Dry sliding wear behaviour of Ti13Nb13Zr alloy produced via pressure-assisted sintering

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 74 - 83, 31.12.2024

Mustafa Armağan

Abstract

Novel alloys and advanced manufacturing methods may improve titanium-based materials' mechanical, corrosion, and biocompatibility properties. Specifically, the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy has recently garnered significant attention for orthopaedic applications, where adequate wear resistance is essential. The present paper aims to reveal dry sliding wear behaviour of the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy produced via pressure-assisted sintering. Ti13Nb13Zr samples were tested under different loads (10, 15, and 20 N) in a ball-on-disc dry sliding test system. The coefficient of friction (CoF) curves obtained to demonstrate dry sliding wear behaviour of the alloy, and the worn surface morphologies were examined to understand the underlying wear mechanisms. The mean coefficient of friction (CoF) values (and standard deviations) for the specimens subjected to increasing loads were 0.445 (0.0182), 0.480 (0.0205), and 0.465 (0.0167), respectively. Furthermore, the specific wear rates after wear were also found to be 3.76x10-3, 4.24x10-3, and 4.5x10-3 in the same order. Histogram analyses and weight loss values indicate that the 20 N test load exhibited the highest wear rate. The surface morphology was characterised by scanning electron microscopy, and EDS investigations were conducted. The formation of grooves and scratches was attributed to abrasive wear. The occurrence of wear debris at loads of 15 and 20 N resulted in the development of a three-body wear mechanism. Moreover, elemental mapping analysis demonstrated that the transfer of alumina ball particles on the worn surface at higher loads.

Keywords

Tribology, Sintering, Titanium Alloys, Friction, Surface Morphology

Ethical Statement

There are no ethical issues with the publication of this manuscript.

