Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis
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Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 99 - 117, 30.09.2023

Abstract

References

  • Badone, E. (2021). From Cruddiness to Catastrophe: COVID-19 and Long-term Care in Ontario. Medical Anthropology, 40(5), 389–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2021.1927023
  • Bliss, M. (2010). Critical Condition: A Historian’s Prognosis on Canada’s Aging Healthcare System. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1721097
  • Brassolotto, J., Caspar, S., Spenceley, S., & Haney, C.-A. (2020). Long-Term Care in Rural Alberta: Exploring Autonomy and Capacity for Action. Journal of Long-Term Care, 80–90. https://doi.org/10.31389/jltc.31
  • Brereton, L., Clark, J., Ingleton, C., Gardiner, C., Preston, L., Ryan, T., & Goyder, E. (2017). What do we know about different models of providing palliative care? Findings from a systematic review of reviews. Palliative Medicine, 31(9), 781–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216317701890
  • Canada Health Act. (1985). Canada Health Act, RSC 1985, c C-6. Government of Canada. https://canlii.ca/t/532qv>
  • Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2020). Long-term care and COVID-19: International comparisons. Canadian Institute for Health Information. https://www.cihi.ca/en/long-term-care-and-covid-19-international-comparisons
  • Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2021). Long-term care homes in Canada: How many and who owns them? Canadian Institute for Health Information. https://www.cihi.ca/en/long-term-care-homes-in-canada-how-many-and-who-owns-them
  • Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on long-term care in Canada: Focus on the first 6 months. Canadian Institute for Health Information. https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/impact-covid-19-long-term-care-canada-first-6-months-report-en.pdf
  • Courbage, C., & Roudaut, N. (2008). Empirical Evidence on Long-term Care Insurance Purchase in France. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, 33(4), 645–658. https://doi.org/10.1057/gpp.2008.30
  • Danis, K., Fonteneau, L., Georges, S., Daniau, C., Bernard-Stoecklin, S., Domegan, L., O’Donnell, J., Hauge, S. H., Dequeker, S., Vandael, E., Van der Heyden, J., Renard, F., Sierra, N. B., Ricchizzi, E., Schweickert, B., Schmidt, N., Abu Sin, M., Eckmanns, T., Paiva, J.-A., & Schneider, E. (2020). High impact of COVID-19 in long-term care facilities, suggestion for monitoring in the EU/EEA, May 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(22). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.22.2000956
  • Dussuet, A., & Ledoux, C. (2019). Implementing the French elderly care allowance for home-based care: Bureaucratic work, professional cultures, and gender frames. Policy and Society, 38(4), 589–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2019.1626113
  • Dyer, S., Valeri, M., Arora, N., Ross, T., Winsall, M., Tilden, D., & Crotty, M. (2020). Review of international systems for long-term care of older people. Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety. https://agedcare.royalcommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-09/Research%20Paper%202%20-%20Review%20of%20international%20systems%20for%20long-term%20care%20of....pdf
  • Eagar, K., Gordon, R., Snoek, M. F., Loggie, C., Westera, A., Samsa, P. D., & Kobel, C. (2020). The Australian National Aged Care Classification (AN-ACC): A new case mix classification for residential aged care. Medical Journal of Australia, 213(8), 359–363. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50703
  • Edwards, N. (2017). What’s behind delayed transfers of care? Nuffield Trust briefing. https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/resource/what-s-behind-delayed-transfers-of-care
  • Employment Standards Act, (2000). https://canlii.ca/t/55c4k
  • European Commissions. (2021). Long-term care report: Trends, challenges, and opportunities in an ageing society. Volume II, Country profiles. European Commission. Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs, and Inclusion. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/183997
  • Falk, W. (2021). The State of Virtual Care in Canada as of Wave Three of the COVID-19 Pandemic (210251). Health Canada. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.902532/publication.html
  • Financial Accountability Office of Ontario. (2019). Long-Term care homes program: A review of the plan to create 15,000 new long-term care beds in Ontario. Financial Accountability Office of Ontario. https://www.fao-on.org/web/default/files/publications/FA1810%20Long-term%20Care%20Bed%20Expansion%20Analysis/Long-term-care-homes%20program.pdf
  • Fleming, J. R. (2006). The Blurred Line between Nursing Home & (and) Assisted Living Facilities: How Limited Medicaid Funding of Assisted Living Facilities Can Save Tax Dollars While Improving the Quality of Life of the Elderly. U. Miami Bus. L. Rev., 15, 245.
  • Flood, C. M., DeJean, D., Doetter, L. F., Quesnel-Vallée, A., & Schut, E. (2021). Assessing Cash-for-Care Benefits to Support Aging at Home in Canada. 28.
