Altun, Y., Ozen, M., & Kuloglu, M. M. (2019). Turkish adaptation of Kessler Psychological Distress Scale: validity and reliability study. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 20, 23-31.
Antalya Provincial Public Health Board. (2020). Provincial Public Health Board 2020/48 Decision - Measures to be Taken to Protect from the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Epidemic and Prevent its Spread. Published date: 10.06.2020. Access date: 15.05.2021. Access address: http://www.antalya.gov.tr/il-umumi-hifzissihha-kurulu-202048-karari
Arvidsdotter, T., Marklund, B., Kylén, S., Taft, C., & Ekman, I. (2016). Understanding persons with psychological distress in primary health care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 30(4), 687-694. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12289
Awick, E. A., Ehlers, D.K., Aguiñaga, S., Daugherty, A.M., Kramer, A.F., & McAuley, E. (2017). Effects of a randomized exercise trial on physical activity, psychological distress and quality of life in older adults. General Hospital Psychiatry, 49, 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.06.005
Barbosa Neves, B., Sanders, A., & Kokanović, R. (2019). “It's the worst bloody feeling in the world”: Experiences of loneliness and social isolation among older people living in care homes. Journal of Aging Studies, 49, 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2019.100785
Best, L. A., Law, M.A., Roach, S., & Wilbiks, J.M. (2021). The psychological impact of COVID-19 in Canada: Effects of social isolation during the initial response. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 62(1), 143-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cap0000254
Bilge, Y., & Bilge, Y. (2020). Investigation of the effects of coronavirus pandemic and social isolation on psychological symptoms in terms of psychological resilience and coping styles. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23, 38-51. 10.5505/kpd.2020.66934
Bøen, H., Dalgard, O. S., & Bjertness, E. (2012). The importance of social support in the associations between psychological distress and somatic health problems and socio-economic factors among older adults living at home: a cross sectional study. BMC Geriatrics, 12(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-12-27
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G.J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Cairney, J., Faulkner, G., Veldhuizen, S., & Wade, T. J. (2009). Changes over time in physical activity and psychological distress among older adults. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(3): 160–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400304
Cairney, J., & Krause, N. (2005). The social distribution of psychological distress and depression in older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 17(6), 807-835. 10.1177/0898264305280985
Chu, C. H., Donato‐Woodger, S., & Dainton, C.J. (2020). Competing crises: COVID‐19 countermeasures and social isolation among older adults in long‐term care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76, 2456-2459.10.1111/jan.14467
Couture, M., Larivière, N., & Lefrancois, R. (2005). Psychological distress in older adults with low functional independence: A multidimensional perspective. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 41(1), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2004.12.004
Drapeau, A., Marchand, A., & Beaulieu-Prévost, D. (2012). Epidemiology of Psychological Distress. L. L’Abate (Ed), Mental Illnesses- Understanding, Prediction and Control (pp.105-134). Rijeka: InTech Europe.
Durak, M., & Senol Durak, E. (2020). “COVID-19 Psychology” among older adults: as a grief process. Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care, 3(2), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.51819/jaltc.2020.901148
Durak, M. (2021). Can psychological interventions sprout and crown individual and societal desired outcomes for the older adults in the COVID-19 era? Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care, 4(3), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.51819/jaltc.2021.1098650
Duru, S. (2020). COVID-19 in elderly patients. Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology, Additional issue of ‘Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Lung: What Pulmonologists Need to Know’, 128-137. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejop.ejop_47_20
Ensel, W. M., & Lin, N. (1991). The life stress paradigm and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32(4), 321-341. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137101
George, E. S., Jorm, L., Kolt, G. S., Bambrick, H., & Lujic, S. (2012). Physical activity and psychological distress in older men: findings from the New South Wales 45 and Up Study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 20(3), 300-316. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.20.3.300
Girdhar, R., Srivastava, V., & Sethi, S. (2020). Managing mental health issues among elderly during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Geriatric Care and Research, 7(1), 32-5.
