Physiological and Molecular Response to Heavy Metal Stress in Plants

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 528 - 536, 31.12.2022

Kübra Sevgi Sema Leblebici

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1160228

Cited By: 1

Abstract

With the increasing anthropogenic effect and industrialization, the balance of natural ecosystems is deteriorating and heavy metals accumulate above the levels that many living things can tolerate. When plants, sessile organisms, are exposed to heavy metal pollution, serious consequences such as decreased productivity and loss of quality in products are encountered. The effects on plants exposed to heavy metal pollution may vary according to factors such as heavy metal type, concentration, exposure time, and plant species. Heavy metal stress causes a decrease in shoot and root development, biomass, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductivity and transpiration rate; cause chlorosis and necrosis. In addition, it causes an increase in the amount of ROS and MDA, creates lesions in DNA and destabilizes the genome with unrepaired damages. Plants have developed some defense strategies, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, to combat these negative effects of heavy metals. Heavy metal stress-tolerant hyperaccumulator plants, which can continue to grow even in soils with high levels of heavy metals, are frequently used in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and constitute a model in transgenic plant technology.

Keywords

Abiotic stress, heavy metal, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species

Bitkilerde Ağır Metal Stresine Verilen Fizyolojik ve Moleküler Yanıtlar

Abstract

Artan antropojenik etki ve endüstrileşme ile birlikte doğal ekosistemlerin dengeleri bozulmakta ve birçok canlının tolere edilebileceği düzeylerin üzerinde ağır metal birikmektedir. Sesil organizmalar olan bitkiler ağır metal kirliliğine maruz kaldıklarında verimliliğin azalması ve ürünlerde kalite kaybının yaşanması gibi ciddi sonuçlarla karşı karşıya kalınmaktadır. Bu ağır metallerden bakır (Cu), çinko (Zn), kobalt (Co), mangan (Mn), molibden (Mo) ve nikel düşük düzeylerde bitkiler için gerekli olduğu halde yüksek seviyelerde bulunması bitkilerde stres oluşturmaktadır. Alüminyum (Al), arsenik (As), civa (Hg), kadmiyum (Cd), krom (Cr) ve kurşun (Pb) ise bitki gelişiminde gerekli olmayıp çok düşük konsantrasyonlarda bile bitkiye zarar vermekte ve toksik özellik göstermektedir. Ağır metal kirliliğine maruz kalmış bitkilerde oluşan etkiler ağır metal çeşidi, konsantrasyonu, maruziyet süresi, bitki türü gibi faktörlere göre değişebilmektedir. Ağır metal stresi bitkide sürgün ve kök gelişimi, biyokütle, fotosentetik hız, stoma iletkenliği ve transpirasyon hızının azalmasına; kloroz ve nekroza sebep olmaktadır Ayrıca ROS ve MDA miktarında artışa sebep olmakta, DNA’da lezyonlar oluşturmakta ve tamir edilmeyen hasarlar ile genomun kararlılığını bozmaktadır. Bitkiler ağır metallerin bu olumsuz etkileriyle mücadele edebilmek için enzimatik olan ve olmayan antioksidanların da içinde bulunduğu bazı savunma stratejileri geliştirmişlerdir. Yüksek seviyelerde ağır metallerin bulunduğu topraklarda bile gelişimini sürdürebilen ağır metal stresine toleranslı hiperakümülatör bitkiler ise ağır metallerle kontamine olmuş toprakların fitoremediasyonunda sıklıkla kullanılmakta ve transgenik bitki teknolojisinde bir model oluşturmaktadır.

Keywords

Abiyotik stres, Ağır metal, oksidatif stres, reaktif oksijen türleri

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