  • Genet, N., & European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies (Eds.). (2012). Home care across Europe: Current structure and future challenges. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/327948
  • Gray, C., & Farrah, K. (2019). Homelike Models in Long Term Care: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545819/
  • Homecare Ontario. (2019). Facts & Figures | Home Care Services. Home Care Ontario. https://www.homecareontario.ca/home-care-services/facts-figures/home-care
  • Iwagami, M., & Tamiva, N. (2019). The Long-Term Care Insurance System in Japan: Past, Present, and Future. JMA Journal, 2(1), 67–69. https://doi.org/10.31662/jmaj.2018-0015
  • Kiersey, R., & Coleman, A. (2017). Approaches to the regulation and financing of home care services in four European countries: An evidence review. Health Research Board. https://www.hrb.ie/fileadmin/publications_files/Approaches_to_the_regulation_and_financing_of_home_care_services_in_four_European_countries.pdf
  • Kornelsen, J., Carthew, C., Míguez, K., Taylor, M., Bodroghy, C., Petrunia, K., & Roberts, D. (2021). Rural citizen-patient priorities for healthcare in British Columbia, Canada: Findings from a mixed methods study. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 987. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06933-z
  • Kuluski, K., Williams, A. P., Berta, W., & Laporte, A. (2012). Home care or long-term care? Setting the balance of care in urban and rural Northwestern Ontario, Canada: Home care or long-term care. Health & Social Care in the Community, 20(4), 438–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2012.01064.x
  • Labrie, Y. (2021). Rethinking Long-Term Care in Canada: Lessons on Public Private Collaboration from Four Countries with Universal Health Care. Fraser Institute. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/rethinking-long-term-care-in-canada.pdf
  • Landry, M. D., Jaglal, S., Wodchis, W. P., Raman, J., & Cott, C. A. (2008). Analysis of factors affecting demand for rehabilitation services in Ontario, Canada: A health-policy perspective. Disability and Rehabilitation, 30(24), 1837–1847. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280701688078
  • Long-Term Care Homes Act. (2007). Long-Term Care Homes Act, 2007, SO 2007, c 8. Government of Ontario. https://canlii.ca/t/5540w
  • Muscedere, J., Barrie, C., Chan, K., Cooper, B., Perry, K., & Sinha, S. (2019). Frailty and Ageing: Canadian challenges and lessons learned in Denmark. https://www.cfn-nce.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2018-10-05_CFN-Denmark-Delegation-Paper_Longwoods-Healthcare-Quarterly.pdf
  • Nadash, P., Doty, P., & von Schwanenflügel, M. (2018). The German Long-Term Care Insurance Program: Evolution and Recent Developments. The Gerontologist, 58(3), 588–597. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx018
  • Naylor, M. D., Kurtzman, E. T., Grabowski, D. C., Harrington, C., McClellan, M., & Reinhard, S. C. (2012). Unintended Consequences of Steps to Cut Readmissions and Reform Payment May Threaten Care of Vulnerable Older Adults. Health Affairs, 31(7), 1623–1632. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0110
  • Ontario Long-term Care Association. (2019). The role of long-term care; Facts and figures. https://www.oltca.com/oltca/OLTCA/Public/LongTermCare/FactsFigures.aspx
  • Ontario Ministry of Long-Term Care. (2022). Bulletin to residents of long-term care homes: Important news regarding long-term care home accommodations charges [Bulletin]. Ministry of Long-Term Care. file:///C:/Users/sadri/Downloads/RateincreaseOctober12022MinistryofHealthLTC.pdf
  • Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
  • Pillemer, K., Burnes, D., Riffin, C., & Lachs, M. S. (2016). Elder Abuse: Global Situation, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies. The Gerontologist, 56 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S194-205. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw004
  • Rhee, J. C., Done, N., & Anderson, G. F. (2015). Considering long-term care insurance for middle-income countries: Comparing South Korea with Japan and Germany. Health Policy, 119(10), 1319–1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.06.001
  • Saari, M., Patterson, E., Killackey, T., Raffaghello, J., Rowe, A., & Tourangeau, A. E. (2017). Home-based care: Barriers and facilitators to expanded personal support worker roles in Ontario, Canada. Home Health Care Services Quarterly, 36(3–4), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621424.2017.1393482
  • Sadri, H. (2020). Breaking down the silos: Transcatheter aortic valve implant versus open heart surgery. Healthcare Management Forum, 33(6), 277–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470420938067
  • Sadri, H., & Fraser, N. (2022). Déjà vu: Seventy Years of Hallway Medicine in Canada. Insights. https://www.longwoods.com/product/26797
  • Sadri, H., & Sadri, S. (2022). Is long-term care a building or a societal moral philosophy? Healthcare Management Forum, 084047042210835. https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704221083554
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Long-Term Care Models in Select OECD Countries and Policy Implications for Canada: A Focused Qualitative Systematic Review

