Samsun İli ve Çevresindeki Köpeklerde Lyme Hastalığının Serolojik Olarak Araştırılması
Year 2020,
Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 696 - 703, 31.12.2020
Kübra Çakır
,
Didem Pekmezci
Abstract
Bu çalışma ile Samsun ili ve çevresindeki köpeklerde Lyme Hastalığının (LH) serolojik olarak araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Veteriner Fakültesi Eğitim Uygulama ve Araştırma Hastanesine getirilen değişik ırk, cinsiyet ve yaşlardaki 153 adet köpek çalışma materyalini oluşturmuştur. Köpeklerden elde edilen serumlar Anti-Borrelia ELISA Köpek IgG kitleri ile çalışılmıştır. Sonrasında pozitif sonuçlar Anti-Borrelia Köpek IgG kitleri ile Western Blot (WB) yöntemi kullanılarak doğrulanmıştır. Bununla birlikte 91 köpeğe ait tam kan örneği çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmaya dahil edilen tüm köpeklerin ırk, cinsiyet ve yaş faktörlerinin seropozitiflik durumları arasındaki ilişki ile seropozitif ve negatif köpeklerin tam kan sayımı değerlerinin gruplar arası farklılıkları da incelenmiştir. Yüz elli üç köpeğin ELISA ile LH değerlendirilmesinde 10 tanesinin doğal pozitif olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Cinsiyet ve yaş faktörlerinin seropozitiflik ile arasındaki ilişkinin önemsiz olduğu (p>0,05) tespit edilirken, seropozitif ve seronegatif grupların ortalama tam kan parametreleri bakımından karşılaştırılmalarında ise istatistiksel bir farklılık bulunamamıştır (p>0,05). Sonuç olarak Samsun ili ve çevresindeki köpeklerde LH seroprevelansı %6,5 olarak bulunmuştur.
Supporting Institution
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Bilimsel Projeleri Destekleme Komisyonu
Project Number
PYO.VET.1904.17.020
Thanks
Bu çalışma, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi tarafından PYO.VET.1904.17.020 numarası ile desteklenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmamın istatistiksel yorumlanmasında katkılarından dolayı Istar Danışmanlığa teşekkürlerimizi sunarız.
References
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- Appel M.J.G., Allen, S., Jacobson, R.H., Lauderdale, T.L., Chang, Y.F., Shin, S.J., Thomford, J.W., Todhunter, R.J., & Summers, B.A. (1993). Experimental Lyme disease in dogs produces arthritis and persistent infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 167, 651-664.
- Bhide M., Travnicek M., Curlik J., & Stefancikova A. (2004). The importance of dogs in eco-epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis: a review. Veterinarni Medicina, 49, 135-142.
- Bhide, M., Yılmaz, Z., Golcu, E., Torun, S. & Mikula, I. (2008). Seroprevalance of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in dogs and horses in Turkey. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 15, 85-90.
- Butler, C.M., Houwers, D.J., Jongejan F., & van der Kolk J.H. (2005). Borrelia burgdorferi infections with special reference to horses. A review. Veterinary Quarterly, 27, 146-156.
- Ciceroni, L., Bartoloni, A., Ciarrocchi, S., Pinto, A., Guglielmetti, P., Valdez Vasquez, C., Gamboa Barahona, H., Roselli, M., & Paradisi, F. (1997) Serologic survey for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in sheep, goats and dogs in Cordillera Province. Bolivia. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 44,133-137.
- Couto, C.G., Lorentzen, L., Beall, L., Shields, M.J., Bertolone, N., Couto, J.I., Couto, K.M., Nash, S., Slack, J., Kvitko, H., Westendorf, N., Marin L., Iazbik, M.C., Vicario, F.C., Sanz P., & Ruano, R. (2010). Serological study of selected vector-borne diseases in shelter dogs in Central Spain using point-of-care assays. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 10,1-4.
- Çalışır, B., Polat, E., Güney, G., & Gönenç, L. (2000). Investigation on the species composition of the Ixodid ticks from Belgrade forest in Istanbul and their role as vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 52, 23-28.
- Delgado, S., & Carmenes, P. (1995). Seroepidemiological survey for Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease) in dogs from northwestern of Spain. European journal of epidemiology, 11, 321-324.
