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Gediz Vadisinde Erken Pleistosen Dönemi Sualtı Volkanizması: Kavtepe - Kula Volkanik Yöresi

Year 2021, Issue: 6, 1 - 20, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.808847

Abstract

Dünya üzerinde volkanizmanın oldukça önemli bir kısmı okyanus diplerinde meydana gelmesine rağmen sualtı volkanizma araştırmaları oldukça sınırlı kalmıştır. Bununla birlikte özellikle son dönemlerde deniz dibi jeomorfolojisi ile ilgili araştırmalarda önemli gelişmeler kaydedilmesi bu gizemli alanın önceden tahmin edilemeyen özelliklerinin de belirlenmesine yardımcı olmuştur. Gerçekten de bugün için okyanus ortası sırtlarında bulunan volkanların yeryüzündeki volkanların yaklaşık olarak %75 ini oluşturduğu bilinmektedir. Hernekadar su altı volkanlarının önemli bir kısmı derin deniz ve okyanus tabanların yer alsalar da bunların bazıları ise sığ deniz alanları ile göl ortamlarında da yer almaktadırlar.
Dünya üzerinde karasal volkanizmanın oluşum süreçleri, ürünleri ve ortaya çıkan şekiller çok iyi bilinmesine rağmen denizaltı veya sualtı volkanizmasına ilişkin bilgilerimiz oldukça yenidir. Bu durumun temel nedeni sualtı volkanizmasına ilişkin birçok sürecin kolaylıkla gözlemlenememesidir. Yakın bir zamana kadar, sualtı volkanizmasına ilişkin bilgilerimizin önemli bir kısmı geçmiş volkanizmaların izleri üzerine yorumlama ile elde edilmektedir. Bu yönüyle Kula yöresi gerek karasal volkanizma gerekse sınırlı bir alanda gerçeklemiş olsa bile su altı volkanizması açısından yer tarihinin önemli delillerini barındırmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada Erken Pleistosen döneminde Kula’da paleo-Gediz nehri üzerinde oluşan lav seti gölü (paleo-göl) içerisinde meydana gelen su altı volkanizması ve buna bağlı oluşan volkanik şekillerin oluşumunun jeomorfolojik delillerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada uzun yıllardan beri yörede yürütülmekte olan projelerimizin arazi bulgularından yararlanılmıştır. Çeşitli stratigrafik birimlerin yaş bilgileri ise söz konusu projelerin yaşlandırma analizlerinden veya alana ilişkin literatürden temin edilmiştir.
Araştırma kapsamında Kavtepe’nin yörede yaygın görülen Miyosen yaşlı sedimanter birimleri kesip çıkan bir volkanik çıkış merkezi, volkan bacası olduğu; Kavtepe volkanizmasının iki evrede gerçekleştiği, başlangıçta volkanizmanın Paleo-Gediz vadisine yakın bir yerde başladığı ve açığa çıkan lavların Paleo-Gediz’in VI. taraçasını kısmen örttüğü belirlenmiştir. Volkanizmanın ikinci evresinin ise Akçeme volkanının Gediz Nehrini bloke ettikten sonra oluşan paleogöl içerisinde gerçekleştiği ve ikinci evrede açığa çıkan lavların, doğrudan su ile temas ederek yastık lava dönüştüğü tespit edilmiştir.

