Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin en yağışlı ili olan Rize’deki kentsel atık su arıtma tesislerinde mikroplastik (MP) kirliliğini incelemek üzere gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, yağışlı ve kurak dönemlerdeki mikroplastik miktarları, şekilleri (fiber, fragment, film, foam) ve polimer türleri (PET, PP, PE, PS, PVC) arasındaki dönemsel farklılıklar analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, mikroplastik yoğunluğunun mevsimsel dalgalanmalar gösterdiğini, ancak istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma boyunca en yaygın şekilsel tür fiber olarak tespit edilmiş, polimer türlerinde ise PET’in baskın olarak öne çıkmıştır. Özellikle tekstil ürünlerinden kaynaklanan liflerin mikroplastik kirliliğinde belirgin bir payı olduğu saptanmıştır. Film ve foam türlerinde mevsimsel farklılıklar gözlemlenmiş, bu durumun çevresel koşullara duyarlılık gösterebileceği vurgulanmıştır. MP kirliliğinin kaynaklarının anlaşılması ve etkili giderim teknolojilerinin geliştirilmesi için daha kapsamlı ve uzun vadeli araştırmalar önerilmektedir.
Bu çalışmanın yürütülmesi için gerekli idari izinleri sağlayan Rize Belediyesi’ne ve Çevre Mühendisi İsa TAŞÇI'ya ve mikroplastiklerin tespit edilmesindeki değerli yardımları için Prof.Dr. Kenan GEDİK'e şükranlarımı sunarım.
References
Akarsu, C., Kıdeyş, A.E. &Kumbur, H. (2017). Evsel atık
su arıtma tesislerinin sucul ekosisteme mikroplastik
tehditi. Turk Hij. Den. Biyol. Derg., 74(EK-1), 73-
78. DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2017.36845
Akdemir, T. & Gedik, K. (2023). Microplastic emission
trends in Turkish primary and secondary municipal
wastewater treatment plant effluents discharged into
the sea of Marmara and Black Sea. Environ. Res.,
231, 116188. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116188
Akkan, T., Gedik, K. & Mutlu, T. (2023). Protracted
dynamicity of microplastics in the coastal sediment
of the Southeast Black Sea. Mar Pollut Bull., 188,
114722. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114722
Bozdaş, K. (2022). Atıksu arıtma tesislerinde
mikroplastiklerin akıbeti. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bursa,
Türkiye, 51s.
Browne, M.A., Crump, P., Niven, S.J., Teuten, E., Tonkin,
A., Galloway, A. & Thompson, R. (2011).
Accumulation of microplastics on shorelines
worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol.
45, 9175e9179. DOI: 10.1021/es201811s
Browne, M.A. (2015). Sources and Pathways of
Microplastics to Habitats. In: Bergmann, M., Gutow,
L., Klages, M. (eds), Marine Anthropogenic Litter,
Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16510-
3_9
Can, T. (2020). Atıksu arıtma tesislerinde mikroplastik
gideriminin araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi,
Bursa, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri
Enstitüsü, Türkiye, 78s.
Carr, S.A., Liu, J. & Tesoro, A.G. (2016). Transport and fate
of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment
plants. Water Res., 91, 174-182. DOI:
10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.002
Cheung, P.K. & Fok, L. (2017). Characterisation of plastic
microbeads in facial scrubs and their estimated
emissions in Mainland China. Water Res., 122,
53e61. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.053
ÇŞİB. (2023). Rize İli 2023 Yılı Çevre Durum Raporu. Çevre
Şehircilik Ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, İl
Müdürlüğü, Rize, Türkiye, 106s.
Fendall, L.S. & Sewell, M.A. (2009). Contributing to marine
pollution by washing your face: microplastics in
facial cleansers. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 58(8),
1225e1228. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025.
Frias, J.P.G.L. & Nash, R. (2019). Microplastics: Finding a
consensus on the definition. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 138,
145–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022
Gedik, K., Eryaşar, A.R. & Gözler, A.M. (2022a). The
microplastic pattern of wild-caught Mediterranean
mussels from the Marmara Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull.,
175, 113331 DOI:
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113331
Gedik, K., Eryaşar, A.R., Öztürk, R.Ç., Mutlu, E.,
Karaoğlu, K., Şahin, A. & Özvarol, Y. (2022b).
The broad-scale microplastic distribution in surface
water and sediments along Northeastern
Mediterranean shoreline. Sci. Total Environ., 843,
157038. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157038
Geyer, R., Jambeck J.R. & Law, K.L. (2017). Production,
use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science
Advances, 3(7), e1700782. DOI:
10.1126/sciadv.1700782
Gündoğdu, S., Çevik, C., Güzel, E., ve Kilercioğlu, S.
