Türkiye'nin nükleer enerji programına ilgi duyması, ülkenin hızla artan elektrik tüketimini karşılarken aynı zamanda ekonomik kalkınmaya da yardımcı olma gerekliliğine bağlanabilir. Nükleere yeni başlayan bir ülke ve küresel nükleer silahların yayılmasını önleme rejiminin bir üyesi olarak Türkiye, 1970'lerden beri sivil nükleer teknolojiyle ilgilemektedir. Yerli enerji üretimindeki önemli gelişmelere rağmen ülkenin enerji ihtiyacı hala büyük ölçüde ithal enerji ile karşılanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda elektrik üretimi için kaynakların çeşitlendirilmesi ülke için büyük önem arz etmektedir.
Akkuyu Nükleer Güç Santrali (NGS) projesi, kendine has modeliyle (BOO modeli) ülkenin ilk NGS'sinin inşası için benzersiz bir konsept önermektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışma Türkiye'nin elektrik talebini, nükleer enerji üretimi için motivasyonlarını ve bu alanda sonuçlandırdığı hükümetler arası anlaşmanın maddelerini incelemektedir. Son olarak, nükleere yeni giren bir ülke olarak, Nükleer Düzenleme Kurumu'nun (NDK) nükleer iç hukuk ve uluslararası nükleer hukuk çerçevesindeki önemi vurgulanmaktadır.
International Energy Agency (IEA), (2021) Turkey Energy Review, https://www.iea.org/reports/turkey-2021 (accessed on 09/05/2023).
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), (2022). Country Nuclear Power Profiles, “Turkey”, https://cnpp.iaea.org/countryprofiles/Turkey/Turkey.htm (accessed on 12/05/2023).
International Atomic Enegy Agency (IAEA), (2023). IAEA Chief Highlights Sustainable Energy as First Nuclear Fuel Arrives in Türkiye, https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/iaeachiefhighlights-sustainable-energy-as-first-nuclear-fuel-arrivesinturkiye#:~:text=Arrives%20in%20T%C3%BCrkiye,IAEA%20Chief%20Highlights%20Sustainable%20Energy%20as%20First%20Nuclear%20Fuel%20Arrives%20in%20T%C3%BCrkiye,Joanne%20Burge%2C (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Kibaroğlu M. (1997). Turkey’s Quest for Peaceful Nuclear Power, Nonproliferation Review. Spring-Summer, Vol. 4. No. 3. P. 33-44.
Kumbaroğlu G. (2011). “The Economics of Nuclear Power in the Turkish Context” in Sinan Ülgen (ed.) The Turkish Model for Transition to Nuclear Energy-I, Istanbul: Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, P. 86-103.
Kumbaroğlu G. (2015). Turkey and Nuclear Energy, in Perkovich G., Ülgen S. (eds.) Turkey's Nuclear Future, Washington: Carnegie Endowment Press, P. 9-38.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, (2013). Joint Declaration by the Government of Japan and the Government of the Republic of Turkey on Cooperation in the Field of Nuclear Energy and Science and Technology, May 3,2013,http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/000018378.pdf (accessed on 10/05/2023).
Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR), (2023). Electricity, https://enerji.gov.tr/infobank-energy-electricity (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR). Electricity, https://enerji.gov.tr/infobank-energy-electricity (accessed on 09/05/2023).
Republic of Turkey, Nuclear Regulatory Authority, (2023). Nuclear Regulation Law, Law No: 7381, Official Gazette: 8/3/2022 and No: 31772 https://webim.ndk.gov.tr/file/7f48e3ed-66cc-4d6a-b0b2-c3fec6ba6c1d (accessed on 09/05/2023).
Republic of Turkey, Nuclear Regulatory Authority, (2022). https://www.ndk.gov.tr/akkuyu-nukleer-santrali (accessed on 09/05/2023).
Resmi Gazete (2010). Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Türkiye and the Russian Federation on Cooperation in Relation to the Construction and Operation of a Nuclear Power Plant at the Akkuyu Site in the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/10/20101006-6-1.pdf (accessed on 19/05/2023).
Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Turkey’s Energy Strategy,www.mfa.gov.tr/turkeys-energy-strategy.en.mfa (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Turkish Nuclear Regulatory Authority. International Agreements and Conventions Signed/Approved by the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.ndk.gov.tr/en-US/international-treaties (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Turkish Nuclear Regulatory Authority, (2023). Nuclear Regulation Law, Law No: 7381, Official Gazette: 8/3/2022 and No: 31772 https://webim.ndk.gov.tr/file/7f48e3ed-66cc-4d6a-b0b2-c3fec6ba6c1d (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Turkish Nuclear Regulatory Authority, (2022). Akkuyu Nükleer Santrali, https://www.ndk.gov.tr/akkuyu-nukleer-santrali (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Ülgen S., Stein A. (2012). “Efforts to Control the Atom and the Transfer of Nuclear Technology: An Evaluation from Turkey’s Perspective”, in Sinan Ülgen (ed.) The Turkish Model for Transition to Nuclear Energy-II, Istanbul: Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, P. 53-86.