References

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  • Aytaç, A.S., Demir, T. (2019). Kula UNESCO Global Jeoparkı’nda Yerbilimleri Ve Jeomiras Açısından Uluslararası Öneme Sahip Üç Yeni Jeosit Önerisi. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities. Sayı:9/2 125-140
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  • Bozkurt, E., Sözbilir, H. (2004). Tectonic evolution of the Gediz graben: field evidence for an episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Geological Magazine 141, 63-79.
  • Bunbury, J.M., Hall, L., Anderson, G.J. ve Stannard, A., (2001). The determination of fault movement history from the interaction of local drainage with volcanic episodes. Geol. Mag. 138, 185e192
  • Cas, R.A.F. (1992). Submarine Volcanism Eruption Styles, Products, and Relevance to Understanding the Host-Rock Succession to Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposits. Economic Geology Vol. 87, pp. 511-541
  • Cas, R.A.F., Giordano, G. (2014). Submarine Volcanisma Review of the Constraints, Processes and Products, and Relevance to the Cabo de Gata Volcanic Succession Ital. J. Geosci. (Boll. Soc. Geol. It.), Vol. 133, No. 3 (2014), pp. 362-377
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  • Ercan, T. (1993). Interpretation of geochemical, radiometric and isotopic data on Kula volcanics (Manisa-western Anatolia). Geol. Bull. Turk. 36 (1), 113e129.
  • Erinç, S. (1970). The young volcanic topography of the Kula-Adala area. Istanbul Universitesi Cografya Enstitütü Dergisi 17, 7–22.
  • Ersoy, Y., Helvacı, C. & Sözbilir, H. (2010). Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the € NE SW-trending superimposed Selendi basin: implications for late Cenozoic crustal extension in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonophysics 488, 210-232.
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  • Jenks, M.D., Bonnichsen, B. (1989). Subaqueous basalt eruptions into Pliocene Lake Idaho, Snake River Plain, Idaho. In: Chamberlain, V.E. (Ed.), Guidebook to the Geology of Northern and Western Idaho and Surrounding Area. Idaho Geological Survey Bulletin, vol. 28, pp.17–34.
  • Kortemeier, W., Calvert, A., Moore, J.G. & Schweickert, R. (2018). Pleistocene volcanism and shifting shorelines at Lake Tahoe, California: Geosphere, v. 14, no. 2, p. 812–834,
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  • Maddy, D., Demir, T., Bridgland, D., Veldkamp, A., Stemerdink, C., van der Schriek, T. ve Westaway, R. (2008). The Early Pleistocene development of the Gediz River, Western Turkey: An uplift-driven, climate-controlled system? Quat. Int. 189, 115–128.
  • Maddy, D., Demir, T., Veldkamp, A., Bridgland, D.R., Stemerdink, C., van der Schriek, T. Ve Schreve, D. (2012). The obliquity-controlled early Pleistocene terrace sequence of the Gediz River, Western Turkey: a revised correlation and chronology. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 169, 67–82.
  • Maddy, D., Schreve, D., Demir, T., Veldkamp, A., Wijbrans, J.R., van Gorp, W., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Dekkers, M.J., Scaife, R., Schoorl, J.M., Stemerdink, C. ve van der Schriek, T. (2015). The earliest securely-dated hominin artefact in Anatolia? Quat. Sci. Rev. 109, 68–75.
  • Maddy, D., Veldkamp, A., Demir, Aytaç, A.S., Schoorl, J.M., Scaife R., Boomer, I., Stemerdink, C., van der Schriek, T., Aksay S. ve Lievens, C. (2020). Early Pleistocene River Terraces of the Gediz River, Turkey: The role of faulting, fracturing, volcanism and travertines in their genesis. Geomorphology 358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107102
  • Maddy, D., Veldkamp, A., Demir, T., van Gorp, W., Wijbrans, J.R., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Dekkers, M.J., Schreve, D., Schoorl, J.M., Scaife, R., Stemerdink, C., van der Schriek, T., Bridgland, D.R. ve Aytaç, A.S. (2017). The Gediz River fluvial archive: a benchmark for Quaternary research in Western Anatolia. Quat. Sci. Rev. 166, 289–306.
  • Martin, L.G.; Witter, J.B. (2000). The hazards of eruptions through lakes and seawater. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 97, 195–214.
  • Martin, U., Nemeth, K. (2007). Blocky versus fluidal peperite textures developed in volcanic conduits, vents and crater lakes of phreatomagmatic volcanoes in Mio-Pliocene volcanic fields of western Hungary. Journal of Volcanology and GeothermalResearch 159, 164–178.
  • Moore, J.G. (1975). Mechanism of Formation of Pillow Lava: Pillow lava, American Scientist, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 269-277. Published by: Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society
  • Németh, K., Kósik, S. (2020). Review of Explosive Hydrovolcanism. Geosciences 10, 44; doi:10.3390/geosciences10020044
  • Parfitt, E. A., Wilson, L. (2008). Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology.Blackwell Publishing.
  • Purvis, M., Robertson, A.H.F. (2004). A pulsed extension model forthe Neogene-Recent E-W trending Alaşehir Graben and the NE-SW trending Selendi and Gördes Basins, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 391, 171-201.
  • Purvis, M., Robertson, A.H.F. (2005). 40Ar–39Ar dating of biotite and sanidine in tuffaceous sediments and related intrusive rocks: implications for the early Miocene evolution of the Gördes and Selendi basins, W Turkey. Geodin. Acta 19, 239–254.
  • Richardson-Bunbury, J.M. (1992). The basalts of Kula and the irrelation to extension in western Turkey. PhD thesis. Cambridge University.
  • Richardson-Bunbury, J.M. (1996). The Kula volcanic field, western Turkey: the development of a Holocene alkali basalt province and the adjacent normal-faulting graben. Geol. Mag. 133, 275–283.
  • Sarica, N. (2000). The Plio-Pleistocene age of th BüyükMender sand Gediz grabens and their tectonic significance on N–S extensional tectonics in West Anatolia: mammalian evidence from the continental deposits. Geological Journal 35, 1– 24.
  • Seyitoğlu, G. (1997). Late Cenozoictectono-sedimentary development of the Selendi and Uşak-Güre basins: a contribution to the discussion on the development of east-west and north trending basins in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society of London134, 163-175.
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Subaqueous Volcanism in The Early Pleistocene Period in Gediz Valley: Kavtepe - Kula Volcanic Province

