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Evaluation of the Potential of Thermophilic Anoxybacteroides amylolyticum GCHI to Form BH4 Main-Substrate [*]

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 6, 1046 - 1052, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1808116

Abstract

In this study, the cloning, expression, and biochemical characterization of GTP cyclohydrolase I, the first enzyme involved in phenylketonuria metabolism, from the thermophilic bacterium Anoxybacteroides amylolyticum was investigated. The gchI gene, identified by PCR from A. amylolyticum, is a single open reading frame encoding a total of 186 amino acids with a size of 555 bp. The expression of the enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of GTP to dihydroneopterin triphosphate, was induced in E. coli BL21(DE3) cells using 1 mM IPTG cloned into pET28a(+). A Ni-NTA affinity column was used for purification of the enzyme. The characterization studies revealed that the enzyme's Vmax was 6.9x10-5 ± 2.3x10-4 μM/min/mg protein and its Km was 7.0 ± 1.4 mM. The enzyme showed the best activity at a temperature of 70°C and an optimal pH of 7.0. It was demonstrated that thermophilic A. amylolyticum GCHI could be used in the first step of the conversion of GTP under in vitro conditions as an alternative to the chemical synthesis of BH4, which is used in the treatment of phenylketonuria.

References

  • Andrade, C., Pereira, N., & Antranikian, G. (1999). Extremely thermophilic microorganisms and their polymer-hidrolytic enzymes. Revista de Microbiologia, 30, 287-298. DOI: 10.1590/S0001-37141999000400001
  • Beris, F.S., Hızal, Ö., & Karaoglu, H. (2022). Cloning and Determination of Kinetic Activity of Thermophilic GCH-I from Anoxybacillus flavithermus DSM 2641T. J. Anatolian Env. and Anim. Sciences, 7(2), 178-183. DOI: 10.35229/jaes.1068313
  • Blau, N., & Burgard, P. (2005). Disorders of phenylalanine and tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism. N. Blau, G. Hoffmann, J. Leonard and J. Clarke (Ed.). Physician's Guide to the Treatment and Follow-up of Metabolic Diseases. Heidelberg, Springer, pp 25-34. DOI: 10.1007/3- 540-28962-3_3
  • Bracher, A., Eisenreich, W., Schramek, N., Ritz, H., Götze, E., Herrmann, A., & Bacher, A. (1998). Biosynthesis of Pteridines: NMR Studies On The Reaction Mechanisms Of GTP Cyclohydrolase I, Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin Synthase, and Sepiapterin Reductase. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry, 273(43), 28132-28134. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.43.28132
  • Bradford, M. (1976). A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantification of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248- 254. DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
  • Çelik, E. (2018). Termofilik Anoxybacillus flavithermus DSM2641T Bakterisinin ptps Geninin Klonlanması, Ekspresyonu ve Enzimin Biyokimyasal Karakterizasyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Rize, Türkiye, 57s.
  • De Saizieu, A., Vankan, P., & van Loon, A. (1995). Enzymatic characterization of Bacillus subtilis GTP cyclohydrolase I. Biochemical Journal, 306, 371-377. PMID: 7887891
  • El Yacoubi, B., Bonnett, S., Anderson, J.N., Swairjo, M.A., Iwata-Reuyl, D., & de Crecy-Lagard, V. (2006). Discovery of a New Prokaryotic Type I GTP Cyclohydrolase Family. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(49), 37586-37593. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M607114200
  • Grochowski, L.L., Xu, H., Leung, K., & White, R.H. (2007). Characterization of an Fe2+-dependent archaeal-specific GTP cyclohydrolase, MptA, from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Biochemistry, 46(22), 6658-6667. DOI: 10.1021/bi700052a
  • Hızal, Ö. (2013). Anoxybacillus flavithermus Bakterisinin Isıl Kararlı Guanozintrifosfat Siklohidrolaz-I Geninin Klonlanması ve Ekspresyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Rize, Türkiye, 42s.
  • Kalemci, M. (2020). Termofilik Anoxybacillus amylolyticus Bakterisinin gchI Geninin Klonlanması ve Enzimin Biyokimyasal Karakterizasyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Rize, Türkiye, 63s.
  • Kazancı, P. (2018). Fenilketonüri tanısı için kağıt-tabanlı mikroakışkan analitik cihaz geliştirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Biyomühendislik, Ankara, Türkiye, 99 s.
  • Koyuncu, M. (2010). Fenilketonurili Hastalarda Prodilaz Enzim Aktivitesinin Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Harran Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Şanlıurfa, 57 s.
  • Moens, A.L., & Kass, D.A. (2006). Tetrahydrobiopterin and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 26(11): 2439- 44. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000243924.00970.cb
  • Robert, X., & Gouet, P. (2014). Deciphering key features in protein structures with the new ENDscript server. Nucleic Acids Research. 42(W1), W320- W324. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku316
  • Sankaran, B., Bonnett, S.A., Shah, K., Gabriel, S., Reddy, R., Schimmel, P., Rodinov, D. T., Lagard, C.V., Hellman J.D., Reuyl I.D., & Swairjo, M.A. (2009). Zinc-independent folate biosynthesis: genetic, biochemical, and structural investigations reveal new metal dependence for GTP cyclohydrolase IB. Journal of Bacteriology, 191(22), 6936-6949. DOI: 10.1128/JB.00287-09
  • Suzuki, Y., Yasui, T., & Abe, S. (1979). Occurrence of GTP cyclohydrolase I in Bacillus stearothermophilus. The Journal of Biochemistry, 86(6), 1679-1685. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a132688
  • Tanaka, Y., Nakagawa, N., Kuramitsu, S., Yokoyama, S., & Masui, R. (2005). Novel reaction mechanism of GTP cyclohydrolase I. High- resolution X-ray crystallography of Thermus thermophilus HB8 enzyme complexed with a transition state analogue, the 8-oxoguanine derivative. Journal of Biochemistry, 138, 263- 275. DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvi120
  • Taylor, I.N., Brown, R.C., Bycroft, M., King, G., Littlechild, J.A., Lloyd, M.C., Praquin, C., Toogood, H.S., & Taylor, S.J.C. (2004). Application of thermophilic enzymes in commercial biotransformation processes. Biochemical Society Transactions, 32(Pt 2), 290- 292. DOI: 10.1042/bst0320290
  • Yim, J.J. & Brown, G.M. (1976). Characteristics of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I purified from Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 251(16), 5087-5094. PMID: 821948
  • Yamamoto, K., Kataoka, E., Miyamoto, N., Furukawa, K., Ohsuye, K. &Yabuta, M. (2003). Genetic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of Tetrahydrobiopterin. Metabolic Engineering, 5, 246-254. DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7176(03)00046-6

