AN OBSERVATION ON INTRACAPSULAR AND POST-EMBRYONIC PHASES OF RIVER NERITE (Theodoxus fluviatilis)

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 46 - 54, 01.01.2018

Mehmet Güler Deniz Çoban Birsen Kırım

Abstract

The river nerite (Theodoxus fluviatilis, Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most common gastropod grazer species in
Europe inland and brackish waters. Its feeding activity significantly impacts
on periphyton which has a decisive role on the water parameters and the
population dynamics. In the present study, reproductive outputs and larval
phases of the river nerites were examined via field
collected and laboratory cultivated samplings. The length of capsules laid
by adults was between 0.7 and 1.1 mm. Viable embryos were detected first on the
33^rd day post-spawning. After few development phases embryo reached
a ready-to-hatch phase with completely developed foot and pigmented protoconch
before hatching. There was never more than one embryo per capsule. The earliest
hatching was observed on the 53^rd day of spawning. But most of the
embryos did not hatch even they were fully developed. The shell length of the
hatchlings was about 0.8 and the width was 0.6 mm. It was estimated that the
length of a newly hatched crawling juvenile can be about 1/7 of the length of
an adult.

Keywords

Gastropod, Neritidae, Egg capsule, Embryonic development

References

• Anistratenko, V.V. (2005). Lectotypes for Tricolia pullus, Gibbula divaricata and Theodoxus fluviatilis (Mollusca, Gastropoda) revisited. Vestnik zoologii, 39(6), 3-10.
• Azim, M.E., Wahab, M.A., Biswas, P.K., Asaeda, T., Fujino, T., Verdegem, M.C.J. (2004). The effect of periphyton substrate density on production in freshwater polyculture ponds. Aquaculture, 232(1-4), 441-453.
• Barroso, C.X., Matthews-Cascon, H. (2009). Spawning and intra-capsular development of Neritina zebra (bruguière, 1792) (mollusca: Gastropoda: Neritidae) under laboratory conditions. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 53(3), 137-143.
• Bondesen, P. (1940). Preliminary investigations into the development of Neritina fluviatilis L. in Brackish and Fresh Water. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 104, 157–220.
• Bunje, P.M.E. (2005). Pan-european phylogeography of the aquatic snail theodoxus fluviatilis (gastropoda: Neritidae). Molecular Ecology, 14(14), 4323-4340.
• Calow, P. (1975). The feeding strategies of two freshwater gastropods, Ancylus fluviatilis müll. and Planorbis contortus linn. (pulmonata), in terms of ingestion rates and absorption efficiencies. Oecologia, 20(1), 33-49.
• Carlsson, R. (2000). The distribution of the gastropods Theodoxus fluviatilis (L.) and potamopyrgus antipodarum (gray) in lakes on the åland islands, southwestern Finland. Boreal Environment Research, 5(3), 187-195.
• Collin, R. (2003). Worldwide patterns in mode of development in calyptraeid gastropods. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 247, 103–122.
• Collin, R. (2004). Phylogenetic Effects, the Loss of Complex Characters, and the Evolution of Development In Calyptraeid Gastropods. Evolution, 58(7), 1488–1502.
• Collin, R., Chaparro, O.R., Winkler, F., Veliz, D. (2007). Molecular phylogenetic and embryological evidence that feeding larvae have been reacquired in a marine gastropod. Biological Bulletin, 212, 83-92.
• Cumplido, M., Pappalardo, P., Fernandez, M., Averbuj, A., Bigatti, G. (2011). Embryonic development, feeding and intracapsular oxygen availability in Trophon geversianus (Gastropoda: Muricidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 77, 429-436.
• Etter, R. J. (1989). Life history variation in the intertidal snail Nucella lapillus across a wave-exposure gradient. Ecology, 70, 1857-1876.
• Ford, J.I. (1979). Biology of a Hawaiian fluvial gastropod Neritina granosa (Prosobranchia: Neritidae). M.Sc. dissertation, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.
• Fretter, V. & Graham, A. (1962). British Prosobranch Molluscs: Their Functional Anatomy and Ecology. Ray Society, London. ISBN 0903874121
• Giusti, F., Selmi, M. G. (1982). The morphological peculiarities of the typical spermatozoa of theodoxus fluviatilis (L.) (neritoidea) and their implications for motility. Journal of Ultrasructure Research, 78(2), 166-177.
• Glöer, P., Pešiæ, V. (2012). The freshwater snails (Gastropoda) of Iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species. ZooKeys, 219, 11–61.
• Glöer, P., Pešiæ, V. (2015). The morphological plasticity of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (mollusca: Gastropoda: Neritidae). Ecologica Montenegrina, 2(2), 88-92. Gosselin, L.A. (1997). An ecological transition during juvenile life in a marine snail. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 157, 185-194.
• Graça, M.A.S., Serra S.R.Q., Fereria V. (2012). A stable temperature may favour continuous reproduction by Theodoxus fluviatilis and explain its high densities in some karstic springs. Limnetica, 31(1), 129-140.
• Güler, M., Lök, A. (2014). Embryonic development and intracapsular feeding in Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda: Muricidae). Marine Ecology 35(2), 193-203.
• Hawkins, L.E., Hutchinson, S. (1988). Egg capsule structure and hatching mechanism of Ocenebra erinacea (L.) (Prosobranchia: Muricidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 119(3), 269-283.
• Jacoby, J.M. (1985). Grazing effects on periphyton by theodoxus fluviatilis (gastropoda) in a lowland stream. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 3(2), 265-274.
