve Sığ Gaz Aramaları. İstanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 22(1), 29-47.
AMA Ocakoğlu N. Gaz Hidratlar ve Önemi: Türkiye Çevresi Denizlerde Gaz Hidrat ve Sığ Gaz Aramaları. İstanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi. March 2012;22(1):29-47.
Chicago Ocakoğlu, Neslihan. “Gaz Hidratlar Ve Önemi: Türkiye Çevresi Denizlerde Gaz Hidrat Ve Sığ Gaz Aramaları”. İstanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi 22, no. 1 (March 2012): 29-47.
EndNote Ocakoğlu N (March 1, 2012) Gaz Hidratlar ve Önemi: Türkiye Çevresi Denizlerde Gaz Hidrat ve Sığ Gaz Aramaları. İstanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi 22 1 29–47.
IEEE N. Ocakoğlu, “Gaz Hidratlar ve Önemi: Türkiye Çevresi Denizlerde Gaz Hidrat ve Sığ Gaz Aramaları”, İstanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 29–47, 2012.
ISNAD Ocakoğlu, Neslihan. “Gaz Hidratlar Ve Önemi: Türkiye Çevresi Denizlerde Gaz Hidrat Ve Sığ Gaz Aramaları”. İstanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi 22/1 (March 2012), 29-47.
JAMA Ocakoğlu N. Gaz Hidratlar ve Önemi: Türkiye Çevresi Denizlerde Gaz Hidrat ve Sığ Gaz Aramaları. İstanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi. 2012;22:29–47.
MLA Ocakoğlu, Neslihan. “Gaz Hidratlar Ve Önemi: Türkiye Çevresi Denizlerde Gaz Hidrat Ve Sığ Gaz Aramaları”. İstanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 1, 2012, pp. 29-47.
Vancouver Ocakoğlu N. Gaz Hidratlar ve Önemi: Türkiye Çevresi Denizlerde Gaz Hidrat ve Sığ Gaz Aramaları. İstanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi. 2012;22(1):29-47.