Gyasi, R. M., Abass, K., & Adu-Gyamfi, S. (2020). How do lifestyle choices affect the link between living alone and psychological distress in older age? Results from the AgeHeaPsyWel-HeaSeeB study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08870-8
Hernández‐Ascanio, J., Pérula‐de Torres, L. A., Roldán‐Villalobos, A., Pérula‐de Torres, J. C., & Rich‐Ruiz, M. (2020). Collaborative Group Asys Proyect. Effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention to reduce social isolation and loneliness in community‐dwelling elders: A randomized clinical trial. Study protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76, 337– 346. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14230
Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L.J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D.K., Normand, S.L.T., Walters, E.E., & Zaslavsky, A.M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6): 959. 10.1017/S0033291702006074
Kotwal, A. A., Holt‐Lunstad, J., Newmark, R.L., Cenzer, I., Smith, A.K., Covinsky, K. E., Escueta, D. P., Lee, J. M., & Perissinotto, C. M. (2021). Social isolation and loneliness among San Francisco Bay area older adults during the COVID‐19 shelter‐in‐place orders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(1), 20-29. 10.1111/jgs.16865
Lima, C. K. T., de Medeiros Carvalho, P. M., Lima, I. D. A. S., de Oliveira Nunes, J. V. A., Saraiva, J. S., de Souza, R. I., da Silva, C. G. L., & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
Lipsitch, M., Swerdlow, D. L., & Finelli, L. (2020). Defining the epidemiology of Covid-19—studies needed. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1194-1196. 10.1056/NEJMp2002125
Losada-Baltar, A., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., del Sequeros Pedroso-Chaparro, M., Fernandes-Pires, J., & Márquez-González, M. (2021). “We are staying at home.” Association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resources, and loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of COVID-19. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(2), e10–e16. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa048
Menec, V. H., Newall, N. E., Mackenzie, C. S., Shooshtari, S., & Nowicki, S. (2020). Examining social isolation and loneliness in combination in relation to social support and psychological distress using Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (CLSA) data. PLOS ONE, 15(3), e0230673. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230673
Ministry of Interior. (2020a). Curfew Circular for 65 Years and Over and Those with Chronic Disorders. Access date: 19.04.2021. Access address:https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/65-yas-ve-ustu-ile-kronik-rahatsizligi-olanlara-sokaga-cikma-yasagi-genelgesi
Ministry of Interior. (2020b). Coronavirus Outbreak New Measures. Published date: 18.11.2020. Access date: 22.04.2021. Access address:https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/koronavirus-salgini-yeni-tedbirler
Ministry of Interior. (2021a). Controlled Normalization Process in Combating Coronavirus. Published date: 02.03.2021. Access date: 22.04.2021. Access address: https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/koronavirus-ile-mucadelede-kontrollu-normallesme-sureci
Ministry of Interior. (2021b). Circular on Gradual Normalization Measures. Published date: 16.05.2021. Access date: 22.05.2021. Access address:https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/kademeli-normallesme-tedbirleri-genelgesi
Ridner, S. H. (2004). Psychological distress: concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45(5), 536-545. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02938.x
Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
Sams, N., Fisher, D. M., Mata-Greve, F., Johnson, M., Pullmann, M. D., Raue, P. J., Renn, B. N., Duffy, J., Darnell, D., … Areán, P. A. (2021). Understanding psychological distress and protective factors amongst older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.03.005
Simard, M., Hudon, C., & van Reekum, R. (2009). Psychological distress and risk for dementia. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-009-0007-z
Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., & Terracciano, A. (2018). Psychological distress, self-beliefs, and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 65(3), 1041-1050. 10.3233/JAD-180119
Turkish Statistical Institute. (2019). Address-Based Population Registration System. Turkish Statistical Institute. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en
Ugurlu, N., & Akın, H. (2008). Relation of Body-Ego Perception with Symptoms Psychological Distress of Mugla University School of Health Students. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 11(4), 38-47.
Ulbrich, P. M., Warheit, G. J., & Zimmerman, R. S. (1989). Race, socioeconomic status, and psychological distress: An examination of differential vulnerability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 131-146. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136918
World Health Organization. (2020). Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
Zhang, S. X., Wang, Y., Rauch, A., & Wei, F. (2020). Unprecedented disruptions of lives and work–a survey of the health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiatry Research. 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112958
The Relationship Between Social Isolation and Psychological Distress in Older Adults During The COVID-19 Pandemic
In this research, it was aimed to determine the relationship between social isolation and the level of psychological distress of participants during the COVID-19. Data were collected using a questionnaire technique, and a total of 400 individuals participated in the research. Sta-tistical analysis and data evaluation were performed with the SPSS 23 program. Due to the so-cial isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Türkiye, it was determined that the lives of in-dividuals over 60 were affected, and there was a significant relationship between this situation and the psychological distress levels of individuals. Multidisciplinary teams need to intervene to provide the psycho-social support needed by older adults who have been exposed to social isolation during the pandemic.
