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Why is China Still Politically Communist When Russia Left Communism?

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 1 - 7, 13.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.47899/ijss.1073389

Abstract

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and China sought to balance each other as well as stand against capitalism, particularly in their relations with neighboring and other countries around the globe. While the political understanding sprouting from the same ideological foundations gradually disappeared in Russia, it maintains its influence in China. The most distinctive feature of this separation is the political perspectives, which are moving in different directions ideologically. In this study, the reasons for this ideological differentiation will be analyzed. In this context, China's interpretation of "new communism" and how the end of the Cold War after the collapse of the Soviet Union shaped the subsequent policies of China, which was directly affected by the USSR in the 20th century. Simultaneously, the military and political differences between Moscow and Beijing during the Cold War will be investigated. Finally, after disregarding the parallels, the motives for the continuity of communism in China are aimed at explaining, using the available data.

Thanks

I would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Necip Arman for his guidance, and Assist. Prof. Dr. Ali Bilgenoğlu for his constructive comments on my article.

References

  • Arnason, Johann P. 2000. “Communism and Modernity”, Daedalus, Vol. 129 No. 1: 61–90. Accessed February 22, 2022. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20027615.
  • Arnason, Johann P. 2003. “Entangled Communisms Imperial Revolutions in Russia and China”, European Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 6, No. 3: 307-325. Accessed February 21, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310030063003.
  • Brown, Kerry. 2012. "The Communist Party of China and Ideology", China: An International Journal, Vol. 10, No.2: 52–68. Accessed January 27, 2021.
  • Brucan, Silviu. 1998. "Communism versus Capitalism: A False Issue: A Review ", Fernand Braudel Center, Vol. 21, No. 2: 201-05. Accessed January 28, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40241425.
  • Burki, Shadid Javed. 2017. Rising Powers and Global Governance: Changes and Challenges for the World's Nations, Palgrave Macmillan, 978-1-349-94917-5.
  • Chari, P. R. 1979. "Indo-Soviet Military Cooperation: A Review", Asian Survey, Vol. 19, No. 3: 230-44. Accessed January 20, 2021. doi:10.2307/2643691.
  • Daniels, Robert V. 2007. The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia, Yale University Press, ISBN: 978-0-300-10649-7.
  • Dynon, Nicholas. 2008. "Four Civilizations" and the Evolution of Post-Mao Chinese Socialist Ideology", The China Journal, No. 60: 83-109. Accessed January 26, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20647989.
  • Garver, John W. 1993. "The Chinese Communist Party and the Collapse of Soviet Communism", The China Quarterly, No. 133: 1-26. Accessed January 19, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/654237.
  • Goldstone, Jack A. 1995. "The Coming Chinese Collapse", Foreign Policy, No. 99: 35-53. Accessed January 24, 2021. doi:10.2307/1149004.
  • Hardt, Michael. 2010. “The Common in Communism”,
  • Rethinking Marxism, Vol. 22, No. 3: 346-356, doi:10.1080/08935696.2010.490365.
  • Kennan, George F. 1990. "Communism in Russian History", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 5: 168-86. Accessed January 23, 2021. doi:10.2307/20044607.
  • Kim, Y. C. 2015. "Economic Transition in China and Russia", European Scientific Journal, Special Edition, Vol. 1, ISSN: 1857 – 7881.
  • Kissinger, Henry. 2012. On China, The Penguin Press, ISBN 978-1-59420-271-1.
  • Kolko, Gabriel. 1997. "Privatizing Communism: Politics and Market Economics in Russia and China", World Policy Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1: 23-34. Accessed January 23, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40209514.
  • Li, He. 2006. "Emergence of the Chinese Middle Class and Its Implications", Asian Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 2: 67-83. Accessed January 27, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30172645.
  • Lüthi, Lorenz M. 2010. The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, Princeton Studies in International History and Politics, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781400837625.
  • Lüthi, Lorenz M. 2012. “Restoring Chaos to History: Sino-Soviet-American Relations, 1969”, The China Quarterly, Vol. 210: 378-397. doi:10.1017/S030574101200046X.
  • Novokmet, Filip, Thomas Piketty, Li Yang, and Gabriel Zucman. 2018. "From Communism to Capitalism: Private versus Public Property and Inequality in China and Russia", American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 108: 109-13. Accessed January 24, 2021. doi:10.2307/26452715.
  • Pei, Minxin. 1998. From Reform to Revolution: The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-32564-8.
  • Putterman, Louis. 1994. "China's "Transition Under Communism", The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 1: 103-12. Accessed January 23, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24595458.
  • Rostow, W. W. 1955. "Russia and China Under Communism", World Politics, Vol. 7, No. 4: 513–531. Accessed February 22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009054.
  • Sandholtz, Wayne & Taagepera Rein. 2005. "Corruption, Culture, and Communism", International Review of Sociology, Vol. 15, No.1: 109-131, doi: 10.1080/03906700500038678.
  • Scalapino, Robert A. 1964. "Sino-Soviet Competition in Africa", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 4: 640-54. Accessed January 20, 2021. doi:10.2307/20029719.
  • Schwartz, Benjamin I. 1968. Communism and China, Harvard University Press.
  • Shleifer, Andrei, and Daniel Treisman. 2005. "A Normal Country: Russia after Communism", The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 19, No. 1: 151-74. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4134997.
  • Trenin, D. 2009. "Russia Reborn: Reimagining Moscow’s Foreign Policy", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 6: 64–78. Accessed February 22, 2022. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20699716.
  • Zagoria, Donald S. 1991. "The End of the Cold War in Asia: Its Impact on China", Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 38, No. 2: 1-11. Accessed January 27, 2021. doi:10.2307

