NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması

Berkay Yılmaz; Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk

doi:10.46453/jader.1944494

EN TR

NDSG! Application Of A New Image Classification Index On Patara Coastal Dune

Abstract

In the Mediterranean basin, where coastal dune areas are rapidly declining under anthropogenic and climatic pressures, quantifying these losses is of great importance for conservation and planning policies. This study examines the spatial changes between 1985 and 2023 at the Patara Coastal Dune, located on the Muğla–Antalya provincial boundary in southwestern Turkey and representing one of the most extensive dune ecosystems in the Mediterranean basin, using remote sensing methods. In this study, Landsat 5TM, Landsat 7 ETM+, and Sentinel-2 satellite images were employed; in addition to standard indices such as NDVI and BSI, a novel index — the Normalized Difference Sand-Greenhouse (NDSG) — was developed to distinguish greenhouse areas from dune surfaces spectrally. The Random Forest algorithm was applied for dune detection and classification, with the resulting model yielding overall accuracy and Kappa values in the ranges of 0.93–0.98 and 0.87–0.96, respectively. According to the analysis results, the dune area declined from 10.5 km² in 1985 to 3.4 km² in 2023, representing a loss of approximately 68% over roughly 38 years. The primary drivers of this loss include systematic afforestation programs, the expansion of agricultural and greenhouse activities. These findings highlight the critical importance of the Patara Coastal Dune for coastal protection, biodiversity, and cultural heritage, and underscore the urgent need for remedial action.

Keywords

Coastal Dunes, Patara Coastal Dune, Normalized Difference Sand-Greenhouse, Remote Sensing

NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması

Abstract

Kıyı kumulu alanlarının antropojenik ve iklimsel baskılar altında hızla azaldığı Akdeniz havzasında, bu kayıpların nicel olarak ortaya konulması koruma ve planlama politikaları açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin güneybatısında Muğla-Antalya il sınırında yer alan, Akdeniz havzasının en geniş kumul ekosistemlerinden birini oluşturan ve deniz kaplumbağaları açısından son derece önemli olan Patara Kıyı Kumulu’nda 1985-2023 yılları arasındaki alansal değişim uzaktan algılama yöntemleriyle incelenmiştir. Çalışmada Landsat 5TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ ve Sentinel-2 uydu görüntüleri, NDVI ve BSI gibi standart indekslerin yanı sıra, sera alanlarının kumullardan ayrıştırılmasını sağlamak amacıyla bu çalışma kapsamında geliştirilen Normalized Difference Sand-Greenhouse (NDSG) indeksi kullanılmıştır. Kumul alanlarının tespiti ve sınıflandırılmasında Random Forest algoritması uygulanmış genel doğruluk ve Kappa değerlerini sırasıyla 0,93–0,98 ve 0,87–0,96 aralıklarında vermiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre çıplak kumul alanı, 1985 yılında 10,5 km² iken 2023 yılında 3,4 km²’ye gerilemiş; bu durum çıplak kumul alanında 38 yılda %68 oranında bir alan kaybına karşılık gelmektedir. Kayıpların başlıca nedenleri arasında sistematik ağaçlandırma çalışmaları, tarımsal ve seracılık faaliyetlerinin yaygınlaşması yer almaktadır. Bu bulgular, Patara Kıyı Kumulu’nun kıyı koruma, biyolojik çeşitlilik ve kültürel miras bağlamında taşıdığı önemi vurgulayarak acil önlemler alınmasının gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

Kıyı Kumulları, Patara Kıyı Kumulu, Normalized Difference Sand-Greenhouse, Uzaktan Algılama

References

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Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Geographic Information Systems, Physical Geography, Remote Sensing

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Berkay Yılmaz ^*
0000-0003-4907-3588
Türkiye

Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk
0000-0002-9834-7680
Türkiye

Publication Date

July 13, 2026

Submission Date

May 5, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 12, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 17

DOI

https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1944494

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA28BF36SE

APA

Yılmaz, B., & Öztürk, M. Z. (2026). NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17. https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1944494

AMA

1.Yılmaz B, Öztürk MZ. NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması. JADER. 2026;(17). doi:10.46453/jader.1944494

Chicago

Yılmaz, Berkay, and Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk. 2026. “NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması”. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi, nos. 17. https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1944494.

EndNote

Yılmaz B, Öztürk MZ (July 1, 2026) NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi 17

IEEE

[1]B. Yılmaz and M. Z. Öztürk, “NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması”, JADER, no. 17, July 2026, doi: 10.46453/jader.1944494.

