Türkiye'nin Seçilmiş İllerinden Elde Edilen Mısır Silajlarının Besin Bileşenlerinin Karşılaştırılması

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 5, 686 - 692, 30.09.2025

Duygu Budak , Kazım Bilgeçli

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1649809

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, toplam bir yıl süreyle, Aksaray, Balıkesir, İzmir, Kırşehir, Konya ve Niğde olmak üzere 6 ilden temin edilen toplam 216 adet mısır silajı örnekleri Yakın Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (NIRS) kullanılarak analiz edildi. Nem içeriği en düşük Balıkesir ve Kırşehir’den, en yüksek Konya’dan elde edilen silaj örneklerinde saptandı (P<0.01). İzmir, Kırşehir, Konya, Niğde’den elde edilen silajların ham selüloz bakımından aralarındaki farklar önemsiz iken, Aksaray’a göre daha düşük bulundu (P<0.01). En yüksek acid detergent fiber (ADF) içeriği Balıkesir ve Kırşehir’de gözlendi (P<0.01). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) içeriği en düşük iller Konya, İzmir ve Kırşehir, en yüksek il ise Aksaray’dı (P<0.01). Ham protein içeriği en düşük Niğde’den, en yüksek Aksaray’dan alınan silaj örneklerinde tespit edildi (P<0.01). Ether extract (EE) içeriği en düşük iller Aksaray, Konya ve Niğde iken en yüksek ortalamaya sahip il Balıkesir’di (P<0.01). Nişasta ortalaması en düşük iller Aksaray, Konya ve Niğde, en yüksek iller ise Balıkesir ve Kırşehir olarak bulundu (P<0.01). Ham kül ortalaması en yüksek il Aksaray’dı (P<0.01). Sonuç olarak, mısır silajının yetiştirildiği iller, analiz edilen örneklerin kimyasal besin bileşenlerini büyük ölçüde etkiledi (P<0.01). Ek olarak, NIRS teknolojisinin silaj kalitesinin hızlı ve doğru belirlenmesi açısından faydalı olabileceği sonucuna varıldı.

Keywords

Mısır silajı , kaba yem , yemlerin besin değeri , ruminant besleme

Nutrient Composition Comparison of Corn Silages from Selected Provinces of Turkey

Abstract

In this study, a total of 216 corn silage samples collected from 6 provinces (namely Aksaray, Balıkesir, İzmir, Kırşehir, Konya and Niğde) over a period of one year were analyzed using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) method. The lowest moisture content was found in silage samples from Balıkesir and Kırşehir, whilst the highest was in those from Konya (P<0.01). The differences between the silages collected from İzmir, Kırşehir, Konya and Niğde were not significant in terms of crude fiber (CF), but they were all significantly lower than Aksaray (P<0.01). The highest acid detergent fibre (ADF) content was observed in Balıkesir and Kırşehir (P<0.01). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content was the lowest in Konya, İzmir and Kırşehir and the highest in Aksaray (P<0.01).Crude protein (CP) content was lowest in silage samples from Niğde and highest in samples from Aksaray (P<0.01). As to ether extract (EE) Aksaray, Konya and Niğde had the lowest content whereas Balıkesir had the highest average value (P<0.01). The provinces with the lowest starch content were Aksaray, Konya and Niğde, while Balıkesir and Kırşehir were the ones with highest values (P<0.01). Aksaray had the highest crude ash (CA) average (P<0.01). In conclusion, the chemical nutrient compositions of the analyzed corn silage samples were significantly influenced by their provinces of origin (P<0.01). Additionally, it was concluded that NIRS technology could be useful for rapid and accurate determination of silage quality.

Keywords

Corn silage , forage , nutritional value of feeds , ruminant nutrition

Ethical Statement

Not required

Supporting Institution

-

Thanks

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Trouw Nutrition Digital Services Manager Ms. Merve Gündoğar and Digital Services Support Specialist Mr. Galipcan Güler for their valuable and generous support in conducting the analyses.