Year 2021, Issue: 6, 1 - 20, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.808847

Abstract

Most volcanism on Earth occurs beneath the oceans, but underwater volcanoes are difficult to study. So the number of studies that are related to submarine volcanism are limited. Recent advances in the study of geomorphology of sea floor have revealed up an unprecedented view of mystery on the seabed. Many submarine volcanoes are located near areas of tectonic plate formation, known as mid-ocean ridges. The volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges alone are estimated to account for 75% of the magma output on Earth. Although most submarine volcanoes are located in the depths of seas and oceans, some also exist in shallow water of seas and lakes. Although the formation processes, products and emerging shapes of terrestrial volcanism are well known, our knowledge about submarine or underwater volcanism is quite new and pretty insufficient. The main reason for this is that many processes related to underwater volcanism cannot easily be observed. Until recently, an important oart of our knowledge was obtained by interpreting traces of past volcanisms. In this regard, the Kula volcanic region contains some important historical evidence of both terrestrial volcanism as well as underwater volcanism even if it occurred in a limited area. This study aims to investigate geomorphological evidence of the occurence of a volcanism taken place underwater in an Early Pleistocene lava dam lake in the Paleo Gediz Valley in the Kula volcanic region. In this study, we benefited from the results of datas and observations of our geomorphological projects that have been carried out in the region for many years. The age data of various stratigraphic units and lavas were obtained from the age analysis of the projects in question or from the relavent literature on the field.The findings reveal that Kartepe is in fact a typical volcanic chimney or a cone which was formed as a volcano erupted out of the Miocene sedimentary units common in the region. Kartepe volcanism took place in two phases, initially it erupted close to the Paleo-Gediz valley and partly burried the Terrace VI of Paleo-Gediz. The second phase took place in the lake formed as a result of eruption of Akçeme volcano blocking the Gediz River in downstream reach. It was found that the lava errupted in this second phase turned into pillow lava by directly contacting with water.