ISNAD

Yılmaz, Berkay - Öztürk, Muhammed Zeynel. “NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması”. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi. 17 (July 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1944494.

JAMA

1.Yılmaz B, Öztürk MZ. NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması. JADER. 2026. doi:10.46453/jader.1944494.

MLA

Yılmaz, Berkay, and Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk. “NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması”. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi, no. 17, July 2026, doi:10.46453/jader.1944494.

Vancouver

1.Berkay Yılmaz, Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk. NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması. JADER. 2026 Jul. 1;(17). doi:10.46453/jader.1944494

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- Turkish Abstract + Keywords
- English Abstract + Keywords
- Main Text (Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Conclusion, Discussion, Recommendations)
- Acknowledgments
- References and Appendices (if any)

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Abstract
Abstracts must be prepared in both Turkish and English, not exceeding 300 words. They should include the aim, study area (if applicable), materials and methods, main findings, and main conclusions. At the end of the abstract, 4–5 keywords must be provided.
For manuscripts written entirely in English, a Turkish abstract is not required.
Abstracts must be formatted in 8-point font, justified alignment.

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Figures, Tables, and Maps
All visual materials (maps, graphics, diagrams, photographs, etc.) must be labeled as “Figure,” while tables must be labeled as “Table.”
Each visual must include both Turkish and English captions.
Figures must be of high quality, with a minimum resolution of 300 dpi (preferably 600 dpi), in JPEG, PNG, or TIFF format.
All figures must be numbered consecutively and placed in the appropriate location within the text.
Maps must include scale and orientation indicators.

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References and Citations
The **APA citation style** must be used. APA guidelines can be downloaded [here].
In-text citations should be ordered chronologically (from oldest to newest).
The reference list must be arranged alphabetically by author surname, and within each author’s works, chronologically (from oldest to newest).

Ethical Principles and Publication Policy

Publication Ethics and Responsibilities

The publication processes applied in the *Journal of Geomorphological Research (JADER)* form the foundation for the impartial and respected development and dissemination of knowledge. These processes directly reflect the quality of the work of authors and their supporting institutions. Peer-reviewed studies embody and reinforce the scientific method. Therefore, it is essential that all stakeholders in the process (authors, readers, researchers, publishers, reviewers, and editors) adhere to ethical standards. Within the framework of publication ethics, JADER expects all stakeholders to uphold the following responsibilities.

The ethical duties and responsibilities outlined below have been prepared in accordance with the guidelines and policies published by the **Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)**.

Publishing an article in a peer-reviewed journal is a fundamental building block in the development of a coherent and respected network of knowledge. This reflects directly on the quality of the work of authors and their institutions. Peer-reviewed articles support and shape scientific methods. Therefore, agreement on expected ethical standards is important for all parties involved in publishing: authors, journal editors, reviewers, and publishers.

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### 1. Authors’ Ethical Responsibilities
- Copyright cannot be claimed for manuscripts submitted to the journal.
- Submitted manuscripts must be original.
- References must be complete, and all cited sources must be properly acknowledged.
- Authors wishing to withdraw a manuscript must submit a written request.
- Potential conflicts of interest must be disclosed.
- Authors may be asked to provide raw data during the review process and must be prepared to share it with the editorial or scientific board.
- If authors discover an error in their published, early-view, or under-review manuscript, they must inform the editor or publisher and cooperate in correction or retraction.
- Authorship responsibilities cannot be changed once the review process has begun (e.g., adding/removing authors, changing author order).
- Manuscripts submitted to JADER must comply with research and publication ethics.

**Violations of research and publication ethics include:**
- *Plagiarism*: Presenting others’ ideas, methods, data, applications, writings, figures, or works without proper citation.
- *Fabrication*: Producing data not based on research or presenting false data.
- *Falsification*: Manipulating research records or data, misrepresenting methods, or altering results.
- *Duplicate publication*: Publishing the same results in multiple works.
- *Salami slicing*: Fragmenting research results into multiple publications without proper cross-referencing.
- *Unjust authorship*: Including individuals without contribution or excluding contributors.
- *Other violations*: Failure to acknowledge support, disregard for human/animal ethics, misuse of resources, or making unfounded accusations of misconduct.

