Correlating Gas/Particle-Phase Concentration of Indicator Polychlorinated Biphenyls with Meteorological Factors in Bayburt, an Important University City of Turkey

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 205 - 220, 30.06.2024

Cihan Paloluoğlu

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1425886

Öz

This study was carried out in two seasons in Bayburt University Baberti Campus (BUBC) in Bayburt city, which is an important university city in Turkey. Gas and particle phase atmospheric concentrations of Urban atmospheric Indicator Polychlorinated Biphenyls (i-PCBs: PCB#28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) were determined at first. Then, by using different methods, the interactions between i-PCB concentrations and meteorological factors were investigated. Gas and particle phases of atmospheric i-PCB samples were collected using a high-volume air sampler (HVAS) in BUBC . Following this stage, the samples were analyzed in a gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) by passing through appropriate extraction steps. According to the data obtained, the average gas phase ∑i-PCB concentration for the summer month was determined to be 11.314 pg/m3 during the sampling period while the average particle phase ∑i-PCB concentration was found to be 2.145 pg/m3. The average gas phase ∑i-PCB concentration was found to be 4.582 pg/m3 for the winter period while it was found to be 1.756 pg/m3 for the average particle phase ∑i-PCB concentration. In addition, the average total concentrations of i-PCBs were calculated to be 19.797 pg/m3. It was determined that meteorological factors especially temperature (from the Clausius–Clapeyron equation), wind velocity and direction, and rainfall have significant impacts on i-PCB concentration and its distribution. In light of these data, i-PCB concentrations determined in the gas phase were found to be higher than those in the particle phase. In addition, concentration rates determined in summer months were calculated to be higher compared to those calculated for winter months.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Active Atmospheric Sampling, Extraction, GC-MS, i-PCBs, Organic Pollutants, Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval Not applicable. This research did not involve the use of any animal or human data or tissue. All mentioned articles comply with ethical approval.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bayburt University and Bayburt University Central Research Laboratory (BUMER) working environment material and equipment support. Active Sampling devices provided by TÜBİTAK in 2008 from the 1001 project no. 107Y021.

Proje Numarası

107Y021

Teşekkür

First of all, I would like to thank Prof. for the valuable advice he gave during my study. Dr. I would like to thank Hanefi Bayraktar. I would also like to thank TUBITAK, Bayburt University Rectorate and Bayburt University Central Research Laboratories Directorate (BÜMER) for their support.

Türkiye’nin Önemli Üniversite Kenti Bayburtda İndikatör Poliklorlu Bifeniller’in Gaz/Partikül Faz Konsantrasyonlarının Meteorolojik Faktörler ile İlişkilendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin önemli Üniversite Kenti olan Bayburt Üniversitesi Baberti Kampüsünde (BÜBK) mevsimsel olarak yapılmıştır. Önce kentsel atmosferik İndikatör Poliklorlu Bifeniller’in (i-PCBs: PCB#28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) hem gaz hem de partikül faz atmosferik konsantrasyonları tesbit edilmiştir. Ardından da i-PCB konsantrasyonlarının meteorolojik faktörler ile olan etkileşimleri farklı yöntemler ile araştırılmıştır. BÜBK’de yüksek hacimli hava örnekleleyicisi (YHHÖ) kullanılarak atmosferik i-PCB örneklerinin gaz ve partikül fazları toplanmıştır. Daha sonra uygun ekstraksiyon adımlarından geçirilerek, gaz kromotografi-kütle spektrofotometre’de (GC-MS’de) analizlenmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre örnekleme periyodu boyunca yaz ayı için ortalama gaz fazı ∑i-PCB konsantrasyonu 11,314 pg/m3 olarak belirlenirken, ortalama partikül faz ∑i-PCB konsantrasyonu ise 2,145 pg/m3 olarak tesbit edilmiştir. Diğer yandan kış ayı için de ortalama gaz fazı ∑i-PCB konsantrasyonu 4,582 pg/m3 olarak belirlenirken, ortalama partikül faz ∑i-PCB konsantrasyonu ise 1,756 pg/m3 olarak tesbit edilmiştir. Ayrıca i-PCB’lerin ortalama toplam konsantrasyonları (yaz+kış; gaz+partikül faz) 19,797 pg/m3 olarak hesaplanmıştır. i-PCB konsantrasyon ve dağılımlarına özellikle sıcaklık (Clausius-Clapeyron eşitliğinden) başta olmak üzere, rüzgar hızı/yönü ve yağışlar gibi meteorolojik faktörlerin önemli ölçüde etkilediği tesbit edilmiştir. Bu veriler ışığında, tesbit edilen i-PCB türlerine ait i-PCB konsantrasyonları gaz fazındaki değerler, partikül fazından daha yüksek oranda bulunmuştur. Ayrıca yaz aylarında bulunan konsantrasyon değerleri kış aylarına göre daha fazla hesaplanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aktif Atmosferik Örnekleme, Ekstraksiyon, GC-MS, i-PCB’ler, Organik Kirleticiler, Poliklorlu Bifeniller.