Rusya Komünizmi Terk Etmişken Çin Neden Hala Politik Olarak Komünist Olmaya Devam Ediyor?

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 1 - 7, 13.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.47899/ijss.1073389

Abstract

Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği (SSCB) ve Çin, özellikle komşu ülkeler ve dünyadaki diğer ülkelerle ilişkilerinde, kapitalizme karşı durmanın yanı sıra birbirlerini dengelemeye çalıştılar. Aynı ideolojik temellerden filizlenen siyaset anlayışı Rusya'da yavaş yavaş yok olurken, Çin'de etkisini sürdürmeye devam etmektedir. Bu ayrımın en belirgin özelliği, ideolojik olarak farklı yönlerde hareket eden ülke siyasetleridir. Çalışmada, bu ideolojik farklılaşmanın nedenleri araştırılacak; Çin'in "yeni komünizm" yorumu analiz edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Bu bağlamda Soğuk Savaş'ın sona ermesi ve Sovyetler Birliği'nin yıkılmasının, 20. yüzyılda SSCB’den doğrudan etkilenen Çin'in politikalarını ne yönde şekillendirdiği mercek altına alınacaktır. Buna paralel olarak, Soğuk Savaş döneminde Moskova ile Pekin arasındaki askeri ve siyasi ayrım incelenecek; son olarak, benzerlikler bir kenara bırakıldıktan sonra, Çin'de komünizmin devam etmesinin nedenleri mevcut verilerle açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.