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### 2. Editors’ Ethical Duties and Responsibilities
Editors follow COPE’s *Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors*. Their responsibilities include:
- Ensuring the quality and integrity of published works.
- Supporting academic freedom and intellectual property rights.
- Maintaining transparency in corrections and clarifications.
- Upholding impartiality in relations with readers, authors, reviewers, and the editorial board.
- Implementing and monitoring the double-blind peer-review process.
- Protecting personal data and ensuring compliance with human and animal rights.
- Preventing misconduct and addressing complaints constructively.
- Safeguarding against political or commercial influence.
- Managing conflicts of interest to guarantee independent and unbiased publication decisions.

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### 3. Reviewers’ Responsibilities
- All manuscripts are evaluated under a **double-blind peer-review system**.
- At least two reviewers assess each manuscript; if one rejects, a third reviewer or the editor makes the final decision.
- Reviews must be objective, impartial, and constructive.
- Reviewers must be experts in the subject matter.
- Conflicts of interest must be avoided.
- Reviewed manuscripts must remain confidential and destroyed after evaluation.
- Reviews must focus solely on content, free from bias related to nationality, gender, religion, politics, or commercial interests.
- Reviewers must report any misconduct (e.g., plagiarism) to the editor immediately.

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### 4. Publisher’s Ethical Responsibilities
- JADER does not charge authors any fees.
- Editorial decisions are independent of economic or political considerations.
- The journal protects copyright and maintains records of all published works.
- The database is openly accessible online.
- Measures are taken against plagiarism, citation manipulation, and unethical practices.

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### 5. Plagiarism Detection Policy
All manuscripts are screened using **intihal.net** and **iThenticate** to confirm originality and absence of plagiarism.

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### 6. Reporting Ethical Misconduct
If you notice a significant error or unethical behavior in a published article, please contact:
📧 **jader@jd.org.tr** or **curebal@balikesir.edu.tr**.
Complaints are welcomed as opportunities for improvement, and JADER aims to respond promptly and constructively.

Indexes

Journal Boards

Scientific Publication Coordinator

Musa ULUDAĞ

Türkiye Physical Geography, Physical Geography

Editor in Chief

İsa CÜREBAL

Physical Geography and Environmental Geology, Natural Hazards, Drainage, Geomorphology and Earth Surface Processes, Quaternary Environments

Editors

Mesut ŞIMŞEK

Geomorphology and Earth Surface Processes

Murat POYRAZ

Geographic Information Systems, Geomorphology and Earth Surface Processes, Physical Geography

Language Editor

Cengiz YILDIRIM

Geomorphology and Earth Surface Processes, Quaternary Environments, Structural Geology and Tectonics

Layout Editor

Abdulkadir DURAN

Geographic Information Systems, Geomorphology and Earth Surface Processes

Muhammed Mustafa ÖZDEL

Conservation and Biodiversity, Ecological Impacts of Climate Change and Ecological Adaptation, Climatology

Editorial Adviser Board

Ahmet Evren ERGINAL

Ecological Applications, Marine Geology and Geophysics , General Geology, Geoarcheology , Geochronology

Hüseyin TUROGLU

Regional Planning, Watershed Management, Hydrography, Geomorphology and Earth Surface Processes, Climatology

Uğur DOĞAN

Quaternary Environments, Palaeogeography, Physical Geography

Murat TÜRKEŞ

Biogeography and Phylogeography, Environmental Education and Extension, Physical Geography and Environmental Geology, Biogeography, Watershed Management, Hydrography, Geomorphology and Earth Surface Processes, Physical Geography, Climatology

Mustafa Hakan YIĞITBAŞIOĞLU

Geomorphology and Earth Surface Processes, Physical Geography

M. Kirami ÖLGEN

Health Sciences, Physical Geography

Tuncer DEMIR

Physical Geography and Environmental Geology, Watershed Management, Hydrography, Geomorphology and Earth Surface Processes, Physical Geography, Climatology

Abdullah SOYKAN

Geomorphology and Earth Surface Processes, Physical Geography

Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi ( JADER ) - Journal of Geomorphological Researches

TR Dizin - DOAJ - Crossref - Google Scholar

Turkish Society for Geomorphology

www.jd.org.tr

NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması

NDSG! Application Of A New Image Classification Index On Patara Coastal Dune

Abstract

Keywords

NDSG! Yeni Bir Görüntü Sınıflandırma İndeksinin Patara Kıyı Kumulunda Uygulanması

Abstract

Keywords

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite

Aim & Scope

Author Guidelines

Ethical Principles and Publication Policy

Indexes

Citation Indexes

Other Indexes

Journal Boards

Scientific Publication Coordinator

Editor in Chief

Editors

Language Editor

Layout Editor

Editorial Adviser Board