A New Approach to Protein Requirements in Broiler Feeding: Insects
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 180 - 187, 30.06.2021
Fulya Odabaşı
,
Derya Yeşilbağ
Öz
Ülkemiz hayvancılığının gelişmesinde etkili olan sektörlerden biri de kanatlı sektörüdür. Sektörde ilerleyebilmek için yüksek verimli ırkların kullanılması yanında hayvanların besin madde ihtiyaçları yönünden yeterli ve dengeli diyetlerle beslenme zorunluluğu vardır. Bu zorunluluk kanatlı hayvanların sindirim sistemi fizyolojik yapısından kaynaklanmakta ve sindirimi daha kolay ve esansiyel besin maddelerince zengin ham maddelerin kullanımını gerekli kılmaktadır. Kanatlıların tüketimine sunulan karma yem tüm besin maddelerini içeren ham maddelerin toplamından oluşmaktadır. Bu nedenle karma yemlerinin hazırlanmasında gereksinim duyulan enerji ve protein kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir şekilde diyete ilave edilmesi oldukça önemlidir. Ülkemiz, değerli protein kaynakları açısından kendi kendine yetebilen bir ülke konumunda olmadığından bu kaynakları dışarıdan almak zorundadır. Kanatlı diyetlerinin protein açığının kapatılmasında, diyetin temelini oluşturan bitkisel ve hayvansal protein kaynaklarına alternatif yeni ham madde arayışı devam etmektedir. Bu alternatif kaynaklardan birisi de böceklerdir.
Kaynakça
- Aviagen Ross-308 Performans Kitapçığı, (2014). http://tr.aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/Ross_Broiler/Ross-308-Broiler-PO-2014-EN.pdf.2014
- Awonıyı, T.A.M, Adetuyı, FC, Akınyosoye, F.A., (2004). Microbiological investigation of maggot meal, stored for use as livestock feed component. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 2, 104–106.
- Bondari K, Sheppard DC. (1981). Soldier fly larvae as feed in commercial fish production. Aquaculture, 24, 103-109. Doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(81)90047-8
- Chen, Y.M., Chung, Y.C., Wang, L.W., Chen, K.T., Li, S.Y., (2002). Antibacterial properties of chitosan in wtarborne pathogen. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 37, 1379-1390. Doi: 10.1081/ESE-120005993
- Ergün, A., Çolpan, İ., Yıldız, G., Küçükersan, S., Tuncer, D. Ş., Yalçın, S., Küçükersan, M. K., Şehu, A., Saçaklı, P., (2017). Hayvan besleme ve beslenme hastalıkları, 7, 63-65s, Ankara.
- Finke, MD. (2008). Nutrient content of insects. In J.L. Capineira (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd ed., 2687-2710p, Springer Netherlands.
- Finke, M.D. (2013). Complete nutrient content of four species of feeder insects. Zoo Biology, 32, 27-36. Doi: 10.1002/zoo.21012
- Goy, R.C., De Brıtto, D., Assıs, O.B.G. (2009). A Review of the Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan. Polimeros, 19(3), 241-247. Doi: 10.1590/S0104-14282009000300013
- Helander, I.M., Nurmıaho-Lassıla, E.L., Ahvenaınen, R., Rhoades, J., Roller, S. (2001). Chitosan Disrupts the Barrier Properties of the Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 71(2-3), 235-244. Doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00609-2
- Hossaın, S.M. & Balaır, R. (2007). Chitin utilisation by broilers and its effect on body composition and blood metabolites. British Poultry Science, 48(1), 33-38. Doi: 10.1080/00071660601156529
- Huang, R., Mendis, E., Kim, SK., (2005). Factors affecting the free radical scavenging behavior of chitosan sulfate. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 36(1-2), 120-127. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.05.001
- İpçak, H. H. & Alçiçek, A. (2015) Hayvan Beslemede Alternatif Protein Kaynaklarının Geliştirilmesi. 11. Ulusal Zootekni Öğrenci Kongresi, 14
- Je, JY., Park, PJ., Kim, SK. (2004). Free radical scavenging properties of hetero chitooligosaccharides using an ESR spectroscopy. Food Chemical Toxicology, 42(3), 381-387. Doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.10.001
- Jeon, Y.J., Park, P.J., Kim, S.K. (2001). Antimicrobial effect of chitooligosaccharides produced by bioreactor. Carbohydrate Polymers, 44(1), 71-76.
- Jozefıak, D., Engberg, RM. (2015). Insect as poultry feed. 20th European symposium on Poultry Nutrition, 24-27 August 2015, Prague, Czech Republic, 73-79.