(2018). Microplastics in municipal wastewater
treatment plants in Turkey: a comparison of the
influent and secondary effluent concentrations.
Environ Monit Assess, 190(11). DOI:
10.1007/s10661-018-7010-y
Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C. & Thiel, M.,
(2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: a
review of the methods used for identification and
quantification. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(6),
3060e3075. DOI: 10.1021/es2031505
Iordachescu, L., Papacharalampos, K., Barritaud, L.,
Denieul, M.P., Plessis, E., Baratto, G., Julien, V.,
Vollertsen, J. (2024). Microplastics in an advanced
wastewater treatment plant: sustained and robust
removal rates unfazed by seasonal variations.
Micropl.&Nanopl. 4, 18. DOI: 10.1186/s43591-024-
00097-3b
Iyare, P. U., Ouki, S. K. & Bond, T. (2020). Microplastics
removal in wastewater treatment plants: a critical
review. Environ. Sci.; Water Res. Technol., 6, 2664.
DOI: 10.1039/d0ew00397b
Koyuncuoğlu, P. (2021). Kentsel atıksu aritma tesisi kaynakli
mikroplastik kirlilik profilinin belirlenmesi: Denizli
ili örneği. Doktora Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi,
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli, Türkiye, 145s.
Mason, S.A., Garneau, D., Sutton, R., Chu, Y., Ehmann,
K., Barnes, J., Fink, P., Papazissimos, D. &
Rogers, D.L. (2016). Microplastic pollution is
widely detected in US municipal wastewater
treatment plant effluent. Environ. Pollut., 218,
1045e1054. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.056
Murphy, F., Ewins, C., Carbonnier, F. & Quinn, B. (2016).
Wastewater treatment works (WwTW) as a source
of microplastics in the aquatic environment.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 50(11), 5800e5808. DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.5b05416
Napper, I.E. & Thompson, R.C. (2016). Release of synthetic
microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing
machines: effects of fabric type and washing
conditions. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 112(1), 39e45. DOI:
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025
Nizzetto, L., Futter, M. & Langaas, S. (2016). Are
agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban
origin. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50(20), 10777-10779.
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04140
Saiwaree S. & Kanokkantapong V. (2021). Microplastics in
Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants: Dynamic
Distribution, Seasonal Variation, and Removal
Efficiencies. Environmental Science and
Engineering, 4th International Conference on
Sustainable Development of Water and
Environment, ICSDWE 2021, Bangkok, 12-13
March, pp. 103 - 113.
Shruti, V.C., P´erez-Guevara, F., Roy, P.D. & Kutralam-
Muniasamy, G. (2022). Analyzing microplastics
with Nile Red: emerging trends, challenges, and
prospects. J. Hazard Mater., 423, 127171 DOI:.
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127171
Stock, F., Kochleus, C., B¨ ansch-Baltruschat, B.,
Brennholt, N. & Reifferscheid, G. (2019).
Sampling techniques and preparation methods for
microplastic analyses in the aquatic environment-A
review. Trends Anal. Chem., 113, 84-92. DOI:
10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.014
Sun, X., Dai, Q., Wang, M.C., van Loosdrecht, B.J. & Ni
(2019). Microplastics in wastewater treatment
plants: detection, occurrence and removal. Water
Res., 152, 21-37. DOI:
10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.050
Talvitie, J., Mikola, A., Koistinen, A., Setala, O. (2017).
Solutions to microplastic pollution - removal of
microplastics from wastewater effluent with
advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Water
Res., 123, 401. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.005
Thompson, R.C., Moore, C.J., vom Saal, F.S. & Swan, S.H.
(2009). Plastics, the environment and human health:
current consensus and future trends. Philos. Trans.
R. Soc. B., 364, 2153-2166. DOI:
10.1098/rstb.2009.0053
TUİK. (2024). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları,
2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 49684.
Uogintė, I., Pleskytė, S., Pauraitė, J. & Lujanienė, G.
(2022). Seasonal variation and complex analysis of
microplastic distribution in different WWTP
treatment stages in Lithuania. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment, 194(11), 829. DOI:
10.1007/s10661-022-10478-x
Yılmaz, E., Alaca, R., Karasu, S. (2016). Rize ili atıksu
sistemi, işletme çalışmaları ve sorunları.
International Symposium of Water and Wastewater
Management, 26-28 Ekim, Malatya, Türkiye.
Ziajahromi, S., Neale, P.A., Rintoul, L. & Leusch, F.D.