• Kangas, P., Skoog, G. (1978). Salinity tolerance of theodoxus fluviatilis (mollusca, gastropoda) from freshwater and from different salinity regimes in the Baltic Sea. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 6(4), 409-416.
• Kano, Y. (2006). Usefulness of the opercular nucleus for inferring early development in neritomorph gastropods. Journal of Morphology, 267, 1120-1136.
• Kirkegaard, J. (2006). Life history, growth and production of Theodoxus fluviatilis in Lake Esrom, Denmark. Limnologica, 36 (1), 26-41.
• Krug, P.J. (1998). Poecilogony in an estuarine opisthobranch: planktotrophy, lecithotrophy, and mixed clutches in a population of the ascoglossan Alderia modesta. Marine Biology, 132, 483-494.
• Lesoway, M.P., Page, L.R. (2008). Growth and differentiation during delayed metamorphosis of feeding gastropod larvae: Signatures of ancestry and innovation. Marine Biology, 153, 723-734.
• Mascaro, J., Litton, C.M., Hughes, R.F., Uowolo, A., Schnitzer, S. A. (2014). Is logarithmic transformation necessary in allometry? Ten, one-hundred, one-thousand-times yes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 111: 230-233.
• Matthews-Cascon, H. & Martins, I.X. (1999). Notes on the reproduction of Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758) in northeast Brazil (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neritidae). Arquivos de Ciências do Mar, 32, 129-132.
• Moran A.L. (1997). Size, form, and function in the early life histories of the gastropod genera Nucella and Littorina. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene.
• Neumann, D. (1959). Morphologische und experimentelle untersuchungen über die variabilität der farbmuster auf der schale von Theodoxus fluviatilis L. Zeitschrift Für Morphologie Und Ökologie Der Tiere, 48(4), 349-411.
• Orton, R.A., Sibly, R.M. (1990). Egg size and growth rate in Theodoxus fluviatilis (L.). Functional Ecology, 4, 91-94. Özbek, M., Ustaoğlu M.R., Balık, S., Sarı, H. (2004). Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki bazı göllerin Mollusca faunası. Ulusal Malakoloji Kongresi, İzmir, 163-170s.
• Pechenik, J.A. (1979). Role of encapsulation in invertebrate life histories. American Naturalist, 114, 859-870.
• Pechenik J.A. (1986). The encapsulation of eggs and embryos by molluscs: an overview. American Malacological Bulletin, 4(2), 165-172.
• Pechenik, J. (1999). On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 177, 269-297.
• Peters, L., Traunspurger, W. (2012). Temporal patterns in macrograzer effects on epilithic algae and meiofauna: A comparative approach to test for single species and whole grazer community effects. Aquatic Sciences, 74(2), 229-240.
• Przeslawski, R. (2011). "Notes on the Egg Capsule and Variable Embryonic Development of Nerita Melanotragus (Gastropoda: Neritidae)." Molluscan Research, 31(3), 152-158.
• Råberg, S., Kautsky, L. (2007). Consumers affect prey biomass and diversity through resource partitioning. Ecology, 88, 2468-2473.
• Ramesh, M.R., Shankar, K.M., Mohan, C.V., Varghese, T.J. (1999). Comparison of three plant substrates for enhancing carp growth through bacterial biofilm. Aquaculture Engineering, 19, 119-131. Resh, V.H., Barnes, J.R., Benis-Steger, B., Craig, D.A. (1992). Life history features of some macroinvertebrates in a French Polynesian stream. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 27, 145-153.
• Rivest B.R. (1983). Development and the influence of nurse egg allotment on hatching size in Searlesia dira (Reeve, 1846) (Prosobranchia: Buccinidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 69, 217-241.
• Skoog, G. (1971). Variations in the distribution of Theodoxus fluviatilis on stony localities in the northern Baltic proper. Thalassia Jugoslavica, 7, 363-372.
• Skoog, G. (1976). Effects of Acclimatization and Physiological State on the Tolerance to High Temperatures and Reactions to Desiccation of Theodoxus fluviatilis and Lymnea peregra. Oikos, 27(1), 50-56.
• Symanowski, F., Hildebrandt, J. (2010). Differences in osmotolerance in freshwater and brackish water populations of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Gastropoda: Neritidae) are associated with differential protein expression. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 180(3), 337-346.
• Şahin, S.K., Yıldırım, M.Z. (2007). The Mollusk Fauna of Lake Sapanca (Turkey: Marmara) and Some Physico-Chemical Parameters of Their Abundance. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 31, 47-52.
• Tan, K.S., Lee, S.S.C. (2009). Neritid egg capsules: are they all that different? Steenstrupia, 30, 115-125.
• Underwood, A.J. (1975). Comparative studies on the biology of Nerita atramentosa Reeve, Bembicium nanum (Lamarck) and Cellana tramoserica (Sowerby) (Gastropods: Prosobranchia) in S.E. Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 18, 153-172.
• Underwood, A.J. (1981). Structure of a rocky intertidal community in new south wales: Patterns of vertical distribution and seasonal changes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 51(1), 57-85.
• Ustaoğlu, M.R., Balık, S., Özbek, M. (2003). Yuvarlakçay’ın (Köyceğiz-Muğla) Mollusca Faunası. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 20(3-4), 433-438.
• Zettler, M., Frankowski, J., Bochert, R & Rohner, M. (2004). Morphological and ecological features of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) from Baltic brackish water and German freshwater populations. Journal of Conchology, 38 (3), 305-316.