- Dziegiel, B., Adaszek, L., Carbonero, A., Łyp, P., Winiarczyk, M., Dębiak, P., & Winiarczyk, S. (2016). Detection of canine vector-borne diseases in eastern Poland by ELISA and PCR. Parasitology Research, 115, 1039-1044.
- Ebani, V.V., Bertelloni, F., Torracca, B., & Cerri, D. (2014). Serological survey of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia canis infections in rural and urban dogs in Central Italy. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 21, 671-675.
- Egenvall, A., Bonnett, B.N., Gunnarsson, A., Hedhammar, A., Shoukri, M., Bornstein, S., & Artursson, K. (2000). Sero-prevalence of Granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Swedish Dogs 1991-94. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 32, 19-25.
- Esendal, Ö.M., İzgür, M., Arda, M., Akay, Ö., & Keskin, O. (1996). Köpeklerde Borrelia burgdorferi antikorlarının floresan antikor tekniği ile saptanması. I. Uluslararası Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Kongresi, 1996, İstanbul, Türkiye, 128-129.
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- Goossens, H.A., van den Bogaard, A.E., & Nohlmans, M.K. (2000). Reduced specificity of combined IgM and IgG enzyme immunoassay testing for lyme borreliosis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 19, 400-402.
- Greene, R.T. (1991). Canine Lyme borreliosis. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice, 21, 51-64.
- Gülanber, E.G., Gülanber, A., & Albayrak, R. (2007). Lyme disease (borreliosis) in a Saint Bernard dog: First clinical case in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 31, 367-369.
- Güneş, T., Poyraz, Ö., & Babacan, A. (2011). Türkiye’nin Sinop yöresinde, klinik olarak sağlıklı görülen köpeklerde Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato ve Anaplasma phagocytophilum seroprevalansı ve her iki enfeksiyon etkeninin epidemiyolojik benzerlikleri. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 33, 396-401.
- İçen, H., Sekin, S., Şimsek, A., Koçhan, A., Çelik, O.Y., & Altaş, M.G. (2011). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi infection in dogs from Diyarbakir in Turkey. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6, 371-378.
- İnci, A., Yazar, S., Tuncbilek, A.S., Canhilal, R., Doganay, M., Aydin, L., Aktas, M., Vatansever, Z., Ozdarendeli, A., Ozbel, Y., Yildirimi A., & Duzlu, O. (2013). Vectors and vector-borne Diseases in Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 60, 281-296.
- İnci, A., Ica, A., Yildirim, A., Vatansever, Z., Cakmak, A., Albasan, H., Cam, Y., Atasever, A., Sariozkan, S., & Duzlu, O. (2007). Economical impact of tropical theileriosis in the Cappadocia region of Turkey. Parasitol Research, 101, 171-174.
- Kiss, T., Cadar, D., Krupaci, A. F., Bordeanu, A., Brudaşcă, G. F., Mihalca, A. D., Mircean, V., Gliga, L., Dumitrache, M.O., & Spînu, M. (2011). Serological reactivity to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in dogs and horses from distinct areas in Romania. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 11, 1259-1262.
- Kurtenbach, K., Hanincová, K., Tsao, J.I., Margos, G., Fish, D., & Ogden, N.H. (2006). Fundamental processes in the evolutionary ecology of Lyme borreliosis. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 4, 660.
- Lindenmayer, J., Marshall, D., & Onderdonk, A.B. (1991). Dogs as sentinels for Lyme disease in Massachusetts. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 1448-1455.
- Mannelli A., Cerri D., Buffrini L., Rossi S., Rosati S., Arata T., Innocenti M., Grignolo M.C., Bianchi G., Iori A., & Tolari F. (1999). Low risk of Lyme borreliosis in a protected area on the Tyrrhenian coast, in central Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology, 15, 371-377.
- Mircean, V., Dumitrache, M.O., Gyorke, A., Pantchev, N., Jodies, R., Mihalca, A.D, & Cozma, V. (2012). Seroprevalence and Geographic Distribution of Dirofilaria immitis and Tick-Borne Infections (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Ehrlichia canis) in Dogs from Romania. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 12, 595-604.
- Pantchev, N., Schnyder, M., Vrhovec, M.G., Schaper, R., & Tsachev, I. (2015). Current surveys of the seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Leishmania infantum, Babesia canis, Angiostrongylus vasorum and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Bulgaria. Parasitology Research, 114, 117-130.