(2017). Wastewater treatment plants as a pathway
for microplastics: development of a new approach to
sample wastewater-based microplastics. Water Res.,
112, 93-99. DO: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.042.
Determination of Microplastic Concentrations in Rize Province Wastewater Treatment Plants
Year 2024,
Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 816 - 821, 31.12.2024
This study was conducted to investigate microplastic (MP) pollution in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Rize, the wettest province in Turkey. The study analyzed the seasonal differences in microplastic quantities, shapes (fiber, fragment, film, foam) and polymer types (PET, PP, PE, PS, PVC) during wet and dry periods. The results revealed that microplastic density showed seasonal fluctuations, but no statistically significant differences were found. Fiber was found to be the most common shape type throughout the study, while PET was the dominant polymer type. Especially fibers from textile products were found to have a significant share in microplastic pollution. Seasonal differences were observed in film and foam types and it was emphasized that this situation may be sensitive to environmental conditions. More comprehensive and long-term research is recommended to understand the sources of MP pollution and to develop effective removal technologies.
Akarsu, C., Kıdeyş, A.E. &Kumbur, H. (2017). Evsel atık
su arıtma tesislerinin sucul ekosisteme mikroplastik
tehditi. Turk Hij. Den. Biyol. Derg., 74(EK-1), 73-
78. DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2017.36845
Akdemir, T. & Gedik, K. (2023). Microplastic emission
trends in Turkish primary and secondary municipal
wastewater treatment plant effluents discharged into
the sea of Marmara and Black Sea. Environ. Res.,
231, 116188. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116188
Akkan, T., Gedik, K. & Mutlu, T. (2023). Protracted
dynamicity of microplastics in the coastal sediment
of the Southeast Black Sea. Mar Pollut Bull., 188,
114722. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114722
Bozdaş, K. (2022). Atıksu arıtma tesislerinde
mikroplastiklerin akıbeti. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bursa,
Türkiye, 51s.
Browne, M.A., Crump, P., Niven, S.J., Teuten, E., Tonkin,
A., Galloway, A. & Thompson, R. (2011).
Accumulation of microplastics on shorelines
worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol.
45, 9175e9179. DOI: 10.1021/es201811s
Browne, M.A. (2015). Sources and Pathways of
Microplastics to Habitats. In: Bergmann, M., Gutow,
L., Klages, M. (eds), Marine Anthropogenic Litter,
Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16510-
3_9
Can, T. (2020). Atıksu arıtma tesislerinde mikroplastik
gideriminin araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi,
Bursa, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri
Enstitüsü, Türkiye, 78s.
Carr, S.A., Liu, J. & Tesoro, A.G. (2016). Transport and fate
of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment
plants. Water Res., 91, 174-182. DOI:
10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.002
Cheung, P.K. & Fok, L. (2017). Characterisation of plastic
microbeads in facial scrubs and their estimated
emissions in Mainland China. Water Res., 122,
53e61. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.053
ÇŞİB. (2023). Rize İli 2023 Yılı Çevre Durum Raporu. Çevre
Şehircilik Ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, İl
Müdürlüğü, Rize, Türkiye, 106s.
Fendall, L.S. & Sewell, M.A. (2009). Contributing to marine
pollution by washing your face: microplastics in
facial cleansers. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 58(8),
1225e1228. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025.
Frias, J.P.G.L. & Nash, R. (2019). Microplastics: Finding a
consensus on the definition. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 138,
145–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022
Gedik, K., Eryaşar, A.R. & Gözler, A.M. (2022a). The
microplastic pattern of wild-caught Mediterranean
mussels from the Marmara Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull.,
175, 113331 DOI:
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113331
Gedik, K., Eryaşar, A.R., Öztürk, R.Ç., Mutlu, E.,
Karaoğlu, K., Şahin, A. & Özvarol, Y. (2022b).
The broad-scale microplastic distribution in surface
water and sediments along Northeastern
Mediterranean shoreline. Sci. Total Environ., 843,
157038. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157038
Geyer, R., Jambeck J.R. & Law, K.L. (2017). Production,
use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science
Advances, 3(7), e1700782. DOI:
10.1126/sciadv.1700782
Gündoğdu, S., Çevik, C., Güzel, E., ve Kilercioğlu, S.
(2018). Microplastics in municipal wastewater
treatment plants in Turkey: a comparison of the
influent and secondary effluent concentrations.