Altun, Y., Ozen, M., & Kuloglu, M. M. (2019). Turkish adaptation of Kessler Psychological Distress Scale: validity and reliability study. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 20, 23-31.
Antalya Provincial Public Health Board. (2020). Provincial Public Health Board 2020/48 Decision - Measures to be Taken to Protect from the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Epidemic and Prevent its Spread. Published date: 10.06.2020. Access date: 15.05.2021. Access address: http://www.antalya.gov.tr/il-umumi-hifzissihha-kurulu-202048-karari
Arvidsdotter, T., Marklund, B., Kylén, S., Taft, C., & Ekman, I. (2016). Understanding persons with psychological distress in primary health care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 30(4), 687-694. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12289
Awick, E. A., Ehlers, D.K., Aguiñaga, S., Daugherty, A.M., Kramer, A.F., & McAuley, E. (2017). Effects of a randomized exercise trial on physical activity, psychological distress and quality of life in older adults. General Hospital Psychiatry, 49, 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.06.005
Barbosa Neves, B., Sanders, A., & Kokanović, R. (2019). “It's the worst bloody feeling in the world”: Experiences of loneliness and social isolation among older people living in care homes. Journal of Aging Studies, 49, 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2019.100785
Best, L. A., Law, M.A., Roach, S., & Wilbiks, J.M. (2021). The psychological impact of COVID-19 in Canada: Effects of social isolation during the initial response. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 62(1), 143-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cap0000254
Bilge, Y., & Bilge, Y. (2020). Investigation of the effects of coronavirus pandemic and social isolation on psychological symptoms in terms of psychological resilience and coping styles. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23, 38-51. 10.5505/kpd.2020.66934
Bøen, H., Dalgard, O. S., & Bjertness, E. (2012). The importance of social support in the associations between psychological distress and somatic health problems and socio-economic factors among older adults living at home: a cross sectional study. BMC Geriatrics, 12(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-12-27
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G.J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Cairney, J., Faulkner, G., Veldhuizen, S., & Wade, T. J. (2009). Changes over time in physical activity and psychological distress among older adults. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(3): 160–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400304
Cairney, J., & Krause, N. (2005). The social distribution of psychological distress and depression in older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 17(6), 807-835. 10.1177/0898264305280985
Chu, C. H., Donato‐Woodger, S., & Dainton, C.J. (2020). Competing crises: COVID‐19 countermeasures and social isolation among older adults in long‐term care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76, 2456-2459.10.1111/jan.14467
Couture, M., Larivière, N., & Lefrancois, R. (2005). Psychological distress in older adults with low functional independence: A multidimensional perspective. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 41(1), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2004.12.004
Drapeau, A., Marchand, A., & Beaulieu-Prévost, D. (2012). Epidemiology of Psychological Distress. L. L’Abate (Ed), Mental Illnesses- Understanding, Prediction and Control (pp.105-134). Rijeka: InTech Europe.
Durak, M., & Senol Durak, E. (2020). “COVID-19 Psychology” among older adults: as a grief process. Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care, 3(2), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.51819/jaltc.2020.901148
Durak, M. (2021). Can psychological interventions sprout and crown individual and societal desired outcomes for the older adults in the COVID-19 era? Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care, 4(3), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.51819/jaltc.2021.1098650
Duru, S. (2020). COVID-19 in elderly patients. Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology, Additional issue of ‘Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Lung: What Pulmonologists Need to Know’, 128-137. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejop.ejop_47_20
Ensel, W. M., & Lin, N. (1991). The life stress paradigm and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32(4), 321-341. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137101
George, E. S., Jorm, L., Kolt, G. S., Bambrick, H., & Lujic, S. (2012). Physical activity and psychological distress in older men: findings from the New South Wales 45 and Up Study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 20(3), 300-316. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.20.3.300
Girdhar, R., Srivastava, V., & Sethi, S. (2020). Managing mental health issues among elderly during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Geriatric Care and Research, 7(1), 32-5.