References

• REFERENCES [1] Abakay, E., Armağan, M., Yıldıran Avcu, Y., Guney, M., Yousif, B. F., & Avcu, E. (2024). Advances in improving tribological performance of titanium alloys and titanium matrix composites for biomedical applications: a critical review. Frontiers in Materials, 11.
• [2] Avcu, Y. Y., Iakovakis, E., Guney, M., Çalım, E., Özkılınç, A., Abakay, E., . . . Avcu, E. (2023). Surface and Tribological Properties of Powder Metallurgical Cp-Ti Titanium Alloy Modified by Shot Peening. Coatings, 13(1).
• [3] Avcu, E., Abakay, E., Yıldıran Avcu, Y., Çalım, E., Gökalp, İ., Iakovakis, E., . . . Guney, M. (2023). Corrosion Behavior of Shot-Peened Ti6Al4V Alloy Produced via Pressure-Assisted Sintering. Coatings, 13(12).
• [4] Avcu, E., Fidan, S., Yıldıran, Y., & Sınmazçelik, T. (2013). Solid particle erosion behaviour of Ti6Al4V alloy. Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 7(4), 201-210.
• [5] Avcu, E., Yıldıran Avcu, Y., Baştan, F. E., Rehman, M. A. U., Üstel, F., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2018). Tailoring the surface characteristics of electrophoretically deposited chitosan-based bioactive glass composite coatings on titanium implants via grit blasting. Progress in Organic Coatings, 123, 362-373.
• [6] Yildiran Avcu, Y., Yetik, O., Guney, M., Iakovakis, E., Sinmazcelik, T., & Avcu, E. (2020). Surface, Subsurface and Tribological Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy Shot Peened under Different Parameters. Materials (Basel), 13(19).
• [7] Khanlou, H. M. (2012). FE-SEM and EDX Characterization of Sand Blasted and Sulfuric Acid Etched of Novel Biomaterial (Ti13Nb13Zr). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(6), 125-131.
• [8] Bigi, A., Nicoli-Aldini, N., Bracci, B., Zavan, B., Boanini, E., Sbaiz, F., . . . Cortivo, R. (2007). In vitro culture of mesenchymal cells onto nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite-coated Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. J Biomed Mater Res A, 82(1), 213-221.
• [9] Golvano, I., Garcia, I., Conde, A., Tato, W., & Aginagalde, A. (2015). Influence of fluoride content and pH on corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour of Ti13Nb13Zr alloy in oral environment. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 49, 186-196.
• [10] Suresh, K. S., Gurao, N. P., Singh D, S., Suwas, S., Chattopadhyay, K., Zherebtsov, S. V., & Salishchev, G. A. (2013). Effect of equal channel angular pressing on grain refinement and texture evolution in a biomedical alloy Ti13Nb13Zr. Materials Characterization, 82, 73-85.
• [11] Neto, M. Q., & Rainforth, W. M. (2020). Effect of Potential and Microstructure on the Tribocorrosion Behaviour of Beta and Near Beta Ti Alloys I. Biotribology, 24.
• [12] Bansal, P., Singh, G., & Sidhu, H. S. (2021a). Improvement of surface properties and corrosion resistance of Ti13Nb13Zr titanium alloy by plasma-sprayed HA/ZnO coatings for biomedical applications. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 257.
• [13] Bansal, P., Singh, G., & Sidhu, H. S. (2021b). Plasma-Sprayed HA/Sr Reinforced Coating for Improved Corrosion Resistance and Surface Properties of Ti13Nb13Zr Titanium Alloy for Biomedical Implants. Journal of Materials Research, 36(2), 431-442.
• [14] Rogala-Wielgus, D., Majkowska-Marzec, B., Zielinski, A., Bartmanski, M., & Bartosewicz, B. (2021). Mechanical Behavior of Bi-Layer and Dispersion Coatings Composed of Several Nanostructures on Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy. Materials (Basel), 14(11).
• [15] Bulutsuz, A., Chrominski, W., Lewandowska, M., & Ozaltin, K. (2018). Investigation of Different Severe Plastic Deformation Methods Effect on Ti13Nb13Zr. Paper presented at the Contributed Papers from MS&T17.
• [16] Pérez, D. A. G., Jorge Junior, A. M., Roche, V., Lepretre, J.-C., Afonso, C. R. M., Travessa, D. N., . . . Botta, W. J. (2020). Severe plastic deformation and different surface treatments on the biocompatible Ti13Nb13Zr and Ti35Nb7Zr5Ta alloys: Microstructural and phase evolutions, mechanical properties, and bioactivity analysis. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 812.
• [17] Dąbrowski, R., & Sołek, K. (2023). Formation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti13Nb13Zr medical titanium alloy. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 47.
• [18] Jażdżewska, M., Majkowska-Marzec, B., Ostrowski, R., & Olive, J.-M. (2023). Influence of Surface Laser Treatment on Mechanical Properties and Residual Stresses of Titanium and its Alloys. Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal, 17(6), 27-38.
• [19] M Jazdzewska, M., Majkowska-Marzec, B., Zielinski, A., Ostrowski, R., Fraczek, A., Karwowska, G., & Olive, J. M. (2023). Mechanical Properties and Wear Susceptibility Determined by Nanoindentation Technique of Ti13Nb13Zr Titanium Alloy after "Direct Laser Writing". Materials (Basel), 16(13).
• [20] Majkowska-Marzec, B., Teczar, P., Bartmanski, M., Bartosewicz, B., & Jankiewicz, B. J. (2020). Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Laser Surface-Treated Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy with MWCNTs Coatings. Materials (Basel), 13(18).
• [21] Pawlowski, L., Mania, S., Banach-Kopec, A., Bartmanski, M., Ronowska, A., Jurak, K., . . . Zielinski, A. (2023). Osteoblast and bacterial cell response on RGD peptide-functionalized chitosan coatings electrophoretically deposited from different suspensions on Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 111(10), 1800-1812.
• [22] Saif M. Abbas, A. M. T., Jumaa S. Chiad, Mustafa A, Mohammed and Marwah A. Husain. (2024). Finite-Element Analysis and Ground Reaction Force of Transfemoral Osseointegrated Prostheses. Library Progress International, 44(2), 406-418.