- Polat, E., Çalışır, B., Yücel, A., & Tüzer, E. (1998). Turkiye'de Ixodes ricinus'lardan ilk defa ayrılan ve uretilen iki Borrelia kokeni. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 22, 167-173.
- Poljak, I., Troselj-Vukic, B., Miletic, B., Morovic, M., Ruzic-Sabljic, E., Vucemilovic, A., & Materljan, E. (2000). Low sero-prevalence of Lyme borreliosis in the forested mountainous area of Gorski Kotar, Croatia. Croatian Medical Journal, 41, 433–436.
- Rondeau, M.P., Walton, R.M., Bissett, S., Drobatz, K.J., & Washabau, R.J. (2005). Suppurative, non septic polyarthropathy in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 19, 654-662.
- Sarı, B., Taşcı, G.T., & Kılıç, Y. (2013). Seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis and Borrelia burgdorferi in Dogs in Iğdır Province, Turkey. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 735-739.
- Satır, E. (2006). Köpeklerde Borrelia burgdorferi infeksiyonunun PCR ile araştırılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Stefancíková, A., Skardová, I., Petko, B., Janovská, D., & Cyprichová, V. (1996). IgG antibodies to Borrelia in dogs in thearea of Kosice. Veterinarni Medicina, 41, 83-86.
- Stefancíková, A., Tresova, G., Petko, B., Skardová, I., & Sesztakova, E. (1998). ELISA comparison of three whole cell antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in serological study of dogs from area of Kosice, Eastern Slovakia. Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine, 5, 25-30.
- Straubinger, R.K., Straubinger, A.F., Summers, B.A., Jacobson, R.H., & Erb, H.N. (1998). Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, andeffect of antibiotic treatment on Lyme borreliosisin dogs. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 110, 874-881.
- Sykora, J., Minar, J., Petrikova, O., Vokoun, P., & Gojda M. (1990). The occurrence of antibodies to Borrelia in dogs. Veterinarni Medicina, 35, 251-256.
- Uslu, O. (2008). Köpeklerde Lyme Hastalığının Araştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Aydın, Türkiye.
- Weber, A., Heim, U., & Schafer, R. (1991). Incidence of anti-bodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in small animal practice in North Bavaria. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 104, 384-386.
- Vurucu, M. (2016). Köpeklerde Lyme Hastalığı Prevalansının ELISA ile Araştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Aydın, Türkiye.
- Zarkov, I.S., & Marinov, M.M. (2003). The lyme disease: results of a serological study in sheep cows and dogs in Bulgaria. Rev Med Vet, 154, 363-366.
Serological Investigation of Lyme Disease in Dogs in Samsun and Vicinity
Year 2020,
Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 696 - 703, 31.12.2020
Kübra Çakır
,
Didem Pekmezci
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of Lyme Disease (LD) in dogs from Samsun and vicinity. A hundred and three dogs from Samsun and vicinity, with different age, breed and gender which brought to the Veterinary Teaching and Animal Hospital were enrolled in the study. Collected sera were analyzed with Anti-Borrelia ELISA Dog IgG kits. Afterwards, positive samples were confirmed with WB technique using Anti-Borrelia Dog IgG test kits. Moreover, 91 samples were analyzed for whole blood count. Effects of breed, gender, age of the seropositive dogs. with differences between two seropositive and negative groups for the whole blood count were analyzed. Ten out of 153 dogs were detected as natural positive for LD with using ELISA. Relations of age and gender for seropositivity remains insignificant (p>0.05). On the other hand, any statistical difference (p>0.05) were found for comparing the mean whole blood count in seropositive and negative groups. Consequently, seroprevalance of the LD in dogs in Samsun and vicinity was detected as 6.5%.
Project Number
PYO.VET.1904.17.020
References
- Amusategui, I., Tesouro, M.A., Kakoma, I., & Sainz, A. (2008). Serological reactivity to Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neorickettsia risticii, Borrelia burgdorferi and Rickettsia conorii in dogs from Northwestern Spain. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 8, 797-803.
- Appel M.J.G., Allen, S., Jacobson, R.H., Lauderdale, T.L., Chang, Y.F., Shin, S.J., Thomford, J.W., Todhunter, R.J., & Summers, B.A. (1993). Experimental Lyme disease in dogs produces arthritis and persistent infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 167, 651-664.
- Bhide M., Travnicek M., Curlik J., & Stefancikova A. (2004). The importance of dogs in eco-epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis: a review. Veterinarni Medicina, 49, 135-142.