- Jozefıak, D., Józefıak, A., Kıeronczyk, B., Rawskı, M., Swıatkıewıcz, S., Dlugosz, J., Engberg, R.M. (2016). İnsects – A natural nutrient source for poultry. Annals of Animal Science, 16(2), 297–313. Doi: 10.1515/aoas-2016-0010
- Khan, S., Khan, R.U., Alam, W., Sultan, A. (2008). Evaluating the nutritive profile of three insect meals and their effects to replace soya bean in broiler diet. Journal of Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition, 102(2), 662–668. Doi: 10.1111/jpn.12809
- Kım, H.J., Chen, F., Wang, X., Rajapakse, N.C. (2005). Effect of chitosan on the biological properties of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 53(9), 3696-3701. Doi: 10.1021/jf0480804
- Kobayashi, S., Terashima, Y., Itoh, H. (2002). Effects of dietary chitosan on fat deposition and lipase activity in digesta in broiler chickens. British. Poultry Science, 43(2), 270-273. Doi: 10.1080/00071660120121490
- Koeleman, E. (2017). There is a bug in the (feed) system! Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018, http://www. allaboutfeed.net/New-Proteins/Articles/2017/12/There-is-abug-in-the-feed-system-222668E
- Kong, M., Chen, X.G., Xıng, K., Park, H.J. (2010). Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: a state of the art review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 144, 51-63. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.012
- Kumar, Majeti NV Ravi.(2002). A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 46, 1-27. Doi: 10.1016/S1381-5148(00)00038-9
- L. W. D. van Raamsdonk, H. J. van der Fels-Klerx., J. de Jong. (2017). New feed ingredients: the insect opportunity. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 34(8), 1384-1397. Doi: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1306883
- Laureati, M., Proserpio, C., Jucker, C., Savoldelli, S. (2016). New sustainable protein sources: Consumers’ willingness to adopt insects as feed and food. Italian Journal of Food Science, 28, 652–668.
- Longvah, T., Mangthya, K., Ramulu, P. (2011). Nutrient composition and protein quality evaluation of eri silkworm (Samia ricinii) prepupae and pupae. Food Chemisrty, 128(2), 400–403. Doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.041
- Makkar, H.P.S., Tran, G., Heuzé, V., Ankers, P. (2014). State of the art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science & Technology. 197, 1-33. Doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.07.008
- Oonincx, D. G. A. B., Van Broekhoven, S., Van Huis, A., Van Loon, J. J. A. (2015). Feed conversion, survival and development, and composition of four insect species on diets composed of food by-products. Plos One, 10(12), 1-20. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144601
- Payne, C. L.R., Scarborough, P., Rayner, M., Nonaka, K. (2016). Asystematic review of nutrient composition data available for twelve commercially available edible insects, and comparison with reference values. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 47, 69-77. Doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.10.012
- PROteINSECT (2016). Enabling the exploitation of Insects as a Sustainable Source of Protein for Animal Feed and Human Nutrition. Final Report Summary PROTEINSECT. https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/105074/reporting/en
Qı, L., Xu, Z., Jıang, X., Hu, C., Zou, X. (2004). Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Research, 339(16), 2693-2700. Doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.09.007
- Smith, R. & Pryor, R. (2014). Enabling the exploitation of insects as a sustainable source of protein for animal feed and human nutrition. PROteINSECT grant agreement number: 312084. 5p. Pro-Insect Platform in Europe-Deliverable
Sun, T., Yao, Q., Zhou, D., Mao, F. (2008). Antioxidant activity of N-carboxymethyl chitosan oligosaccharides. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 18(21), 5774-5776. Doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.072
- Sun, T., Long, R.J., Liu, Z.Y. (2013). The effect of a diet containing grasshoppers and access to free-range on carcase and meat physicochemical and sensory characteristics in broilers. British Poultr Science, 54, 130–137. Doi: 10.1080/00071668.2012.756575
- Suzukı, M., Fujımoto, W., Goto, M., Morımatsu, M.S., Toshıhıko, I. (2002). Cellular Expression of Gut Chitinase mRNA in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mice and Chickens. Journal of Histochemistry Cytochemistry, 50, 1081–1089. Doi: 10.1177/002215540205000810
- Światkiewicz S., Swiatkiewicz M., Arczewska-Wlosek A., Jozefiak D. (2015). Chitosan and its oligosaccharide derivatives (chito-oligosaccharides) as feed supplements in poultry and swine nutrition. Journal of Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition, 99, 1–12. Doi: 10.1111/jpn.12222
- Szendro, K. , Zita Nagy, M., Tóth, K. (2020). Consumer Acceptance of Meat from Animals Reared on Insect Meal as Feed. Animals , 10 (8), 1312. Doi: 10.3390/ani10081312
- Tokoro, A., Tatewaki, N., Suzuki, K., Mikami, T., Suzuki, S., Suzuki, M. (1998). Growth inhibitory effect of hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose and chitohexaos and Meth-A solid tumor. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 36, 784-790. Doi: 10.1248/cpb.36.784
- Van Broekhoven, S., Gutıerrez, M.J., De Rıjk, T.C., De Nıjs, W.C.M., Van Loon, J.J.A. (2017). Degradation and excretion of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol by an edible insect, the Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.). World Mycotoxin Journal, 10(2): 163-169. Doi: 10.3920/WMJ2016.2102
- Van Huis, A., (2015). Edible insects contributing to food security? Agriculture & Food Security, 4, 20.