• [23] Uchoa, J. D., Santana, M., Rodrigues, M. V. G., Jorge, A. J. r., Pessoa, R. S., Viana, B. C., . . . Lobo, A. O. (2023). Optimizing surface properties of Ti13Nb13Zr alloy substrate for biomedical applications through modification with nano-alumina obtained by atomic layer deposition and hydroxyapatite coatings. Surface & Coatings Technology, 468.
• [24] Sypniewska, J., Szkodo, M., Majkowska-Marzec, B., & Mielewczyk-Gryn, A. (2023). Effect of hybrid modification by ceramic layer formation in MAO process and laser remelting on the structure of titanium bio-alloy Ti13Nb13Zr. Ceramics International, 49(11), 16603-16614.
• [25] Jorge, A. M., Roche, V., Pérez, D. A. G., & Valiev, R. Z. (2023). Nanostructuring Ti-Alloys by HPT: Phase Transformation, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties, and Bioactivation. Materials Transactions, 64(7), 1306-1316.
• [26] Rościszewska, M., Shimabukuro, M., Ronowska, A., Mielewczyk-Gryń, A., Zieliński, A., & Hanawa, T. (2024). Enhanced bioactivity and mechanical properties of silicon-infused titanium oxide coatings formed by micro-arc oxidation on selective laser melted Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. Ceramics International, 50(21), 43979-43993.
• [27] Ali Kemal Aslan, E. B. (2024). Tribological properties of the multilayer thin films deposited on the free-form shaped Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. Jurnal Tribologi, 42, 129-145.
• [28] Aslan, A. K., & Bahce, E. (2023). Wear and Adhesion Properties of Multilayer Ti/TiN, (/TiC)/ TiCN/ TaN Thin Films Deposited on Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy by Closed Field Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering. Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, 29(4), 192-199.
• [29] Lison, J., Taratuta, A., Paszenda, Z., Dyner, M., & Basiaga, M. (2022). A study on the physicochemical properties of surface modified Ti13Nb13Zr alloy for skeletal implants. Acta Bioeng Biomech, 24(1), 39-47.
• [30] Piotrowska, K., Granek, A., & Madej, M. (2020). Assessment of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings on the Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy. Open Engineering, 10(1), 536-545.
• [31] Neto, M. Q., & Rainforth, W. M. (2021). Effect of Potential and Microstructure on the Tribocorrosion Behaviour of Beta and Near Beta Ti Alloys II. Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion, 7(4).
• [32] K. Piotrowska, M. M. (2022). Influence of TiO2 Coating Deposited with the Atomic Layer Deposition Ald Technique on the Properties of Ti13Nb13Zr Titanium Alloy. Metalurgija, 61(3-4), 665-668.
• [33] Piotrowska, K., Madej, M., Kowalczyk, J., & Radon-Kobus, K. (2023). Surface Roughness Effects on the Properties of Silicon-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings. Coatings, 13(9).
• [34] Seramak, T., Zielinski, A., Serbinski, W., & Zasinska, K. (2019). Powder metallurgy of the porous Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy of different powder grain size. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 34(8), 915-920.
• [35] Avcu, E. (2017). The influences of ECAP on the dry sliding wear behaviour of AA7075 aluminium alloy. Tribology International, 110, 173-184.
• [36] Gökalp, İ., Kıraç, M., Avcu, E., & Yamanoğlu, R. (2023). Dental Uygulamalarda Kullanılan CoCr Alaşımının Tribolojik Özeliklerinin İncelenmesi. In S. K. Ferit KARGIN (Ed.), Doğa ve Mühendislik Bilimlerinde Güncel Tartışmalar 12 (pp. 114-123). Ankara: BİDGE.
• [37] Yıldıran Avcu, Y., Yetik, O., Koçoğlu, H., Avcu, E., & Sınmazçelik, T. (2018). Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Shot Peened TI6AL4V Alloys at Different Peening Times. Acta Physica Polonica A, 134(1), 349-353.
• [38] Yamanoglu, R., Bahador, A., & Kondoh, K. (2021). Effect of Mo Addition on the Mechanical and Wear Behavior of Plasma Rotating Electrode Process Atomized Ti6Al4V Alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 30(5), 3203-3212.
• [39] Yamanoglu, R. (2021). Network distribution of molybdenum among pure titanium powders for enhanced wear properties. Metal Powder Report, 76(1), 32-39.
• [40] Ahmad, K., Batool, S. A., Farooq, M. T., Minhas, B., Manzur, J., Yasir, M., . . . Ur Rehman, M. A. (2023). Corrosion, surface, and tribological behavior of electrophoretically deposited polyether ether ketone coatings on 316L stainless steel for orthopedic applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 148, 106188.
• [41] Iakovakis, E., Avcu, E., Roy, M. J., Gee, M., & Matthews, A. (2021). Dry sliding wear behaviour of additive manufactured CrC-rich WC-Co cemented carbides. Wear, 486-487.
• [42] Yamanoglu, R., Karakulak, E., Zeren, M., & Koç, F. G. (2013). Effect of nickel on microstructure and wear behaviour of pure aluminium against steel and alumina counterfaces. International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 26(5), 289-295.
• [43] Yamanoğlu, R., Karakulak, E., Zeren, A., & Zeren, M. (2013). Effect of heat treatment on the tribological properties of Al–Cu–Mg/nanoSiC composites. Materials & Design, 49, 820-825.
• [44] Laraba, S. R., Rezzoug, A., Avcu, E., Luo, W., Halimi, R., Wei, J., & Li, Y. (2023). Enhancing the tribological performance of PLA-based biocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 148, 106224.
• [45] Mameri, A., Daoud, I., Rezzoug, A., Azem, S., & Yamanoglu, R. (2022). Tribological properties of in situ oxide reinforced nickel matrix composites produced by pressure-assisted sintering. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 120(5-6), 3731-3740.
• [46] Mameri, A., Daoud, I., Rezzoug, A., Boukantar, A.-R., Miroud, D., Yamanoglu, R., & Ortiz, A. L. (2024). Effect of Ni aids on the unlubricated tribological behaviour of WC cemented carbides fabricated by pressureless infiltration of Cu alloy binder. Ceramics International.