Etik Beyan

Etik onayı Geçerli değil. Bu araştırma herhangi bir hayvan veya insan verisi veya dokusunun kullanımını içermemektedir. Adı geçen makalelerin tümü etik onaya uygundur.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bayburt Üniversitesi ve Bayburt Üniversitesi Merkezi Araştırma Laboratuarı (BUMER) çalışma ortam malzeme ve ekipman desteği. TÜBİTAK 2008 yılında 107Y021 nolu 1001 projeden sağlamış olduğu Aktif Örnekleme cihazıları.

Proje Numarası

107Y021

Teşekkür

Öncelikle çalışmam sırasında verdiği değerli tavsiyelerden dolayı Prof. Dr. Hanefi Bayraktar'a teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Ayrıca TÜBİTAK'a, Bayburt Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü'ne ve Bayburt Üniversitesi Merkezi Araştırma Laboratuvarları Müdürlüğü'ne (BÜMER) verdikleri destekten dolayı teşekkür ediyorum.

Kaynakça

• Abdul Hussain, B., Westgate, J.N., Hayward, S.J., Shunthirasingham, C., Brown, T.N., Hung, H., … & Wania, F. (2019). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and atmosphere of Western Canadian mountains: The role of source proximity, precipitation, forest cover and mountain cold-trapping. Atmospheric Environment: X, 1(100004), 100004. DOI:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2018.100004
• Afful, S., Awudza, J.A.M., Twumasi, S.K. & Osae, S. (2013). Determination of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by gas chromatography-electron capture detector. Chemosphere, 93(8), 1556-1560. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.001
• Ali, U., Syed, J.H., Mahmood, A., Li, J., Zhang, G., Jones, K.C. & Malik, R.N. (2015). Influential role of black carbon in the soil-air partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan. Chemosphere, 134, 172- 180. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.020
• Arar, S., Alawi, M., Kailani, M. & Alawideh, S. (2019). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentration levels in human gallbladder stones and gallbladder tissues in Jordan. International Journal of Environmental of Research, 13(6), 961-976. DOI: 10.1007/s41742-019-00229-1
• Arinaitwe, K., Muir, D.C.G., Kiremire, B.T., Fellin, P., Li, H., Teixeira, C. & Mubiru, D.N. (2018). Prevalence and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmospheric environment of Lake Victoria, East Africa. Chemosphere, 193, 343- 350. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.041.
• Aslam, S.N., Huber, C., Asimakopoulos, A.G., Steinnes, E. & Mikkelsen, Ø. (2019). Trace elements and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in terrestrial compartments of Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. The Science of the Total Environment, 685, 1127- 1138. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.060
• Baek, S.Y., Choi, S.D. & Chang, Y.S. (2011). Three-year atmospheric monitoring of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in polar regions and the South Pacific. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(10), 4475-4482. DOI: 10.1021/es1042996
• Bozlaker, A., Odabasi, M., & Muezzinoglu, A. (2008). Dry deposition and soil-air gas exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an industrial area. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 156(3), 784-793. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.06.008
• Barbas, B., de la Torre, A., Sanz, P., Navarro, I., Artíñano, B. & Martínez, M.A. (2018). Gas/particle partitioning and particle size distribution of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in urban ambient air. The Science of the Total Environment, 624, 170-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.114
• Bogdal, C., Scheringer, M., Abad, E., Abalos, M., van Bavel, B., Hagberg, J. & Fiedler, H. (2013). Worldwide distribution of persistent organic pollutants in air, including results of air monitoring by passive air sampling in five continents. Trends in Analytical Chemistry: TRAC, 46, 150-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.05.011
• Cabrerizo, A., Dachs, J., Moeckel, C., Ojeda, M.J., Barcel, D. & Jone, K.C. (2011). Factors Influencing the Soil_Air Partitioning and the Strength of Soils as a Secondary Source of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to the Atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 4785-4792.
• Cakıroğulları, G.Ç. (2006). İzmit Körfezi’nde Su, Sediment, Mezgit (Gadus Merlangus L.1758) ve İstavrit (Trachurus Mediterraneus S.1868) Balıklarında Poliklorlu Bifeniller İle DDT’nin Saptanması. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Su Ürünleri Anabilim Dalı. Ankara, Türkiye, 457s.
• Castro-Jiménez, J., Dueri, S., Eisenreich, S.J., Mariani, G., Skejo, H., Umlauf, G. & Zaldívar, J.M. (2009). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere of sub-alpine northern Italy. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 157(3), 1024-1032. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.10.007.
• Cetin, B., Ozturk, F., Keles, M., & Yurdakul, S. (2017). PAHs and PCBs in an Eastern Mediterranean megacity, Istanbul: Their spatial and temporal distributions, air-soil exchange and toxicological effects. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 220, 1322-1332. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.002.
