DETERMINATION OF SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL AND NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE PARAMETERS IN NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758) FED WITH SPIRULINA (Spirulina platensis) ADDED DIETS

Abstract

In this study, growth performance, haematological and non specific immune system parameters of Nile Tilap­ia (Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758) fed with diets which contain different levels of (0; 5.0; 7.5 and 10.0 g/kg) spirulina (Spirulina platensis) were investigated. At the end of the feeding experiment (75 days), total erythrocyte (RBC) and leukocyte counts (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), leukocyte cell types (monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophyl), RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) and phagocytic activity of blood taken from fish were determined in a certain period. According to the results, the addition of 5.0 g/kg spirulina in diet highly increased the phago­cytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes and also the addition of 7.5 g/kg of spirulina in diet increased the amounts of RBC and WBC.

Consequently, these two levels of spirulina can be used as a protective agent against diseases by support­ing the fish immune system. 

Keywords

• Spirulina platensis,Haematology,Non-Specific Immune Response,Oreochromis niloticus.

References

1. Abdel-Tawwab, M., Ahmad, M.H. (2009): Live spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as a growth and immunity promoter for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), challenged with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. Aqua¬culture Research, 40: 1037-1046.
2. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (1995): Official methods of analysis, 15th edition. Association of official analytical chemists, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
3. Boussiba, S., Fan, L., Vonshak, A. (1992): Enhancement anddetermination of astaxanthin accumulation in green algae Haematococcus pluvialis. Methods in Enzymology, 213: 386-391.
4. Blaxhall, P.C., Daisley, K.W. (1973): Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 6: 771-882.
5. Blingh, E.G., Dyer, W.J. (1959): A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry, Physiology, 37: 911-917.
6. Citarasu, T. (2010): Herbal biomedicines: A new opportunity for aquaculture ındustry. Aquaculture International, 18: 403-414.
7. De Silva, S.S., Anderson, T.A. (1995): Fish nutrition in aquaculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 31.
8. Duncan, L.P., Klesius, P.H. (1996): Effect of feeding spirulina on spesific and non-spesific immune responses of Channel catfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 8: 308-313.

9. Hirohashi, T., Matsumoto, M., Hazeki, K., Sacki Yui, M., Seya, T. (2002): Activation of the human innate immune system by spirulina:augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis. International Immunopharmacology, 2: 423-434.
10. Mattisek, R., Schnepel, F.M., Steiner, G. (1988): Lebensmittel analytic. Springer Berlin, pp. 440.
11. Mumford, S., Heidel, J., Smith, C., Morrison, J., Mac Connell, B., Blazer, V., Stollen, S.J., Fletcher, T.C., Anderson, D.P. (1994): Techniques in fish immunology-2.1st edition. ISBN 0-9625505-3-1. SOS Publications, Virginia, pp. 196
12. Ogunji, J., Toor, R.S., Schulz, C., Kloas, W. (2008): Growth performance, nutrient utilization of nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed housefly maggot meal (Magmeal) diets. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8: 141-147.
13. Promya, J., Chıtmanat, C. (2011): The effect of Spirulina platensis and Cladophora algae on the growth performance, meat quality and immunity stimulating capacity of the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 13: 77-82.
14. Richmond, A. (1992): Massculture of cyanobacterium. In: Photosynthetic Prokaryotes, Mann N.H., Carr, N.G. (Eds.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 181-209.
15. Siwicki, A.K., Anderson, D.P. (1993): Immunostimulation in fish. Measuring the effects of stimulants by serological and immunological methods. The Nordic Symposium on Fish Immunology, Lysekil, Sweden, pp. 24.
16. Siwicki, A., Studnicka, M. (1987): The phagocytic ability of neutrophils and serum lysozyme activity in experimentally infected carp Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Fish Biology, 31: 57-60.
17. Tanyer, G. (1985): Hematology and laboratory lecture book. Ayyıldız Publication. Ankara, 441 s.
18. Tekelioglu, N., Uslu, M., Işık, O. (2005): Effect of different diets on growth of blackmoli (Poecilia latipinna) larvae. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 28: 45-47.
19. Watanuki, H., Kazuki, O., Malina, A.C., Tassakka, A.R., Toshimitsu, K., Sakai, M. (2006): Immunostimulant effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture, 258: 157-163.