References

  • Aksu, A.E., Piper, D.J.W. & Konak, T. (1987). Quaternary growth patterns of the Büyük Menderes and Küçük Menderes deltas, Western Turkey. Marine Geology 76, 89-104.
  • Aytaç, A.S., Demir, T. (2019). Kula UNESCO Global Jeoparkı’nda Yerbilimleri Ve Jeomiras Açısından Uluslararası Öneme Sahip Üç Yeni Jeosit Önerisi. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities. Sayı:9/2 125-140
  • Batiza, R., White, J.D.L. (2000). Submarine lavas and hyaloclastite. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes; Ed: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B.F., McNutt, S.R., Stix, H.R., Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, pp. 361–381.
  • Bozkurt, E. (2001). Neotectonics of Turkey a synthesis. Geodin. Acta 14, 3–30.
  • Bozkurt, E., Sözbilir, H. (2004). Tectonic evolution of the Gediz graben: field evidence for an episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Geological Magazine 141, 63-79.
  • Bunbury, J.M., Hall, L., Anderson, G.J. ve Stannard, A., (2001). The determination of fault movement history from the interaction of local drainage with volcanic episodes. Geol. Mag. 138, 185e192
  • Cas, R.A.F. (1992). Submarine Volcanism Eruption Styles, Products, and Relevance to Understanding the Host-Rock Succession to Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposits. Economic Geology Vol. 87, pp. 511-541
  • Cas, R.A.F., Giordano, G. (2014). Submarine Volcanisma Review of the Constraints, Processes and Products, and Relevance to the Cabo de Gata Volcanic Succession Ital. J. Geosci. (Boll. Soc. Geol. It.), Vol. 133, No. 3 (2014), pp. 362-377
  • Ercan, E., Türkecan, A., Dinçel, A. ve Günay, E. (1983). Kula-Selendi (manisa) Jeolojisi. Jeoloji Mühendisligi 17, 3-28
  • Ercan, T. (1993). Interpretation of geochemical, radiometric and isotopic data on Kula volcanics (Manisa-western Anatolia). Geol. Bull. Turk. 36 (1), 113e129.
  • Erinç, S. (1970). The young volcanic topography of the Kula-Adala area. Istanbul Universitesi Cografya Enstitütü Dergisi 17, 7–22.
  • Ersoy, Y., Helvacı, C. & Sözbilir, H. (2010). Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the € NE SW-trending superimposed Selendi basin: implications for late Cenozoic crustal extension in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonophysics 488, 210-232.
  • Gudmundsson, A. (2003). Melting of ice by magma-ice-water interactions during subglacial eruptions as an indicator of heat transfer in subaqueous eruptions. In Explosive Subaqueous Volcanism; Volume Geophysical Monograph Series; Ed: White, J.D.L., Smellie, J.L., Clague, D.A., American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC, USA, 61–72.
  • İnci, U. (2002). Depositional evolution of Miocene coal successions in the Soma coal field., Western Turkey, International Journal of Coal Geology, 51, 1-29.
  • Jakobsson, S.P. (2008) Gudmundsson, M.T. Subglacial and intraglacial volcanic formations in Iceland. Jökull , 58, 179–196.
  • Jenks, M.D., Bonnichsen, B. (1989). Subaqueous basalt eruptions into Pliocene Lake Idaho, Snake River Plain, Idaho. In: Chamberlain, V.E. (Ed.), Guidebook to the Geology of Northern and Western Idaho and Surrounding Area. Idaho Geological Survey Bulletin, vol. 28, pp.17–34.
  • Kortemeier, W., Calvert, A., Moore, J.G. & Schweickert, R. (2018). Pleistocene volcanism and shifting shorelines at Lake Tahoe, California: Geosphere, v. 14, no. 2, p. 812–834,
  • Larsen, L.M., Pederson, A.K. & Pederson, G.K. (2006). A subaqueous rootless cone field at Niuluut, Disko, Paleocene of West Greenland. Lithos 92, 20–32.
  • Maddy, D., Demir, T., Bridgland, D., Veldkamp, A., Stemerdink, C., van der Schriek, T. & Westaway, R., (2005). An obliquity-controlled Early Pleistocene river terrace record from Western Turkey? Quat. Res. 63, 339–346.
  • Maddy, D., Demir, T., Bridgland, D., Veldkamp, A., Stemerdink, C., van der Schriek, T. ve Schreve, D. (2007). The Pliocene initiation and Early Pleistocene volcanic disruption of the Paleo-Gediz fluvial system, Western Turkey. Quat. Sci. Rev. 26 (22–24), 2864–2882.
  • Maddy, D., Demir, T., Bridgland, D., Veldkamp, A., Stemerdink, C., van der Schriek, T. ve Westaway, R. (2008). The Early Pleistocene development of the Gediz River, Western Turkey: An uplift-driven, climate-controlled system? Quat. Int. 189, 115–128.