References

  • Arnason, Johann P. 2000. “Communism and Modernity”, Daedalus, Vol. 129 No. 1: 61–90. Accessed February 22, 2022. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20027615.
  • Arnason, Johann P. 2003. “Entangled Communisms Imperial Revolutions in Russia and China”, European Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 6, No. 3: 307-325. Accessed February 21, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310030063003.
  • Brown, Kerry. 2012. "The Communist Party of China and Ideology", China: An International Journal, Vol. 10, No.2: 52–68. Accessed January 27, 2021.
  • Brucan, Silviu. 1998. "Communism versus Capitalism: A False Issue: A Review ", Fernand Braudel Center, Vol. 21, No. 2: 201-05. Accessed January 28, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40241425.
  • Burki, Shadid Javed. 2017. Rising Powers and Global Governance: Changes and Challenges for the World's Nations, Palgrave Macmillan, 978-1-349-94917-5.
  • Chari, P. R. 1979. "Indo-Soviet Military Cooperation: A Review", Asian Survey, Vol. 19, No. 3: 230-44. Accessed January 20, 2021. doi:10.2307/2643691.
  • Daniels, Robert V. 2007. The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia, Yale University Press, ISBN: 978-0-300-10649-7.
  • Dynon, Nicholas. 2008. "Four Civilizations" and the Evolution of Post-Mao Chinese Socialist Ideology", The China Journal, No. 60: 83-109. Accessed January 26, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20647989.
  • Garver, John W. 1993. "The Chinese Communist Party and the Collapse of Soviet Communism", The China Quarterly, No. 133: 1-26. Accessed January 19, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/654237.
  • Goldstone, Jack A. 1995. "The Coming Chinese Collapse", Foreign Policy, No. 99: 35-53. Accessed January 24, 2021. doi:10.2307/1149004.
  • Hardt, Michael. 2010. “The Common in Communism”,
  • Rethinking Marxism, Vol. 22, No. 3: 346-356, doi:10.1080/08935696.2010.490365.
  • Kennan, George F. 1990. "Communism in Russian History", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 5: 168-86. Accessed January 23, 2021. doi:10.2307/20044607.
  • Kim, Y. C. 2015. "Economic Transition in China and Russia", European Scientific Journal, Special Edition, Vol. 1, ISSN: 1857 – 7881.
  • Kissinger, Henry. 2012. On China, The Penguin Press, ISBN 978-1-59420-271-1.
  • Kolko, Gabriel. 1997. "Privatizing Communism: Politics and Market Economics in Russia and China", World Policy Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1: 23-34. Accessed January 23, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40209514.
  • Li, He. 2006. "Emergence of the Chinese Middle Class and Its Implications", Asian Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 2: 67-83. Accessed January 27, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30172645.
  • Lüthi, Lorenz M. 2010. The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, Princeton Studies in International History and Politics, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781400837625.
  • Lüthi, Lorenz M. 2012. “Restoring Chaos to History: Sino-Soviet-American Relations, 1969”, The China Quarterly, Vol. 210: 378-397. doi:10.1017/S030574101200046X.
  • Novokmet, Filip, Thomas Piketty, Li Yang, and Gabriel Zucman. 2018. "From Communism to Capitalism: Private versus Public Property and Inequality in China and Russia", American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 108: 109-13. Accessed January 24, 2021. doi:10.2307/26452715.
  • Pei, Minxin. 1998. From Reform to Revolution: The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-32564-8.
  • Putterman, Louis. 1994. "China's "Transition Under Communism", The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 1: 103-12. Accessed January 23, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24595458.
  • Rostow, W. W. 1955. "Russia and China Under Communism", World Politics, Vol. 7, No. 4: 513–531. Accessed February 22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009054.
  • Sandholtz, Wayne & Taagepera Rein. 2005. "Corruption, Culture, and Communism", International Review of Sociology, Vol. 15, No.1: 109-131, doi: 10.1080/03906700500038678.
  • Scalapino, Robert A. 1964. "Sino-Soviet Competition in Africa", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 4: 640-54. Accessed January 20, 2021. doi:10.2307/20029719.
  • Schwartz, Benjamin I. 1968. Communism and China, Harvard University Press.
  • Shleifer, Andrei, and Daniel Treisman. 2005. "A Normal Country: Russia after Communism", The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 19, No. 1: 151-74. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4134997.
  • Trenin, D. 2009. "Russia Reborn: Reimagining Moscow’s Foreign Policy", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 6: 64–78. Accessed February 22, 2022. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20699716.
  • Zagoria, Donald S. 1991. "The End of the Cold War in Asia: Its Impact on China", Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 38, No. 2: 1-11. Accessed January 27, 2021. doi:10.2307
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Ata Taha Kuveloğlu 0000-0002-1999-9366

Early Pub Date April 1, 2022
Publication Date March 13, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kuveloğlu, A. T. (2022). Why is China Still Politically Communist When Russia Left Communism?. İzmir Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.47899/ijss.1073389
İzmir Journal of Social Sciences © 2019
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