Environ Monit Assess, 190(11). DOI:
10.1007/s10661-018-7010-y
Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C. & Thiel, M.,
(2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: a
review of the methods used for identification and
quantification. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(6),
3060e3075. DOI: 10.1021/es2031505
Iordachescu, L., Papacharalampos, K., Barritaud, L.,
Denieul, M.P., Plessis, E., Baratto, G., Julien, V.,
Vollertsen, J. (2024). Microplastics in an advanced
wastewater treatment plant: sustained and robust
removal rates unfazed by seasonal variations.
Micropl.&Nanopl. 4, 18. DOI: 10.1186/s43591-024-
00097-3b
Iyare, P. U., Ouki, S. K. & Bond, T. (2020). Microplastics
removal in wastewater treatment plants: a critical
review. Environ. Sci.; Water Res. Technol., 6, 2664.
DOI: 10.1039/d0ew00397b
Koyuncuoğlu, P. (2021). Kentsel atıksu aritma tesisi kaynakli
mikroplastik kirlilik profilinin belirlenmesi: Denizli
ili örneği. Doktora Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi,
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli, Türkiye, 145s.
Mason, S.A., Garneau, D., Sutton, R., Chu, Y., Ehmann,
K., Barnes, J., Fink, P., Papazissimos, D. &
Rogers, D.L. (2016). Microplastic pollution is
widely detected in US municipal wastewater
treatment plant effluent. Environ. Pollut., 218,
1045e1054. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.056
Murphy, F., Ewins, C., Carbonnier, F. & Quinn, B. (2016).
Wastewater treatment works (WwTW) as a source
of microplastics in the aquatic environment.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 50(11), 5800e5808. DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.5b05416
Napper, I.E. & Thompson, R.C. (2016). Release of synthetic
microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing
machines: effects of fabric type and washing
conditions. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 112(1), 39e45. DOI:
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025
Nizzetto, L., Futter, M. & Langaas, S. (2016). Are
agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban
origin. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50(20), 10777-10779.
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04140
Saiwaree S. & Kanokkantapong V. (2021). Microplastics in
Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants: Dynamic
Distribution, Seasonal Variation, and Removal
Efficiencies. Environmental Science and
Engineering, 4th International Conference on
Sustainable Development of Water and
Environment, ICSDWE 2021, Bangkok, 12-13
March, pp. 103 - 113.
Shruti, V.C., P´erez-Guevara, F., Roy, P.D. & Kutralam-
Muniasamy, G. (2022). Analyzing microplastics
with Nile Red: emerging trends, challenges, and
prospects. J. Hazard Mater., 423, 127171 DOI:.
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127171
Stock, F., Kochleus, C., B¨ ansch-Baltruschat, B.,
Brennholt, N. & Reifferscheid, G. (2019).
Sampling techniques and preparation methods for
microplastic analyses in the aquatic environment-A
review. Trends Anal. Chem., 113, 84-92. DOI:
10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.014
Sun, X., Dai, Q., Wang, M.C., van Loosdrecht, B.J. & Ni
(2019). Microplastics in wastewater treatment
plants: detection, occurrence and removal. Water
Res., 152, 21-37. DOI:
10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.050
Talvitie, J., Mikola, A., Koistinen, A., Setala, O. (2017).
Solutions to microplastic pollution - removal of
microplastics from wastewater effluent with
advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Water
Res., 123, 401. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.005
Thompson, R.C., Moore, C.J., vom Saal, F.S. & Swan, S.H.
(2009). Plastics, the environment and human health:
current consensus and future trends. Philos. Trans.
R. Soc. B., 364, 2153-2166. DOI:
10.1098/rstb.2009.0053
TUİK. (2024). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları,
2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 49684.
Uogintė, I., Pleskytė, S., Pauraitė, J. & Lujanienė, G.
(2022). Seasonal variation and complex analysis of
microplastic distribution in different WWTP
treatment stages in Lithuania. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment, 194(11), 829. DOI:
10.1007/s10661-022-10478-x
Yılmaz, E., Alaca, R., Karasu, S. (2016). Rize ili atıksu
sistemi, işletme çalışmaları ve sorunları.
International Symposium of Water and Wastewater
Management, 26-28 Ekim, Malatya, Türkiye.
Ziajahromi, S., Neale, P.A., Rintoul, L. & Leusch, F.D.
(2017). Wastewater treatment plants as a pathway
for microplastics: development of a new approach to
sample wastewater-based microplastics. Water Res.,
112, 93-99. DO: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.042.
Akdemir, T. (2024). Rize İli Atık Su Arıtma Tesislerinde Mikroplastik Konsantrasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 9(4), 816-821. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1587391
JAES/AAS-Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences/Anatolian Academic Sciences&Anadolu Çevre ve Hayvancılık Dergisi/Anadolu Akademik Bilimler-AÇEH/AAS