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 99 - 117, 30.09.2023

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted many problems with Canada's older adults (OA) long-term care (LTC) model. The demographic changes in the next two decades require a novel approach to LTC. This study aimed to conduct a focused qualitative systematic review (SR) of the publicly supported LTC models and policies in select advanced economies. The authors used PubMed, Embase, and Medline to conduct an SR following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Fully published articles in the English language related to LTC for Germany, Sweden, Australia, Denmark, France, and the Netherlands were included. Predefined data on the LTC models, including eligibility criteria, coverage, funding, and delivery methods, were extracted. Out of 1,682 screened articles/websites, 28 publications, websites, and reports were included. Despite differences in LTC models, there were two primary funding sources for LTC in the selected countries: general tax and LTC insurance. Aligned with the OAs preference, there was an emphasis on providing LTC at home. The care services were need-based and often defined by healthcare professionals or specialized teams. To address the growing number of OAs and to fulfill their needs, the Canadian LTC system requires a major shift to LTC at home and keeping the institutional LTC as the last resource. A sustainable LTC at home also requires a new legislative framework and financial levers.

References

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  • Brassolotto, J., Caspar, S., Spenceley, S., & Haney, C.-A. (2020). Long-Term Care in Rural Alberta: Exploring Autonomy and Capacity for Action. Journal of Long-Term Care, 80–90. https://doi.org/10.31389/jltc.31
  • Brereton, L., Clark, J., Ingleton, C., Gardiner, C., Preston, L., Ryan, T., & Goyder, E. (2017). What do we know about different models of providing palliative care? Findings from a systematic review of reviews. Palliative Medicine, 31(9), 781–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216317701890
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  • Dyer, S., Valeri, M., Arora, N., Ross, T., Winsall, M., Tilden, D., & Crotty, M. (2020). Review of international systems for long-term care of older people. Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety. https://agedcare.royalcommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-09/Research%20Paper%202%20-%20Review%20of%20international%20systems%20for%20long-term%20care%20of....pdf
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  • Flood, C. M., DeJean, D., Doetter, L. F., Quesnel-Vallée, A., & Schut, E. (2021). Assessing Cash-for-Care Benefits to Support Aging at Home in Canada. 28.
  • Genet, N., & European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies (Eds.). (2012). Home care across Europe: Current structure and future challenges. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/327948
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  • Homecare Ontario. (2019). Facts & Figures | Home Care Services. Home Care Ontario. https://www.homecareontario.ca/home-care-services/facts-figures/home-care
  • Iwagami, M., & Tamiva, N. (2019). The Long-Term Care Insurance System in Japan: Past, Present, and Future. JMA Journal, 2(1), 67–69. https://doi.org/10.31662/jmaj.2018-0015
  • Kiersey, R., & Coleman, A. (2017). Approaches to the regulation and financing of home care services in four European countries: An evidence review. Health Research Board. https://www.hrb.ie/fileadmin/publications_files/Approaches_to_the_regulation_and_financing_of_home_care_services_in_four_European_countries.pdf
  • Kornelsen, J., Carthew, C., Míguez, K., Taylor, M., Bodroghy, C., Petrunia, K., & Roberts, D. (2021). Rural citizen-patient priorities for healthcare in British Columbia, Canada: Findings from a mixed methods study. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 987. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06933-z