• Cetin, B., Yurdakul, S., Gungormus, E., Ozturk, F. & Sofuoglu, S.C. (2018). Source apportionment and carcinogenic risk assessment of passive air sampler-derived PAHs and PCBs in a heavily industrialized region. The Science of the Total Environment, 633, 30-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.145.
• Chaemfa, C., Barber, J.L., Kim, K.S., Harner, T. & Jones, K.C. (2009). Further studies on the uptake of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers. Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England: 1994), 43(25), 3843-3849. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.020.
• Chakraborty, P., Zhang, G., Eckhardt, S., Li, J., Breivik, K., Lam, P.K.S., … & Jones, K.C. (2013). Atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls in Indian cities: levels, emission sources and toxicity equivalents. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 182, 283-290. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.032.
• Cindoruk, S.S. (2007). Poliklorlu bifenillerin (PCB'ler) konsantrasyonlarının, kuru çökelme ve hava-su ara kesit akılarının belirlenmesi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Bursa, Türkiye, 168s.
• Cindoruk, S. S., & Tasdemir, Y. (2010). Dynamics of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): concentrations, patterns, partitioning, and dry deposition level estimations in a residential site of Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 162(1-4), 67-80. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0776-1.
• Combi, T., Pintado-Herrera, M.G., Lara-Martin, P.A., Lopes-Rocha, M., Miserocchi, S., Langone, L. & Guerra, R. (2020). Historical sedimentary deposition and flux of PAHs, PCBs, and DDTs in sediment cores from the western Adriatic Sea. Chemosphere, 241, 1-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125029.
• Currado, G.M. & Harrad, S. (2000). Factors influencing atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in Birmingham, U.K. Environmental Science & Technology, 34(1), 78-82. DOI: 10.1021/es990752x.
• Esen, F. (2006). Bursa Atmosferindeki Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonların (PAH’ların) Gaz/Partikül Konsantrasyon Dağılımları ve Kuru Çökelme Miktarları. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Bursa, Türkiye, 300s.
• Frederiksen, M., Meyer, H.W., Ebbehøj, N.E. & Gunnarsen, L. (2012). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor air originate from sealants in contaminated and uncontaminated apartments within the same housing estate. Chemosphere, 89(4), 473-479. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.103.
• Garcia, A.S. & Perez-Pastor, R.M. (2003). Occurrence of PCBs ın ambıent aır and surface soil in an urban site of Madrid. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 146, 283-295.
• Gevao, B., Porcelli, M., Rajagopalan, S., Krishnan, D., Martinez-Guijarro, K., Alshemmari, H., … & Zafar, J. (2017). Seasonal variations in the atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in Kuwait. Chemosphere, 189, 652- 660. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.063.
• Giuliani, S., Piazza, R., El Moumni, B., Polo, F. P., Vecchiato, M., Romano, S., … Bellucci, L. G. (2015). Recognizing different impacts of human and natural sources on the spatial distribution and temporal trends of PAHs and PCBs (including PCB-11) in sediments of the Nador Lagoon (Morocco). The Science of the Total Environment, 526, 346-357. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.057.
• Gregoris, E., Argiriadis, E., Vecchiatoa, M., Zambon, S., Pieri, S.D., Donateo, A., … & Gambaro, A. (2014). Gas-particle distributions, sources and health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in Venice aerosols. Science of the Total Environment, 476, 393-405.
• Günindi, M. & Tasdemir, Y. (2010). Atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) inputs to a coastal city near the Marmara Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(12), 2242-2250. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.08.012.
• Günindi, M. & Tasdemir, Y. (2011). Wet and dry deposition fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an urban area of Turkey. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 215(1-4), 427-439. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-010-0488-8.
• Harrad, S. & Mao, H. (2004). Atmospheric PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Birmingham, UK: concentrations, sources, temporal and seasonal trends. Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England: 1994), 38(10), 1437-1445. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.002.
• He, J. & Balasubramanian, R. (2009). A study of gas/particle partitioning of SVOCs in the tropical atmosphere of Southeast Asia. Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England: 1994), 43(29), 4375-4383. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.055.
• Hermanson, M.H., Isaksson, E., Divine, D., Teixeira, C. & Muir, D.C.G. (2020). Atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls to seasonal surface snow at four glacier sites on Svalbard, 2013-2014. Chemosphere, 243(125324), 125324. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125324.