- Van Huis, A.V., Itterbeeck, J.V., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper,171.
- Veldkamp, T., Van Duınkerken, G., Van Huıs, A., Lakemond, C.M.M., Ottevanger, E., Bosch, G., Van Boekel, M.A.J.S., (2012). Insects as a sustainable feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets – a feasibility study. Report 638, Wageninger UR Livestock Research.
- Verbeke, W., Spranghers, T., De Clercq, P., De Smet, S., Sas, B., Eeckhout, M., (2015). Insects in animal feed: Acceptance and its determinants among farmers, agriculture sector stakeholders and citizens. Animal Feed Science & Technology, 204, 72–87. Doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.04.001
- Yıldırım, Z., Oncül, N., Yıldırım, M., (2015). Kitosan ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri. Niğde Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 19-36.
- Yin, XQ., Lin, Q., Zhang, Q., Yang, LC., (2002). O2- scavenging activity of chitosan and ist metal complexes. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 19, 325-328.
- Zhao, X., Vázquez-Gutiérrez, J. L., Johansson, D. P., Landberg, R., Langton, M., (2016). Yellow mealworm protein for food purposes - extraction and functional properties. Plos One, 11(2). Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147791.
Broyler Beslemede Protein İhtiyacının Karşılanmasında Yeni Bir Yaklaşım: Böcekler
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 180 - 187, 30.06.2021
Fulya Odabaşı
,
Derya Yeşilbağ
Öz
Ülkemiz hayvancılığının gelişmesinde etkili olan sektörlerden biri de kanatlı sektörüdür. Sektörde ilerleyebilmek için yüksek verimli ırkların kullanılması yanında hayvanların besin madde ihtiyaçları yönünden yeterli ve dengeli diyetlerle beslenme zorunluluğu vardır. Bu zorunluluk kanatlı hayvanların sindirim sistemi fizyolojik yapısından kaynaklanmakta ve sindirimi daha kolay ve esansiyel besin maddelerince zengin ham maddelerin kullanımını gerekli kılmaktadır. Kanatlıların tüketimine sunulan karma yem tüm besin maddelerini içeren ham maddelerin toplamından oluşmaktadır. Bu nedenle karma yemlerinin hazırlanmasında gereksinim duyulan enerji ve protein kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir şekilde diyete ilave edilmesi oldukça önemlidir. Ülkemiz, değerli protein kaynakları açısından kendi kendine yetebilen bir ülke konumunda olmadığından bu kaynakları dışarıdan almak zorundadır. Kanatlı diyetlerinin protein açığının kapatılmasında, diyetin temelini oluşturan bitkisel ve hayvansal protein kaynaklarına alternatif yeni ham madde arayışı devam etmektedir. Bu alternatif kaynaklardan birisi de böceklerdir.
Kaynakça
- Aviagen Ross-308 Performans Kitapçığı, (2014). http://tr.aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/Ross_Broiler/Ross-308-Broiler-PO-2014-EN.pdf.2014
- Awonıyı, T.A.M, Adetuyı, FC, Akınyosoye, F.A., (2004). Microbiological investigation of maggot meal, stored for use as livestock feed component. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 2, 104–106.