Termofilik Anoxybacteroides amylolyticum GCHI'nin BH4 Ana Substratını Oluşturma Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 6, 1046 - 1052, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1808116

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, fenilketonüri metabolizmasında rol oynayan ilk enzim olan GTP siklohidrolaz I (GCHI)’in, termofilik bakteri Anoxybacteroides amylolyticum’dan klonlanması, ekspresyonu ve biyokimyasal karakterizasyonu araştırılmıştır. A. amylolyticum’dan PCR ile tanımlanan gchI geni, 555 bp boyutunda toplam 186 amino asidi kodlayan tek bir açık okuma çerçevesidir. GTP'nin dihidroneopterin trifosfata dönüşümünü katalize eden enzimin ekspresyonu, pET28a (+) içine klonlanarak 1 mM IPTG varlığında E. coli BL21(DE3) hücrelerinde gerçekleştirildi. Enzimin saflaştırılması için Ni-NTA afinite kolonu kullanıldı. Karakterizasyon çalışmaları enzimin, Vmax değerinin 6,9x10-5 ± 2,3x10-4 μM/dk/mg protein ve Km değerinin 7,0 ± 1,4 mM olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Enzim, optimum 70°C sıcaklıkta 7,0 optimal pH’da en iyi aktiviteyi gösterdi. Termofilik A. amylolyticum GCHI’nin, fenilketonüri tedavisinde kullanılan BH4’ün kimyasal sentezine alternatif olarak, in vitro koşullar altında GTP’nin dönüşümünün ilk aşamasında kullanılabileceği gösterildi.