  • Kuluski, K., Williams, A. P., Berta, W., & Laporte, A. (2012). Home care or long-term care? Setting the balance of care in urban and rural Northwestern Ontario, Canada: Home care or long-term care. Health & Social Care in the Community, 20(4), 438–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2012.01064.x
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  • Landry, M. D., Jaglal, S., Wodchis, W. P., Raman, J., & Cott, C. A. (2008). Analysis of factors affecting demand for rehabilitation services in Ontario, Canada: A health-policy perspective. Disability and Rehabilitation, 30(24), 1837–1847. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280701688078
  • Long-Term Care Homes Act. (2007). Long-Term Care Homes Act, 2007, SO 2007, c 8. Government of Ontario. https://canlii.ca/t/5540w
  • Muscedere, J., Barrie, C., Chan, K., Cooper, B., Perry, K., & Sinha, S. (2019). Frailty and Ageing: Canadian challenges and lessons learned in Denmark. https://www.cfn-nce.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2018-10-05_CFN-Denmark-Delegation-Paper_Longwoods-Healthcare-Quarterly.pdf
  • Nadash, P., Doty, P., & von Schwanenflügel, M. (2018). The German Long-Term Care Insurance Program: Evolution and Recent Developments. The Gerontologist, 58(3), 588–597. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx018
  • Naylor, M. D., Kurtzman, E. T., Grabowski, D. C., Harrington, C., McClellan, M., & Reinhard, S. C. (2012). Unintended Consequences of Steps to Cut Readmissions and Reform Payment May Threaten Care of Vulnerable Older Adults. Health Affairs, 31(7), 1623–1632. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0110
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  • Rhee, J. C., Done, N., & Anderson, G. F. (2015). Considering long-term care insurance for middle-income countries: Comparing South Korea with Japan and Germany. Health Policy, 119(10), 1319–1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.06.001
  • Saari, M., Patterson, E., Killackey, T., Raffaghello, J., Rowe, A., & Tourangeau, A. E. (2017). Home-based care: Barriers and facilitators to expanded personal support worker roles in Ontario, Canada. Home Health Care Services Quarterly, 36(3–4), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621424.2017.1393482
  • Sadri, H. (2020). Breaking down the silos: Transcatheter aortic valve implant versus open heart surgery. Healthcare Management Forum, 33(6), 277–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470420938067
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Policy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ava Oliaie This is me 0009-0001-9891-2993

Salar Sadrı This is me 0000-0003-3258-4752

Hamid Sadri 0000-0003-2004-7060

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Acceptance Date September 9, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Oliaie, A., Sadrı, S., & Sadri, H. (2023). Long-Term Care Models in Select OECD Countries and Policy Implications for Canada: A Focused Qualitative Systematic Review. Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care, 6(2), 99-117.

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The National and Applied Gerontology Association (NASAG) is a leading non-profit organization in Türkiye that promotes healthy and productive aging via evidence-based research. The utilization of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research in gerontology is crucial in integrating research, practice, and policy, given the need for evidence-based programming to improve the quality of life in old age. As an advocate for social action for older people, the NASAG is particularly concerned that public policies are strongly and genuinely focused on supporting and protecting the most vulnerable, marginalized, or disadvantaged older people.

The NASAG has been a member of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG) since 2007.