- Bondari K, Sheppard DC. (1981). Soldier fly larvae as feed in commercial fish production. Aquaculture, 24, 103-109. Doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(81)90047-8
- Chen, Y.M., Chung, Y.C., Wang, L.W., Chen, K.T., Li, S.Y., (2002). Antibacterial properties of chitosan in wtarborne pathogen. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 37, 1379-1390. Doi: 10.1081/ESE-120005993
- Ergün, A., Çolpan, İ., Yıldız, G., Küçükersan, S., Tuncer, D. Ş., Yalçın, S., Küçükersan, M. K., Şehu, A., Saçaklı, P., (2017). Hayvan besleme ve beslenme hastalıkları, 7, 63-65s, Ankara.
- Finke, MD. (2008). Nutrient content of insects. In J.L. Capineira (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd ed., 2687-2710p, Springer Netherlands.
- Finke, M.D. (2013). Complete nutrient content of four species of feeder insects. Zoo Biology, 32, 27-36. Doi: 10.1002/zoo.21012
- Goy, R.C., De Brıtto, D., Assıs, O.B.G. (2009). A Review of the Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan. Polimeros, 19(3), 241-247. Doi: 10.1590/S0104-14282009000300013
- Helander, I.M., Nurmıaho-Lassıla, E.L., Ahvenaınen, R., Rhoades, J., Roller, S. (2001). Chitosan Disrupts the Barrier Properties of the Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 71(2-3), 235-244. Doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00609-2
- Hossaın, S.M. & Balaır, R. (2007). Chitin utilisation by broilers and its effect on body composition and blood metabolites. British Poultry Science, 48(1), 33-38. Doi: 10.1080/00071660601156529
- Huang, R., Mendis, E., Kim, SK., (2005). Factors affecting the free radical scavenging behavior of chitosan sulfate. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 36(1-2), 120-127. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.05.001
- İpçak, H. H. & Alçiçek, A. (2015) Hayvan Beslemede Alternatif Protein Kaynaklarının Geliştirilmesi. 11. Ulusal Zootekni Öğrenci Kongresi, 14
- Je, JY., Park, PJ., Kim, SK. (2004). Free radical scavenging properties of hetero chitooligosaccharides using an ESR spectroscopy. Food Chemical Toxicology, 42(3), 381-387. Doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.10.001
- Jeon, Y.J., Park, P.J., Kim, S.K. (2001). Antimicrobial effect of chitooligosaccharides produced by bioreactor. Carbohydrate Polymers, 44(1), 71-76.
- Jozefıak, D., Engberg, RM. (2015). Insect as poultry feed. 20th European symposium on Poultry Nutrition, 24-27 August 2015, Prague, Czech Republic, 73-79.
- Jozefıak, D., Józefıak, A., Kıeronczyk, B., Rawskı, M., Swıatkıewıcz, S., Dlugosz, J., Engberg, R.M. (2016). İnsects – A natural nutrient source for poultry. Annals of Animal Science, 16(2), 297–313. Doi: 10.1515/aoas-2016-0010
- Khan, S., Khan, R.U., Alam, W., Sultan, A. (2008). Evaluating the nutritive profile of three insect meals and their effects to replace soya bean in broiler diet. Journal of Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition, 102(2), 662–668. Doi: 10.1111/jpn.12809
- Kım, H.J., Chen, F., Wang, X., Rajapakse, N.C. (2005). Effect of chitosan on the biological properties of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 53(9), 3696-3701. Doi: 10.1021/jf0480804
- Kobayashi, S., Terashima, Y., Itoh, H. (2002). Effects of dietary chitosan on fat deposition and lipase activity in digesta in broiler chickens. British. Poultry Science, 43(2), 270-273. Doi: 10.1080/00071660120121490
- Koeleman, E. (2017). There is a bug in the (feed) system! Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018, http://www. allaboutfeed.net/New-Proteins/Articles/2017/12/There-is-abug-in-the-feed-system-222668E
- Kong, M., Chen, X.G., Xıng, K., Park, H.J. (2010). Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: a state of the art review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 144, 51-63. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.012
- Kumar, Majeti NV Ravi.(2002). A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 46, 1-27. Doi: 10.1016/S1381-5148(00)00038-9
- L. W. D. van Raamsdonk, H. J. van der Fels-Klerx., J. de Jong. (2017). New feed ingredients: the insect opportunity. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 34(8), 1384-1397. Doi: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1306883
- Laureati, M., Proserpio, C., Jucker, C., Savoldelli, S. (2016). New sustainable protein sources: Consumers’ willingness to adopt insects as feed and food. Italian Journal of Food Science, 28, 652–668.
