Rize İli Atık Su Arıtma Tesislerinde Mikroplastik Konsantrasyonlarının Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 816 - 821, 31.12.2024

Tolga Akdemir

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1587391

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin en yağışlı ili olan Rize’deki kentsel atık su arıtma tesislerinde mikroplastik (MP) kirliliğini incelemek üzere gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, yağışlı ve kurak dönemlerdeki mikroplastik miktarları, şekilleri (fiber, fragment, film, foam) ve polimer türleri (PET, PP, PE, PS, PVC) arasındaki dönemsel farklılıklar analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, mikroplastik yoğunluğunun mevsimsel dalgalanmalar gösterdiğini, ancak istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma boyunca en yaygın şekilsel tür fiber olarak tespit edilmiş, polimer türlerinde ise PET’in baskın olarak öne çıkmıştır. Özellikle tekstil ürünlerinden kaynaklanan liflerin mikroplastik kirliliğinde belirgin bir payı olduğu saptanmıştır. Film ve foam türlerinde mevsimsel farklılıklar gözlemlenmiş, bu durumun çevresel koşullara duyarlılık gösterebileceği vurgulanmıştır. MP kirliliğinin kaynaklarının anlaşılması ve etkili giderim teknolojilerinin geliştirilmesi için daha kapsamlı ve uzun vadeli araştırmalar önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Atık su, Mikroplastik, Derin deniz deşarjı, AAT, Rize

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmanın yürütülmesi için gerekli idari izinleri sağlayan Rize Belediyesi’ne ve Çevre Mühendisi İsa TAŞÇI'ya ve mikroplastiklerin tespit edilmesindeki değerli yardımları için Prof.Dr. Kenan GEDİK'e şükranlarımı sunarım.

Determination of Microplastic Concentrations in Rize Province Wastewater Treatment Plants

Öz

This study was conducted to investigate microplastic (MP) pollution in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Rize, the wettest province in Turkey. The study analyzed the seasonal differences in microplastic quantities, shapes (fiber, fragment, film, foam) and polymer types (PET, PP, PE, PS, PVC) during wet and dry periods. The results revealed that microplastic density showed seasonal fluctuations, but no statistically significant differences were found. Fiber was found to be the most common shape type throughout the study, while PET was the dominant polymer type. Especially fibers from textile products were found to have a significant share in microplastic pollution. Seasonal differences were observed in film and foam types and it was emphasized that this situation may be sensitive to environmental conditions. More comprehensive and long-term research is recommended to understand the sources of MP pollution and to develop effective removal technologies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Wastewater, Microplastics, Deep sea discharge, WWTP, Rize