References

• Başaran, U., Gülümser, E., Çopur Doğrusöz, M., Mut, H., & Şahin, A. (2017). Farklı silajlık mısır çeşitlerinin hamur olum döneminde silaj ve tane özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(Özel Sayı), 1-5. DOI: /10.18016/ksudobil.348830
• Bernardes, T.F., Daniel, J.L.P., Adesogan, A.T., McAllister, T.A., Drouin, P., Nussio, L.G., Huhtanen, P., Tremblay, G.F., Bélanger, G., & Cai, Y. (2018). Silage review: Unique challenges of silages made in hot and cold regions. Journal of Dairy Science, 101, 4001- 19. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13703
• Borreani, G., Coppa, M., Revello-Chion, A., Comino, L., Giaccone, D., Ferlay, A. & Tabacco, E. (2013). Effect of different feeding strategies in intensive dairy farming systems on milk fatty acid profiles, and implications on feeding costs. Journal of Dairy Science, 96, 6840-6855. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6710
• Cavaliere, G., Trinchese, G., Musco, N., Infascelli, F., De Filippo, C., Mastellone, V., Morittu, V.M., Lombardi, P., Tudisco, R., Grossi, M., Monda, V., Cutrignelli, M.I., Messina A., Calabrò, S., Moni, H.B., Stradella L., Messina, G., Monda, M., Crispino, M., & Mollica, M.P. (2018). Milk from cows fed a diet with a high forage: Concentrate ratio improves inflammatory state, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function in rats. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(3), 1843-1851. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017- 13550
• Dehpouri, F., Tari, D.B., Niknejad, Y., Amoli, H.F., & Amiri, E. (2022). Study of nitrogen fertilization management on corn yield and nitrogen use efficiency in the southern Caspian Sea region. Romanian Agricultural Research, 39, 385-390. DOI: 10.59665/rar3935
• Ettle, T. & Schwarz, F.J. (2003). Effect of maize variety harvested at different maturity stages on feeding value and performance of dairy cows. Animal Research, 52, 337- 349. DOI: 10.1051/animres:2003023
• Evangelista, C., Basiricò, L., & Bernabucci, U. (2021). An overview on the use of near ınfrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on farms for the management of dairy cows. Agriculture, 11(4), 296. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11040296
• Ferraretto, L.F., Shaver, R.D., & Luck, B.D. (2018). Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 3937-3951. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13728
• García-Chávez, I., Meraz-Romero, E., Castelán-Ortega, O., Zaragoza-Esparza, J., Osorio Avalos, J., Robles Jiménez, L.E. & González-Ronquillo, M. (2022). Corn silage, a systematic review of the quality and yield in different regions around the world. Ciencia Tecnologia Agropecuaria, 23(3), e2547. DOI: 10.21930/rcta.vol23_num3_art:2547
• Graham, S.F., Haughey, S.A., Ervin, R. M., Cancouët, E., Bell, S., & Elliott, C.T. (2012). The application of near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy to detect adulteration of oil used in animal feed production. Food Chemistry, 132(3), 1614-1619. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.136
• Grant, K., Kreyling, J., Dienstbach, L.F.H., Beierkuhnlein, C., & Jentsch, A. (2014). Water stress due to increased intra-annual precipitation variability reduced forage yield but raised forage quality of a temperate grassland. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 186, 11-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.013
• Horst, E.H., Bumbieris, V.H., Neumann, M., & Lopez, S. (2021). Effects of the harvest stage of maize hybrids on the chemical composition of plant fractions: An analysis of the different types of silage. Agriculture, 11(8), 786. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11080786
• Keleş, G. & Çıbık M. (2014). Mısır silajının besin ve besleme değerini etkileyen faktörler. Hayvansal Üretim, 55(2), 27-37. DOI: 10.29185/hayuretim.363926
• Khan, N.A., Cone, J.W., Fievez, V., & Hendriks, W.H. (2012). Causes of variation in fatty acid content and composition in grass and maize silages. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 174(1-2), 36-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.02.006
• Khan, N.A., Yu, P., Ali, M., Conea, J.W., & Hendriks, W.H. (2015). Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(2), 238-252. DOI 10.1002/jsfa.6703
• Kobak, Ö., & Taş, İ. (2024). Effect of dynamic ırrigation program on corn silage quality. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 223-230. DOI: 10.25308/aduziraat.1557628
• Koç, A., & Çalışkan, M. (2016). Azotun silaj verimine ve silaj kalitesine etkisi. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(Özel sayı-2), 265-71. DOI: 10.21566/tarbitderg.282818
• Kolar, S., Vranić, M., Božić, L., & Bošnjak, K. (2022). The effect of maize crop cutting height and the maturity at harvest on maize silage chemical composition and fermentation quality in silo. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 23(2), 290-298. DOI: 10.5513/JCEA01/23.2.3504