References

  • Andrade, C., Pereira, N., & Antranikian, G. (1999). Extremely thermophilic microorganisms and their polymer-hidrolytic enzymes. Revista de Microbiologia, 30, 287-298. DOI: 10.1590/S0001-37141999000400001
  • Beris, F.S., Hızal, Ö., & Karaoglu, H. (2022). Cloning and Determination of Kinetic Activity of Thermophilic GCH-I from Anoxybacillus flavithermus DSM 2641T. J. Anatolian Env. and Anim. Sciences, 7(2), 178-183. DOI: 10.35229/jaes.1068313
  • Blau, N., & Burgard, P. (2005). Disorders of phenylalanine and tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism. N. Blau, G. Hoffmann, J. Leonard and J. Clarke (Ed.). Physician's Guide to the Treatment and Follow-up of Metabolic Diseases. Heidelberg, Springer, pp 25-34. DOI: 10.1007/3- 540-28962-3_3
  • Bracher, A., Eisenreich, W., Schramek, N., Ritz, H., Götze, E., Herrmann, A., & Bacher, A. (1998). Biosynthesis of Pteridines: NMR Studies On The Reaction Mechanisms Of GTP Cyclohydrolase I, Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin Synthase, and Sepiapterin Reductase. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry, 273(43), 28132-28134. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.43.28132
  • Bradford, M. (1976). A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantification of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248- 254. DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
  • Çelik, E. (2018). Termofilik Anoxybacillus flavithermus DSM2641T Bakterisinin ptps Geninin Klonlanması, Ekspresyonu ve Enzimin Biyokimyasal Karakterizasyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Rize, Türkiye, 57s.
  • De Saizieu, A., Vankan, P., & van Loon, A. (1995). Enzymatic characterization of Bacillus subtilis GTP cyclohydrolase I. Biochemical Journal, 306, 371-377. PMID: 7887891
  • El Yacoubi, B., Bonnett, S., Anderson, J.N., Swairjo, M.A., Iwata-Reuyl, D., & de Crecy-Lagard, V. (2006). Discovery of a New Prokaryotic Type I GTP Cyclohydrolase Family. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(49), 37586-37593. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M607114200
  • Grochowski, L.L., Xu, H., Leung, K., & White, R.H. (2007). Characterization of an Fe2+-dependent archaeal-specific GTP cyclohydrolase, MptA, from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Biochemistry, 46(22), 6658-6667. DOI: 10.1021/bi700052a
  • Hızal, Ö. (2013). Anoxybacillus flavithermus Bakterisinin Isıl Kararlı Guanozintrifosfat Siklohidrolaz-I Geninin Klonlanması ve Ekspresyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Rize, Türkiye, 42s.
  • Kalemci, M. (2020). Termofilik Anoxybacillus amylolyticus Bakterisinin gchI Geninin Klonlanması ve Enzimin Biyokimyasal Karakterizasyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Rize, Türkiye, 63s.
  • Kazancı, P. (2018). Fenilketonüri tanısı için kağıt-tabanlı mikroakışkan analitik cihaz geliştirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Biyomühendislik, Ankara, Türkiye, 99 s.
  • Koyuncu, M. (2010). Fenilketonurili Hastalarda Prodilaz Enzim Aktivitesinin Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Harran Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Şanlıurfa, 57 s.
  • Moens, A.L., & Kass, D.A. (2006). Tetrahydrobiopterin and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 26(11): 2439- 44. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000243924.00970.cb
  • Robert, X., & Gouet, P. (2014). Deciphering key features in protein structures with the new ENDscript server. Nucleic Acids Research. 42(W1), W320- W324. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku316
  • Sankaran, B., Bonnett, S.A., Shah, K., Gabriel, S., Reddy, R., Schimmel, P., Rodinov, D. T., Lagard, C.V., Hellman J.D., Reuyl I.D., & Swairjo, M.A. (2009). Zinc-independent folate biosynthesis: genetic, biochemical, and structural investigations reveal new metal dependence for GTP cyclohydrolase IB. Journal of Bacteriology, 191(22), 6936-6949. DOI: 10.1128/JB.00287-09
  • Suzuki, Y., Yasui, T., & Abe, S. (1979). Occurrence of GTP cyclohydrolase I in Bacillus stearothermophilus. The Journal of Biochemistry, 86(6), 1679-1685. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a132688
  • Tanaka, Y., Nakagawa, N., Kuramitsu, S., Yokoyama, S., & Masui, R. (2005). Novel reaction mechanism of GTP cyclohydrolase I. High- resolution X-ray crystallography of Thermus thermophilus HB8 enzyme complexed with a transition state analogue, the 8-oxoguanine derivative. Journal of Biochemistry, 138, 263- 275. DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvi120
  • Taylor, I.N., Brown, R.C., Bycroft, M., King, G., Littlechild, J.A., Lloyd, M.C., Praquin, C., Toogood, H.S., & Taylor, S.J.C. (2004). Application of thermophilic enzymes in commercial biotransformation processes. Biochemical Society Transactions, 32(Pt 2), 290- 292. DOI: 10.1042/bst0320290
  • Yim, J.J. & Brown, G.M. (1976). Characteristics of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I purified from Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 251(16), 5087-5094. PMID: 821948
  • Yamamoto, K., Kataoka, E., Miyamoto, N., Furukawa, K., Ohsuye, K. &Yabuta, M. (2003). Genetic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of Tetrahydrobiopterin. Metabolic Engineering, 5, 246-254. DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7176(03)00046-6
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Animal Cell and Molecular Biology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatih Şaban Beriş 0000-0002-0535-943X

Müride Kalemci 0000-0002-2157-1027

Hakan Karaoğlu 0000-0003-4615-1157

Birsen Hacer Aydın This is me 0009-0006-5814-0550

Early Pub Date November 30, 2025
Publication Date November 30, 2025
Submission Date October 21, 2025
Acceptance Date November 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Beriş, F. Ş., Kalemci, M., Karaoğlu, H., Aydın, B. H. (2025). Evaluation of the Potential of Thermophilic Anoxybacteroides amylolyticum GCHI to Form BH4 Main-Substrate [*]. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 10(6), 1046-1052. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1808116


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