- Longvah, T., Mangthya, K., Ramulu, P. (2011). Nutrient composition and protein quality evaluation of eri silkworm (Samia ricinii) prepupae and pupae. Food Chemisrty, 128(2), 400–403. Doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.041
- Makkar, H.P.S., Tran, G., Heuzé, V., Ankers, P. (2014). State of the art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science & Technology. 197, 1-33. Doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.07.008
- Oonincx, D. G. A. B., Van Broekhoven, S., Van Huis, A., Van Loon, J. J. A. (2015). Feed conversion, survival and development, and composition of four insect species on diets composed of food by-products. Plos One, 10(12), 1-20. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144601
- Payne, C. L.R., Scarborough, P., Rayner, M., Nonaka, K. (2016). Asystematic review of nutrient composition data available for twelve commercially available edible insects, and comparison with reference values. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 47, 69-77. Doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.10.012
- PROteINSECT (2016). Enabling the exploitation of Insects as a Sustainable Source of Protein for Animal Feed and Human Nutrition. Final Report Summary PROTEINSECT. https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/105074/reporting/en
Qı, L., Xu, Z., Jıang, X., Hu, C., Zou, X. (2004). Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Research, 339(16), 2693-2700. Doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.09.007
- Smith, R. & Pryor, R. (2014). Enabling the exploitation of insects as a sustainable source of protein for animal feed and human nutrition. PROteINSECT grant agreement number: 312084. 5p. Pro-Insect Platform in Europe-Deliverable
Sun, T., Yao, Q., Zhou, D., Mao, F. (2008). Antioxidant activity of N-carboxymethyl chitosan oligosaccharides. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 18(21), 5774-5776. Doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.072
- Sun, T., Long, R.J., Liu, Z.Y. (2013). The effect of a diet containing grasshoppers and access to free-range on carcase and meat physicochemical and sensory characteristics in broilers. British Poultr Science, 54, 130–137. Doi: 10.1080/00071668.2012.756575
- Suzukı, M., Fujımoto, W., Goto, M., Morımatsu, M.S., Toshıhıko, I. (2002). Cellular Expression of Gut Chitinase mRNA in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mice and Chickens. Journal of Histochemistry Cytochemistry, 50, 1081–1089. Doi: 10.1177/002215540205000810
- Światkiewicz S., Swiatkiewicz M., Arczewska-Wlosek A., Jozefiak D. (2015). Chitosan and its oligosaccharide derivatives (chito-oligosaccharides) as feed supplements in poultry and swine nutrition. Journal of Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition, 99, 1–12. Doi: 10.1111/jpn.12222
- Szendro, K. , Zita Nagy, M., Tóth, K. (2020). Consumer Acceptance of Meat from Animals Reared on Insect Meal as Feed. Animals , 10 (8), 1312. Doi: 10.3390/ani10081312
- Tokoro, A., Tatewaki, N., Suzuki, K., Mikami, T., Suzuki, S., Suzuki, M. (1998). Growth inhibitory effect of hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose and chitohexaos and Meth-A solid tumor. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 36, 784-790. Doi: 10.1248/cpb.36.784
- Van Broekhoven, S., Gutıerrez, M.J., De Rıjk, T.C., De Nıjs, W.C.M., Van Loon, J.J.A. (2017). Degradation and excretion of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol by an edible insect, the Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.). World Mycotoxin Journal, 10(2): 163-169. Doi: 10.3920/WMJ2016.2102
- Van Huis, A., (2015). Edible insects contributing to food security? Agriculture & Food Security, 4, 20.
- Van Huis, A.V., Itterbeeck, J.V., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper,171.
- Veldkamp, T., Van Duınkerken, G., Van Huıs, A., Lakemond, C.M.M., Ottevanger, E., Bosch, G., Van Boekel, M.A.J.S., (2012). Insects as a sustainable feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets – a feasibility study. Report 638, Wageninger UR Livestock Research.
- Verbeke, W., Spranghers, T., De Clercq, P., De Smet, S., Sas, B., Eeckhout, M., (2015). Insects in animal feed: Acceptance and its determinants among farmers, agriculture sector stakeholders and citizens. Animal Feed Science & Technology, 204, 72–87. Doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.04.001
- Yıldırım, Z., Oncül, N., Yıldırım, M., (2015). Kitosan ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri. Niğde Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 19-36.
- Yin, XQ., Lin, Q., Zhang, Q., Yang, LC., (2002). O2- scavenging activity of chitosan and ist metal complexes. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 19, 325-328.
- Zhao, X., Vázquez-Gutiérrez, J. L., Johansson, D. P., Landberg, R., Langton, M., (2016). Yellow mealworm protein for food purposes - extraction and functional properties. Plos One, 11(2). Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147791.