• Kung, L., Shaver, R.D., Grant, R.J., & Schmidt, R.J. (2018). Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5): 4020-4033. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13909
• Kurtoğlu, V. (2011). Silaj ve silaj katkıları. Aybil Yayınevi, No:17394, Konya.
• Mandić, V., Bijelić, Z., Krnjaja, V., Simić, A., Petričević, M., Mićić, N., & Petrović V.C. (2018). Effect of harvesting time on forage yield and quality of maize. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 34(3), 345-353. DOI: 10.2298/BAH1803345M
• Mastellone, V., Musco, N., Infascelli, F., Scandurra, A., D’Aniello, B., Pero, M.E., Iommelli, P., Tudisco, R., & Lombardi, P. (2022). Higher forage: Concentrate ratio and space availability may favor positive behaviors in dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 51, 16-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.03.007
• Motta, A.C.V., Araujo, E.M., Broadley, M.R., Young, S.D., Barbosa, J.Z., Prior, S.A., & Schmidt, P. (2020). Minerals and potentially toxic elements in corn silage from tropical and subtropical Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 49, e20190214. DOI: 10.37496/rbz4920190214
• Musco, N., Tudisco, R., Grossi, M., Mastellone, V., Morittu, V.M., Pero, M.E., Wanapat, M., Trinchese, G., Cavaliere, G., Mollica, M.P., Crispino, M., Infascelli, F., & Lombardi, P. (2020). Effect of a high forage: Concentrate ratio on milk yield, blood parameters and oxidative status in lactating cows. Animal Production Science, 60(12), 1531-1538. DOI: 10.1071/AN18041
• Neumann, M., Baldissera, E., Ienke, L.A., Martins de Souza, A., Piemontez de Oliveira, P.E., & Junior, V.H.B. (2024). Nutritional Value Evaluation of Corn Silage from Different Mesoregions of Southern Brazil. Agriculture, 14(7), 1055. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14071055
• Öztürk, Y., & Çarpıcı, E.B. (2019). Bazı silajlık mısır (Zea mays L.) çeşitlerinin silaj kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(2), 227-233.
• Rahman, A., Bayram, I., Khanum, S., & Ullah, S. (2015). Use and calibration of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in feed analysis: a mini review. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 13(1): 1-7.
• Serrapica, F., Uzun, P., Masucci, F., Napolitano, F., Braghieri, A., Genovese, A., Sacchi, R., Romano, R., Barone, C.M.A., & Di Francia, A. (2020). Hay or silage? How the forage preservation method changes the volatile compounds and sensory properties of Caciocavallo cheese. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(2), 1391-1403. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17155
• Schmidt, P., Novinski, C.O., Junges, D., Almeida, R., & Souza, C.M. (2015). Concentration of mycotoxins and chemical composition of corn silage: A farm survey using infrared thermography. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(9), 6609-6619. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8617 SPSS. (2008). SPSS Inc Released. SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 17.0. Chicago.
• Szymańska, G., Sulewska, H., Faligowska, A., & Ratajczak, K. (2018). Evaluation of nutritive value and quality of maize (Zea mays L.) silage depending on cutting height and ensiling additive. Fragmenta Agronomica, 35(1), 94-105. DOI: 10.26374/fa.2018.35.09
• Tubiello, F.N., Donatelli, M., Rosenzweig, C., & Stockle, C.O. (2000). Effects of climate change and elevated CO2 on cropping systems: Model predictions at two Italian locations. European Journal of Agronomy, 13(2-3), 179-189. DOI: 10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00073-3
• TUİK. (2024). https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Belgeler, Available date: 01.02.2025
• Uzbilek, M., & Qaranjıkı, A. (2020). Tuz Gölü (Aksaray)’nde bazı katyon ve anyon değerlerinin belirlenmesi. Ziraat Mühendisliği, 370, 104-114. DOI: 10.33724/zm.762743
• Venslovas, E., Merkeviciute-Venslove, L., Mankeviciene, A., Kochiieru, Y., Slepetiene, A., & Ceseviciene, J. (2021). The prevalence of mycotoxins and their relation to nutrient composition of maize and grass silage. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 108(2), 147-152. DOI: 10.13080/z-a.2021.108.019
• Zhang, J., Iwaasa, A.D., Han, G., Gu, C., Wang, H., Jefferson, P.G., & Kusler, J. (2018). Utilizing a multiindex decision analysis method to overall assess forage yield and quality of C3 grasses in the western Canadian prairies. Field Crops Research, 222, 12-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2018.03.007
• Zhao, M., Feng, Y., Shi, Y., Shen, H., Hu, H., Luo, Y., Xu, L., Kang, J., Xing, A., Wang, S., & Fang, J. (2022). Yield and quality properties of silage maize and their influencing factors in China. Science China. Life Sciences, 65(8), 1655-1666. DOI: 10.1007/s11427- 020-2023-3
• Zicarelli, F., Sarubbi, F., Iommelli, P., Grossi, M., Lotito, D., Tudisco, R., Infascelli, F., Musco, N., & Lombardi, P. (2023). Nutritional characteristics of corn silage produced in Campania region estimated by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). Agronomy, 13(3), 634. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13030634