Varnum J.C. (2010). “Turkey in Transition: Toward or Away From Nuclear Weapons?” in Potter W.C., Mukhatzhanova G. (eds.). Forecasting Nuclear Proliferation in the 21st Century: Volume 2. A Comparative Perspective, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, P. 229-254.
Nuclear Power Program in Turkey as a Nuclear Newcomer Country
Year 2023,
Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 58 - 66, 18.07.2023
Turkey's interest in pursuing a nuclear power program can be attributed to the necessity to meet the country's fast expanding electricity consumption while also assisting economic development. Turkey, as a nuclear newcomer country and a member of the global nonproliferation regime, has been interested in civilian nuclear technology since 1970s. Despite substantial development in domestic energy output, Turkey still relies heavily on imported energy. In this regard, diversification of resources to generate electricity presents significant importance for the country.
Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) project proposes a unique concept for the construction of the country's first NPP with its own model (BOO model). The paper examines Turkey's electricity demand, the motivations for pursuing nuclear energy, and the substance of the parties' intergovernmental agreement for the BOO madel. Finally, as a nuclear newcomer country, the significance of the Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NRA) in the framework of the domestic legal law and international nuclear law is emphasized.
International Energy Agency (IEA), (2021) Turkey Energy Review, https://www.iea.org/reports/turkey-2021 (accessed on 09/05/2023).
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), (2022). Country Nuclear Power Profiles, “Turkey”, https://cnpp.iaea.org/countryprofiles/Turkey/Turkey.htm (accessed on 12/05/2023).
International Atomic Enegy Agency (IAEA), (2023). IAEA Chief Highlights Sustainable Energy as First Nuclear Fuel Arrives in Türkiye, https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/iaeachiefhighlights-sustainable-energy-as-first-nuclear-fuel-arrivesinturkiye#:~:text=Arrives%20in%20T%C3%BCrkiye,IAEA%20Chief%20Highlights%20Sustainable%20Energy%20as%20First%20Nuclear%20Fuel%20Arrives%20in%20T%C3%BCrkiye,Joanne%20Burge%2C (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Kibaroğlu M. (1997). Turkey’s Quest for Peaceful Nuclear Power, Nonproliferation Review. Spring-Summer, Vol. 4. No. 3. P. 33-44.
Kumbaroğlu G. (2011). “The Economics of Nuclear Power in the Turkish Context” in Sinan Ülgen (ed.) The Turkish Model for Transition to Nuclear Energy-I, Istanbul: Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, P. 86-103.
Kumbaroğlu G. (2015). Turkey and Nuclear Energy, in Perkovich G., Ülgen S. (eds.) Turkey's Nuclear Future, Washington: Carnegie Endowment Press, P. 9-38.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, (2013). Joint Declaration by the Government of Japan and the Government of the Republic of Turkey on Cooperation in the Field of Nuclear Energy and Science and Technology, May 3,2013,http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/000018378.pdf (accessed on 10/05/2023).
Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR), (2023). Electricity, https://enerji.gov.tr/infobank-energy-electricity (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR). Electricity, https://enerji.gov.tr/infobank-energy-electricity (accessed on 09/05/2023).
Republic of Turkey, Nuclear Regulatory Authority, (2023). Nuclear Regulation Law, Law No: 7381, Official Gazette: 8/3/2022 and No: 31772 https://webim.ndk.gov.tr/file/7f48e3ed-66cc-4d6a-b0b2-c3fec6ba6c1d (accessed on 09/05/2023).
Republic of Turkey, Nuclear Regulatory Authority, (2022). https://www.ndk.gov.tr/akkuyu-nukleer-santrali (accessed on 09/05/2023).
Resmi Gazete (2010). Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Türkiye and the Russian Federation on Cooperation in Relation to the Construction and Operation of a Nuclear Power Plant at the Akkuyu Site in the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/10/20101006-6-1.pdf (accessed on 19/05/2023).
Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Turkey’s Energy Strategy,www.mfa.gov.tr/turkeys-energy-strategy.en.mfa (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Turkish Nuclear Regulatory Authority. International Agreements and Conventions Signed/Approved by the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.ndk.gov.tr/en-US/international-treaties (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Turkish Nuclear Regulatory Authority, (2023). Nuclear Regulation Law, Law No: 7381, Official Gazette: 8/3/2022 and No: 31772 https://webim.ndk.gov.tr/file/7f48e3ed-66cc-4d6a-b0b2-c3fec6ba6c1d (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Turkish Nuclear Regulatory Authority, (2022). Akkuyu Nükleer Santrali, https://www.ndk.gov.tr/akkuyu-nukleer-santrali (accessed on 12/05/2023).
Ülgen S., Stein A. (2012). “Efforts to Control the Atom and the Transfer of Nuclear Technology: An Evaluation from Turkey’s Perspective”, in Sinan Ülgen (ed.) The Turkish Model for Transition to Nuclear Energy-II, Istanbul: Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, P. 53-86.
Varnum J.C. (2010). “Turkey in Transition: Toward or Away From Nuclear Weapons?” in Potter W.C., Mukhatzhanova G. (eds.). Forecasting Nuclear Proliferation in the 21st Century: Volume 2. A Comparative Perspective, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, P. 229-254.
Pekar, C. (2023). Nuclear Power Program in Turkey as a Nuclear Newcomer Country. İzmir Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.47899/ijss.1311365