  • Maddy, D., Demir, T., Veldkamp, A., Bridgland, D.R., Stemerdink, C., van der Schriek, T. Ve Schreve, D. (2012). The obliquity-controlled early Pleistocene terrace sequence of the Gediz River, Western Turkey: a revised correlation and chronology. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 169, 67–82.
  • Maddy, D., Schreve, D., Demir, T., Veldkamp, A., Wijbrans, J.R., van Gorp, W., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Dekkers, M.J., Scaife, R., Schoorl, J.M., Stemerdink, C. ve van der Schriek, T. (2015). The earliest securely-dated hominin artefact in Anatolia? Quat. Sci. Rev. 109, 68–75.
  • Maddy, D., Veldkamp, A., Demir, Aytaç, A.S., Schoorl, J.M., Scaife R., Boomer, I., Stemerdink, C., van der Schriek, T., Aksay S. ve Lievens, C. (2020). Early Pleistocene River Terraces of the Gediz River, Turkey: The role of faulting, fracturing, volcanism and travertines in their genesis. Geomorphology 358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107102
  • Maddy, D., Veldkamp, A., Demir, T., van Gorp, W., Wijbrans, J.R., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Dekkers, M.J., Schreve, D., Schoorl, J.M., Scaife, R., Stemerdink, C., van der Schriek, T., Bridgland, D.R. ve Aytaç, A.S. (2017). The Gediz River fluvial archive: a benchmark for Quaternary research in Western Anatolia. Quat. Sci. Rev. 166, 289–306.
  • Martin, L.G.; Witter, J.B. (2000). The hazards of eruptions through lakes and seawater. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 97, 195–214.
  • Martin, U., Nemeth, K. (2007). Blocky versus fluidal peperite textures developed in volcanic conduits, vents and crater lakes of phreatomagmatic volcanoes in Mio-Pliocene volcanic fields of western Hungary. Journal of Volcanology and GeothermalResearch 159, 164–178.
  • Moore, J.G. (1975). Mechanism of Formation of Pillow Lava: Pillow lava, American Scientist, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 269-277. Published by: Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society
  • Németh, K., Kósik, S. (2020). Review of Explosive Hydrovolcanism. Geosciences 10, 44; doi:10.3390/geosciences10020044
  • Parfitt, E. A., Wilson, L. (2008). Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology.Blackwell Publishing.
  • Purvis, M., Robertson, A.H.F. (2004). A pulsed extension model forthe Neogene-Recent E-W trending Alaşehir Graben and the NE-SW trending Selendi and Gördes Basins, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 391, 171-201.
  • Purvis, M., Robertson, A.H.F. (2005). 40Ar–39Ar dating of biotite and sanidine in tuffaceous sediments and related intrusive rocks: implications for the early Miocene evolution of the Gördes and Selendi basins, W Turkey. Geodin. Acta 19, 239–254.
  • Richardson-Bunbury, J.M. (1992). The basalts of Kula and the irrelation to extension in western Turkey. PhD thesis. Cambridge University.
  • Richardson-Bunbury, J.M. (1996). The Kula volcanic field, western Turkey: the development of a Holocene alkali basalt province and the adjacent normal-faulting graben. Geol. Mag. 133, 275–283.
  • Sarica, N. (2000). The Plio-Pleistocene age of th BüyükMender sand Gediz grabens and their tectonic significance on N–S extensional tectonics in West Anatolia: mammalian evidence from the continental deposits. Geological Journal 35, 1– 24.
  • Seyitoğlu, G. (1997). Late Cenozoictectono-sedimentary development of the Selendi and Uşak-Güre basins: a contribution to the discussion on the development of east-west and north trending basins in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society of London134, 163-175.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Physical Geography and Environmental Geology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Serdar Aytaç 0000-0001-8638-038X

Tuncer Demir 0000-0003-2740-7268

Publication Date April 15, 2021
Submission Date October 10, 2020
Acceptance Date October 21, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Aytaç, A. S., & Demir, T. (2021). Gediz Vadisinde Erken Pleistosen Dönemi Sualtı Volkanizması: Kavtepe - Kula Volkanik Yöresi. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi(6), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.808847

Journal of Geomorphological Researches  ( JADER )

Turkish Society for Geomorphology ( www.jd.org.tr )