• Kılıç, E. (2008). Bayburt İli Hava Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Erzurum, Türkiye, 60s.
• Liu, C., Wei, B.K., Bao, J.S., Wang, Y., Hu, J.C., Tang, Y.E., … & Jin, J. (2020). Polychlorinated biphenyls in the soil–crop–atmosphere system in e-waste dismantling areas in Taizhou: Concentrations, congener profiles, uptake, and translocation. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 257(113622), 113622. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113622.
• Liu, R., Ma, S., Li, G., Yu, Y. & An, T. (2019). Comparing pollution patterns and human exposure to atmospheric PBDEs and PCBs emitted from different e-waste dismantling processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 369, 142-149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.029.
• Lohmann, R., Lee, R. G. M., Green, N.J.L. & Jones, K. C. (2000). Gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in daily air samples. Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England: 1994), 34(16), 2529-2537. DOI: 10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00515-4.
• Luo, C., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Yang, R., Zhang, G., & Shen, Z. (2015). Effects of EDDS and plantgrowth-promoting bacteria on plant uptake of trace metals and PCBs from e–waste– contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 286, 379-385. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.01.010.
• Mahmood, A., Syed, J.H., Malik, R.N., Zheng, Q., Cheng, Z., Li, J. & Zhang, G. (2014). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air, soil, and cereal crops along the two tributaries of River Chenab, Pakistan: Concentrations, distribution, and screening level risk assessment. The Science of the Total Environment, 481, 596-604. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.074.
• Manodori, L., Gambaro, A., Moret, I., Capodaglio, G. & Cescon, P. (2007). Air–sea gaseous exchange of PCB at the Venice lagoon (Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(10), 1634-1644. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.06.012.
• Needham, T.P. & Ghosh, U. (2019). Four decades since the ban, old urban wastewater treatment plant remains a dominant source of PCBs to the environment. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 246, 390-397. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.016.
• Olenycz, M., Sokołowski, A., Niewińska, A., Wołowicz, M., Namieśnik, J., Hummel, H., & Jansen, J. (2015). Comparison of PCBs and PAH levels in European coastal waters using mussels from the Mytilus edulis complex as biomonitors. Oceanologia, 57(2), 196-211. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceano.2014.12.001.
• Omwoma, S., Mbithi, B.M., Pandelova, M., Ssebugere, P., Lalah, J.O., Wang, Y. & Schramm, K.W. (2019). Comparative exposomics of persistent organic pollutants (PCBs, OCPs, MCCPs, and SCCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Victoria (Africa) and Three Gorges Reservoir (China). The Science of the Total Environment, 695(133789), 133789. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133789.
• Paloluoğlu, C. (2008). Erzurum Atmosferindeki Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonların (PAH’ların) Derişimlerinin ve Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi. Erzurum, Turkey.
• Paloluoğlu, C. (2016). Erzurum'da Çeşitli Örnekleme Yöntemleri Kullanarak Farklı Ortamlardaki Poliklorlu Bifenillerin (PCB'lerin) Konsantrasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Erzurum, Türkiye, 189s.
• Paloluoğlu, C., Bayraktar, H., Aktan, M., Turalioglu, F.S. & Gaga, E.E. (2016). Atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban traffic site in Erzurum, Turkey. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment: Research Journal, 30(4), 1223-1234. DOI: 10.1007/s00477-015-1110-9.
• Qiu, Y.W., Wang, D.X. & Zhang, G. (2020). Assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in sediments of the Eastern Indian Ocean. The Science of the Total Environment, 710(136335), 136335. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136335.
• Reddy, A.V.B., Moniruzzaman, M. & Aminabhavi, T.M. (2019). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment: Recent updates on sampling, pretreatment, cleanup technologies and their analysis. Chemical Engineering Journal (Lausanne, Switzerland: 1996), 358, 1186-1207. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.205.
• Sharma, B.M., Bharat, G.K., Tayal, S., Nizzetto, L. & Larssen, T. (2014). The legal framework to manage chemical pollution in India and the lesson from the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). The Science of the Total Environment, 490, 733- 747. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.043.
• Shin, S.K., Jin, G.Z., Kim, W.I., Kim, B.H., Hwang, S. M., Hong, J.P. & Park, J.S. (2011). Nationwide monitoring of atmospheric PCDD/Fs and dioxinlike PCBs in South Korea. Chemosphere, 83(10), 1339-1344. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.024.
