FAO veri setini kullanarak çevresel izleme için R'de istatistiki analiz

Öz

Sınırlı kaynaklara sahip dağlık ülke bölgelerinde doğa koruma uygulamaları ve tarım sistemleri sürdürülebilirlik zorluklarıyla karşı karşıyadır. Tarım ve doğa arasındaki dinamikler, tarım sistemlerinin doğa koruma politikası ve biyofiziksel faktörlerdeki değişimlere verdiği tepkileri yansıtan karmaşık etkileşimleri içerir. Dahası, iklim değişikliği su kaynaklarının kontrolü ve toprak verimliliği yoluyla biyolojik çeşitliliği etkiler. İtalya'da dağlık alanlar son yıllarda sosyoekonomik değişimler yaşadı ve bu da geleneksel tarımsal ormancılık faaliyetlerini etkileyerek orman genişlemesine yol açtı. Bu çalışma, İtalya'daki tarım sistemlerinin ve orman koruma alanlarının sürdürülebilirlik performansını incelemektedir. 1990-2025 yılları arasındaki mevcut FAO verileri, sosyo-ekonomik, iklimsel ve çevresel açılardan arazi kullanımı ve arazi örtüsü (LULC) değişimlerindeki dinamikleri analiz etmek için kullanılmıştır. Veri analizi, R dilinin istatistik ve hesaplama kütüphaneleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir: readr, ggplot2, reshape2, tidyverse, gridExtra, stats, plotly, latticeExtra, ggpubr bunlardan başlıcalarıdır. Sonuçlar, İtalya'da doğa koruma ve sosyo-ekonomik faaliyetlerde sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı gösteren yeniden ormanlaştırma (orman alanlarında %9, çalılık alanlarında %21 artış), iklim ısınması (buzul ve kar çekilmesi %34), kentleşme (yapay yüzeylerin artışı %5,8) ve tarım faaliyetlerinin yoğunlaşması (ekim alanlarında istikrarlı artış %2) eğilimlerini ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arazi planlaması
• Çevresel izleme
• Uzaktan algılama

Statistical analysis in R for environmental monitoring using FAO dataset

Abstract

Nature protection practices and agricultural systems face sustainability challenges in mountainous countries regions with limited resources. The dynamics between agriculture and nature involves complex interactions that reflects the responses of farming systems to shifts in nature conservation policy and biophysical factors. Moreover, climate change impacts biodiversity through control of water resources and soil fertility. In Italy, mountain areas have experienced socio-economic changes in recent decades, which has affected traditional agro-forestry activities and resulted in forest expansion. This study examines the sustainability performance of farming systems and forest protection areas in Italy. Existing FAO data on 1990-2025 were used to analyse the dynamics in land use and land cover (LULC) changes in context of social-economic, climate and environmental aspects. The data analysis was performed using R language by its statistical and computing libraries such as readr, ggplot2, reshape2, tidyverse, gridExtra, stats, plotly, latticeExtra, ggpubr as the main ones. The results demonstrated trends in reforestation (increase of forest areas on 9% and shrubland on 21%), climate warming (glacier and snow retreat on 34%), urbanization (increease of artificial surfaces on 5.8 %) and intensification of agriculture activities (stable increase in cropland on 2 %), which indicates sustainable development in nature protection and social-economic activities of Italy.

Keywords

• Land planning
• Environmental monitoring
• Remote sensing

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