Gyasi, R. M., Abass, K., & Adu-Gyamfi, S. (2020). How do lifestyle choices affect the link between living alone and psychological distress in older age? Results from the AgeHeaPsyWel-HeaSeeB study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08870-8
Hernández‐Ascanio, J., Pérula‐de Torres, L. A., Roldán‐Villalobos, A., Pérula‐de Torres, J. C., & Rich‐Ruiz, M. (2020). Collaborative Group Asys Proyect. Effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention to reduce social isolation and loneliness in community‐dwelling elders: A randomized clinical trial. Study protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76, 337– 346. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14230
Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L.J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D.K., Normand, S.L.T., Walters, E.E., & Zaslavsky, A.M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6): 959. 10.1017/S0033291702006074
Kotwal, A. A., Holt‐Lunstad, J., Newmark, R.L., Cenzer, I., Smith, A.K., Covinsky, K. E., Escueta, D. P., Lee, J. M., & Perissinotto, C. M. (2021). Social isolation and loneliness among San Francisco Bay area older adults during the COVID‐19 shelter‐in‐place orders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(1), 20-29. 10.1111/jgs.16865
Lima, C. K. T., de Medeiros Carvalho, P. M., Lima, I. D. A. S., de Oliveira Nunes, J. V. A., Saraiva, J. S., de Souza, R. I., da Silva, C. G. L., & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
Lipsitch, M., Swerdlow, D. L., & Finelli, L. (2020). Defining the epidemiology of Covid-19—studies needed. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1194-1196. 10.1056/NEJMp2002125
Losada-Baltar, A., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., del Sequeros Pedroso-Chaparro, M., Fernandes-Pires, J., & Márquez-González, M. (2021). “We are staying at home.” Association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resources, and loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of COVID-19. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(2), e10–e16. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa048
Menec, V. H., Newall, N. E., Mackenzie, C. S., Shooshtari, S., & Nowicki, S. (2020). Examining social isolation and loneliness in combination in relation to social support and psychological distress using Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (CLSA) data. PLOS ONE, 15(3), e0230673. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230673
Ministry of Interior. (2020a). Curfew Circular for 65 Years and Over and Those with Chronic Disorders. Access date: 19.04.2021. Access address:https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/65-yas-ve-ustu-ile-kronik-rahatsizligi-olanlara-sokaga-cikma-yasagi-genelgesi
Ministry of Interior. (2020b). Coronavirus Outbreak New Measures. Published date: 18.11.2020. Access date: 22.04.2021. Access address:https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/koronavirus-salgini-yeni-tedbirler
Ministry of Interior. (2021a). Controlled Normalization Process in Combating Coronavirus. Published date: 02.03.2021. Access date: 22.04.2021. Access address: https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/koronavirus-ile-mucadelede-kontrollu-normallesme-sureci
Ministry of Interior. (2021b). Circular on Gradual Normalization Measures. Published date: 16.05.2021. Access date: 22.05.2021. Access address:https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/kademeli-normallesme-tedbirleri-genelgesi
Ridner, S. H. (2004). Psychological distress: concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45(5), 536-545. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02938.x
Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
Sams, N., Fisher, D. M., Mata-Greve, F., Johnson, M., Pullmann, M. D., Raue, P. J., Renn, B. N., Duffy, J., Darnell, D., … Areán, P. A. (2021). Understanding psychological distress and protective factors amongst older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.03.005
Simard, M., Hudon, C., & van Reekum, R. (2009). Psychological distress and risk for dementia. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-009-0007-z
Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., & Terracciano, A. (2018). Psychological distress, self-beliefs, and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 65(3), 1041-1050. 10.3233/JAD-180119
Turkish Statistical Institute. (2019). Address-Based Population Registration System. Turkish Statistical Institute. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en
Ugurlu, N., & Akın, H. (2008). Relation of Body-Ego Perception with Symptoms Psychological Distress of Mugla University School of Health Students. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 11(4), 38-47.
Ulbrich, P. M., Warheit, G. J., & Zimmerman, R. S. (1989). Race, socioeconomic status, and psychological distress: An examination of differential vulnerability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 131-146. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136918
World Health Organization. (2020). Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
Zhang, S. X., Wang, Y., Rauch, A., & Wei, F. (2020). Unprecedented disruptions of lives and work–a survey of the health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiatry Research. 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112958
Akkaya Kozak, D., & Özgün Başıbüyük, G. (2024). The Relationship Between Social Isolation and Psychological Distress in Older Adults During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care, 7(3), 109-126. https://doi.org/10.51819/jaltc.2024.1591285
The National Association of Social and Applied Gerontology (NASAG) is a leading non-profit organization in Türkiye, dedicated to promoting healthy aging through evidence-based research and policy development. NASAG emphasizes the integration of research, practice, and policy to improve the quality of life in later years.
The NASAG has been a member of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG) since 2007.