Kaynakça

• Akarsu, C., Kıdeyş, A.E. &Kumbur, H. (2017). Evsel atık su arıtma tesislerinin sucul ekosisteme mikroplastik tehditi. Turk Hij. Den. Biyol. Derg., 74(EK-1), 73- 78. DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2017.36845
• Akdemir, T. & Gedik, K. (2023). Microplastic emission trends in Turkish primary and secondary municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents discharged into the sea of Marmara and Black Sea. Environ. Res., 231, 116188. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116188
• Akkan, T., Gedik, K. & Mutlu, T. (2023). Protracted dynamicity of microplastics in the coastal sediment of the Southeast Black Sea. Mar Pollut Bull., 188, 114722. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114722
• Bozdaş, K. (2022). Atıksu arıtma tesislerinde mikroplastiklerin akıbeti. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bursa, Türkiye, 51s.
• Browne, M.A., Crump, P., Niven, S.J., Teuten, E., Tonkin, A., Galloway, A. & Thompson, R. (2011). Accumulation of microplastics on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 9175e9179. DOI: 10.1021/es201811s
• Browne, M.A. (2015). Sources and Pathways of Microplastics to Habitats. In: Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., Klages, M. (eds), Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16510- 3_9
• Can, T. (2020). Atıksu arıtma tesislerinde mikroplastik gideriminin araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye, 78s.
• Carr, S.A., Liu, J. & Tesoro, A.G. (2016). Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants. Water Res., 91, 174-182. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.002
• Cheung, P.K. & Fok, L. (2017). Characterisation of plastic microbeads in facial scrubs and their estimated emissions in Mainland China. Water Res., 122, 53e61. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.053
• ÇŞİB. (2023). Rize İli 2023 Yılı Çevre Durum Raporu. Çevre Şehircilik Ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, İl Müdürlüğü, Rize, Türkiye, 106s.
• Fendall, L.S. & Sewell, M.A. (2009). Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: microplastics in facial cleansers. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 58(8), 1225e1228. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025.
• Frias, J.P.G.L. & Nash, R. (2019). Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 138, 145–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022
• Gedik, K., Eryaşar, A.R. & Gözler, A.M. (2022a). The microplastic pattern of wild-caught Mediterranean mussels from the Marmara Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 175, 113331 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113331
• Gedik, K., Eryaşar, A.R., Öztürk, R.Ç., Mutlu, E., Karaoğlu, K., Şahin, A. & Özvarol, Y. (2022b). The broad-scale microplastic distribution in surface water and sediments along Northeastern Mediterranean shoreline. Sci. Total Environ., 843, 157038. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157038
• Geyer, R., Jambeck J.R. & Law, K.L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances, 3(7), e1700782. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782
• Gündoğdu, S., Çevik, C., Güzel, E., ve Kilercioğlu, S. (2018). Microplastics in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Turkey: a comparison of the influent and secondary effluent concentrations. Environ Monit Assess, 190(11). DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7010-y
• Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C. & Thiel, M., (2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(6), 3060e3075. DOI: 10.1021/es2031505
• Iordachescu, L., Papacharalampos, K., Barritaud, L., Denieul, M.P., Plessis, E., Baratto, G., Julien, V., Vollertsen, J. (2024). Microplastics in an advanced wastewater treatment plant: sustained and robust removal rates unfazed by seasonal variations. Micropl.&Nanopl. 4, 18. DOI: 10.1186/s43591-024- 00097-3b
• Iyare, P. U., Ouki, S. K. & Bond, T. (2020). Microplastics removal in wastewater treatment plants: a critical review. Environ. Sci.; Water Res. Technol., 6, 2664. DOI: 10.1039/d0ew00397b
• Koyuncuoğlu, P. (2021). Kentsel atıksu aritma tesisi kaynakli mikroplastik kirlilik profilinin belirlenmesi: Denizli ili örneği. Doktora Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli, Türkiye, 145s.
• Mason, S.A., Garneau, D., Sutton, R., Chu, Y., Ehmann, K., Barnes, J., Fink, P., Papazissimos, D. & Rogers, D.L. (2016). Microplastic pollution is widely detected in US municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent. Environ. Pollut., 218, 1045e1054. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.056
• Murphy, F., Ewins, C., Carbonnier, F. & Quinn, B. (2016). Wastewater treatment works (WwTW) as a source of microplastics in the aquatic environment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50(11), 5800e5808. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05416
• Napper, I.E. & Thompson, R.C. (2016). Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: effects of fabric type and washing conditions. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 112(1), 39e45. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025
• Nizzetto, L., Futter, M. & Langaas, S. (2016). Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50(20), 10777-10779. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04140
• Saiwaree S. & Kanokkantapong V. (2021). Microplastics in Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants: Dynamic Distribution, Seasonal Variation, and Removal Efficiencies. Environmental Science and Engineering, 4th International Conference on Sustainable Development of Water and Environment, ICSDWE 2021, Bangkok, 12-13 March, pp. 103 - 113.
• Shruti, V.C., P´erez-Guevara, F., Roy, P.D. & Kutralam- Muniasamy, G. (2022). Analyzing microplastics with Nile Red: emerging trends, challenges, and prospects. J. Hazard Mater., 423, 127171 DOI:. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127171
• Stock, F., Kochleus, C., B¨ ansch-Baltruschat, B., Brennholt, N. & Reifferscheid, G. (2019). Sampling techniques and preparation methods for microplastic analyses in the aquatic environment-A review. Trends Anal. Chem., 113, 84-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.014
• Sun, X., Dai, Q., Wang, M.C., van Loosdrecht, B.J. & Ni (2019). Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: detection, occurrence and removal. Water Res., 152, 21-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.050
• Talvitie, J., Mikola, A., Koistinen, A., Setala, O. (2017). Solutions to microplastic pollution - removal of microplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Water Res., 123, 401. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.005
• Thompson, R.C., Moore, C.J., vom Saal, F.S. & Swan, S.H. (2009). Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B., 364, 2153-2166. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0053
• TUİK. (2024). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 49684.
• Uogintė, I., Pleskytė, S., Pauraitė, J. & Lujanienė, G. (2022). Seasonal variation and complex analysis of microplastic distribution in different WWTP treatment stages in Lithuania. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(11), 829. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10478-x
• Yılmaz, E., Alaca, R., Karasu, S. (2016). Rize ili atıksu sistemi, işletme çalışmaları ve sorunları. International Symposium of Water and Wastewater Management, 26-28 Ekim, Malatya, Türkiye.
• Ziajahromi, S., Neale, P.A., Rintoul, L. & Leusch, F.D. (2017). Wastewater treatment plants as a pathway for microplastics: development of a new approach to sample wastewater-based microplastics. Water Res., 112, 93-99. DO: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.042.