- Bhide, M., Yılmaz, Z., Golcu, E., Torun, S. & Mikula, I. (2008). Seroprevalance of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in dogs and horses in Turkey. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 15, 85-90.
- Butler, C.M., Houwers, D.J., Jongejan F., & van der Kolk J.H. (2005). Borrelia burgdorferi infections with special reference to horses. A review. Veterinary Quarterly, 27, 146-156.
- Ciceroni, L., Bartoloni, A., Ciarrocchi, S., Pinto, A., Guglielmetti, P., Valdez Vasquez, C., Gamboa Barahona, H., Roselli, M., & Paradisi, F. (1997) Serologic survey for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in sheep, goats and dogs in Cordillera Province. Bolivia. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 44,133-137.
- Couto, C.G., Lorentzen, L., Beall, L., Shields, M.J., Bertolone, N., Couto, J.I., Couto, K.M., Nash, S., Slack, J., Kvitko, H., Westendorf, N., Marin L., Iazbik, M.C., Vicario, F.C., Sanz P., & Ruano, R. (2010). Serological study of selected vector-borne diseases in shelter dogs in Central Spain using point-of-care assays. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 10,1-4.
- Çalışır, B., Polat, E., Güney, G., & Gönenç, L. (2000). Investigation on the species composition of the Ixodid ticks from Belgrade forest in Istanbul and their role as vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 52, 23-28.
- Delgado, S., & Carmenes, P. (1995). Seroepidemiological survey for Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease) in dogs from northwestern of Spain. European journal of epidemiology, 11, 321-324.
- Dziegiel, B., Adaszek, L., Carbonero, A., Łyp, P., Winiarczyk, M., Dębiak, P., & Winiarczyk, S. (2016). Detection of canine vector-borne diseases in eastern Poland by ELISA and PCR. Parasitology Research, 115, 1039-1044.
- Ebani, V.V., Bertelloni, F., Torracca, B., & Cerri, D. (2014). Serological survey of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia canis infections in rural and urban dogs in Central Italy. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 21, 671-675.
- Egenvall, A., Bonnett, B.N., Gunnarsson, A., Hedhammar, A., Shoukri, M., Bornstein, S., & Artursson, K. (2000). Sero-prevalence of Granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Swedish Dogs 1991-94. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 32, 19-25.
- Esendal, Ö.M., İzgür, M., Arda, M., Akay, Ö., & Keskin, O. (1996). Köpeklerde Borrelia burgdorferi antikorlarının floresan antikor tekniği ile saptanması. I. Uluslararası Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Kongresi, 1996, İstanbul, Türkiye, 128-129.
- Genç, E. (2017). Sığırlardan toplanan kenelerde lyme hastalığının etkeni Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) varlığının moleküler tanı yöntemleriyle belirlenmesi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Samsun, Türkiye.
- Goossens, H.A., van den Bogaard, A.E., & Nohlmans, M.K. (2000). Reduced specificity of combined IgM and IgG enzyme immunoassay testing for lyme borreliosis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 19, 400-402.
- Greene, R.T. (1991). Canine Lyme borreliosis. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice, 21, 51-64.
- Gülanber, E.G., Gülanber, A., & Albayrak, R. (2007). Lyme disease (borreliosis) in a Saint Bernard dog: First clinical case in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 31, 367-369.
- Güneş, T., Poyraz, Ö., & Babacan, A. (2011). Türkiye’nin Sinop yöresinde, klinik olarak sağlıklı görülen köpeklerde Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato ve Anaplasma phagocytophilum seroprevalansı ve her iki enfeksiyon etkeninin epidemiyolojik benzerlikleri. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 33, 396-401.
- İçen, H., Sekin, S., Şimsek, A., Koçhan, A., Çelik, O.Y., & Altaş, M.G. (2011). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi infection in dogs from Diyarbakir in Turkey. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6, 371-378.
- İnci, A., Yazar, S., Tuncbilek, A.S., Canhilal, R., Doganay, M., Aydin, L., Aktas, M., Vatansever, Z., Ozdarendeli, A., Ozbel, Y., Yildirimi A., & Duzlu, O. (2013). Vectors and vector-borne Diseases in Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 60, 281-296.
- İnci, A., Ica, A., Yildirim, A., Vatansever, Z., Cakmak, A., Albasan, H., Cam, Y., Atasever, A., Sariozkan, S., & Duzlu, O. (2007). Economical impact of tropical theileriosis in the Cappadocia region of Turkey. Parasitol Research, 101, 171-174.