• Siddik Cindoruk, S. & Tasdemir, Y. (2007). Characterization of gas/particle concentrations and partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) measured in an urban site in Turkey. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 148(1), 325-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.10.018.
• Simcik, M.F., Basu, I., Sweet, C.W., & Hites, R.A. (1999). Temperature dependence and temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the Great Lakes atmosphere. Environmental Science & Technology, 33(12), 1991-1995. DOI: 10.1021/es9811896.
• Sofuoğlu, A., Odabaşı, M., Taşdemir, Y., Khalılı, N. R. & Holsen, T. (2001). Temperature dependence of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in Chicago air. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 6503- 6510. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00408-3.
• Tang, X., Hashmi, M. Z., Zeng, B., Yang, J., & Shen, C. (2015). Application of iron-activated persulfate oxidation for the degradation of PCBs in soil. Chemical Engineering Journal (Lausanne, Switzerland: 1996), 279, 673-680. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.05.059.
• Trinh, M.M., Tsai, C.L., Hien, T.T., Thuan, N.T., Chi, K.H., Lien, C.G. & Chang, M.B. (2018). Atmospheric concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs around Hochiminh city. Chemosphere, 202, 246- 254. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.087.
• Ullah, R., Asghar, R., Baqar, M., Mahmood, A., Alamdar, A., Qadir, A., … & Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani, S.A. (2020). Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Himalayan Riverine Network of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Chemosphere, 240(124762), 124762. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124762.
• van den Dungen, M.W., Rijk, J.C.W., Kampman, E., Steegenga, W.T. & Murk, A.J. (2015). Steroid hormone-related effects of marine persistent organic pollutants in human H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Toxicology in Vitro: An International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA, 29(4), 769-778. DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.002.
• Vecchiato, M., Zambon, S., Argiriadis, E., Barbante, C., Gambaro, A. & Piazza, R. (2015). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Antarctic ice-free areas: Influence of local sources on lakes and soils. Microchemical Journal, Devoted to the Application of Microtechniques in All Branches of Science, 120, 26-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.12.008.
• Wang, X., Thai, P. K., Li, Y., Li, Q., Wainwright, D., Hawker, D.W. & Mueller, J.F. (2016). Changes in atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls between the 1990s and 2010s in an Australian city and the role of bushfires as a source. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 213, 223-231. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.020.
• Wang, Y., Wu, X., Hou, M., Zhao, H., Chen, R., Luo, C. & Zhang, G. (2017). Factors influencing the atmospheric concentrations of PCBs at an abandoned e-waste recycling site in South China. The Science of the Total Environment, 578, 34-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.131.
• Wania, F., Haugen, J.E., Lei, Y.D. & Mackay, D. (1998). Temperature dependence of atmospheric concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds. Environmental Science & Technology, 32(8), 1013-1021. DOI: 10.1021/es970856c.
• Wu, J., Teng, M., Gao, L. & Zheng, M. (2011). Background air levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in China. The Science of the Total Environment, 409(10), 1818-1823. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.027.
• Wu, X., Chen, A., Wang, S., Zou, J., Liu, H. & Xiao, S. (2018). Polychlorinated biphenyls in two typical landforms of Southern Anhui province, China: Sources, air-soil exchange, and risk assessment. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(3), 569-576. DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2017.12.007.
• Yang, G., Ma, L., Xu, D., Liu, L., Jia, H., Chen, Y., … & Chai, Z. (2012). Temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls in precipitation in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England: 1994), 56, 222-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.070.
• Yeo, H., Choi, M., Chun, M.Y. & Sunwoo, Y. (2003). Gas/particle concentrations and partitioning of PCBs in the atmosphere of Korea. Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England: 1994), 37(25), 3561-3570. DOI: 10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00361-3.
• Yeo, H.G., Choi, M., Chun, M.Y., Kim, T.W. Cho, K.C. & Sunwoo, Y. (2004). Concentration characteristics of atmospheric PCBs for urban and rural area, Korea. The Science of the Total Environment, 324(1-3), 261-270. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.031.
• Yurdakul, S., Çelik, I., Çelen, M., Öztürk, F. & Cetin, B. (2019). Levels, temporal/spatial variations, and sources of PAHs and PCBs in soil of a highly industrialized area. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(4), 1227-1238. DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2019.02.006.