- Kiss, T., Cadar, D., Krupaci, A. F., Bordeanu, A., Brudaşcă, G. F., Mihalca, A. D., Mircean, V., Gliga, L., Dumitrache, M.O., & Spînu, M. (2011). Serological reactivity to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in dogs and horses from distinct areas in Romania. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 11, 1259-1262.
- Kurtenbach, K., Hanincová, K., Tsao, J.I., Margos, G., Fish, D., & Ogden, N.H. (2006). Fundamental processes in the evolutionary ecology of Lyme borreliosis. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 4, 660.
- Lindenmayer, J., Marshall, D., & Onderdonk, A.B. (1991). Dogs as sentinels for Lyme disease in Massachusetts. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 1448-1455.
- Mannelli A., Cerri D., Buffrini L., Rossi S., Rosati S., Arata T., Innocenti M., Grignolo M.C., Bianchi G., Iori A., & Tolari F. (1999). Low risk of Lyme borreliosis in a protected area on the Tyrrhenian coast, in central Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology, 15, 371-377.
- Mircean, V., Dumitrache, M.O., Gyorke, A., Pantchev, N., Jodies, R., Mihalca, A.D, & Cozma, V. (2012). Seroprevalence and Geographic Distribution of Dirofilaria immitis and Tick-Borne Infections (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Ehrlichia canis) in Dogs from Romania. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 12, 595-604.
- Pantchev, N., Schnyder, M., Vrhovec, M.G., Schaper, R., & Tsachev, I. (2015). Current surveys of the seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Leishmania infantum, Babesia canis, Angiostrongylus vasorum and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Bulgaria. Parasitology Research, 114, 117-130.
- Polat, E., Çalışır, B., Yücel, A., & Tüzer, E. (1998). Turkiye'de Ixodes ricinus'lardan ilk defa ayrılan ve uretilen iki Borrelia kokeni. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 22, 167-173.
- Poljak, I., Troselj-Vukic, B., Miletic, B., Morovic, M., Ruzic-Sabljic, E., Vucemilovic, A., & Materljan, E. (2000). Low sero-prevalence of Lyme borreliosis in the forested mountainous area of Gorski Kotar, Croatia. Croatian Medical Journal, 41, 433–436.
- Rondeau, M.P., Walton, R.M., Bissett, S., Drobatz, K.J., & Washabau, R.J. (2005). Suppurative, non septic polyarthropathy in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 19, 654-662.
- Sarı, B., Taşcı, G.T., & Kılıç, Y. (2013). Seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis and Borrelia burgdorferi in Dogs in Iğdır Province, Turkey. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 735-739.
- Satır, E. (2006). Köpeklerde Borrelia burgdorferi infeksiyonunun PCR ile araştırılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Stefancíková, A., Skardová, I., Petko, B., Janovská, D., & Cyprichová, V. (1996). IgG antibodies to Borrelia in dogs in thearea of Kosice. Veterinarni Medicina, 41, 83-86.
- Stefancíková, A., Tresova, G., Petko, B., Skardová, I., & Sesztakova, E. (1998). ELISA comparison of three whole cell antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in serological study of dogs from area of Kosice, Eastern Slovakia. Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine, 5, 25-30.
- Straubinger, R.K., Straubinger, A.F., Summers, B.A., Jacobson, R.H., & Erb, H.N. (1998). Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, andeffect of antibiotic treatment on Lyme borreliosisin dogs. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 110, 874-881.
- Sykora, J., Minar, J., Petrikova, O., Vokoun, P., & Gojda M. (1990). The occurrence of antibodies to Borrelia in dogs. Veterinarni Medicina, 35, 251-256.
- Uslu, O. (2008). Köpeklerde Lyme Hastalığının Araştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Aydın, Türkiye.
- Weber, A., Heim, U., & Schafer, R. (1991). Incidence of anti-bodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in small animal practice in North Bavaria. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 104, 384-386.
- Vurucu, M. (2016). Köpeklerde Lyme Hastalığı Prevalansının ELISA ile Araştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Aydın, Türkiye.
- Zarkov, I.S., & Marinov, M.M. (2003). The lyme disease: results of a serological study in sheep cows and dogs in Bulgaria. Rev Med Vet, 154, 363-366.