Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2022, , 58 - 68, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.56430/japro.1148305

Abstract

References

  • Ajayi, S. O., Odesanya, B. O., Avwioroko, A. O., Adebambo, G. S., & Okafor, B. (2012). Effects of long-term fertilizer use on trace metal levels of soils in a farm settlement. E3 Journal of Agricultural Research and Development, 2(2), 44-51.
  • Akış, A., Kaya, B., Seferov, R., & Başkan, H. O. (2005). Harran ovası ve çevresindeki tarım arazilerinde tuzluluk problemi ve bu problemin iklim özellikleriyle ilişkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14, 21-38. (In Turkish)
  • Arora, M., Kiran, B., Rani, S., Rani, A., Kaur, B., & Mittal, N. (2008). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chemistry, 111(4), 811-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.049
  • Asri, F. Ö., Sönmez, S., & Çıtak, S. (2007). Kadmiyumun çevre ve insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Derim Dergisi, 24(1), 34-41. (In Turkish)
  • Atılgan, A., Coşkan, A., Saltuk, B., & Erkan, M. (2007). Antalya yöresindeki seralarda kimyasal ve organik gübre kullanım düzeyleri ve olası çevre etkileri. Ekoloji Dergisi, 15(62), 37-47. (In Turkish)
  • Benson, N. U., Anake, W. U., & Etesin, U. M. (2014). Trace metals levels in inorganic fertilizers commercially available in Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 3(4), 610-620.
  • Bhogal, A., Nicholson, F. A., Chambers, B. J., & Shepherd, M. A. (2003). Effects of past sewage sludge additions on heavy metal availability in light textured soils: Implications for crop yields and metal uptakes. Environmental Pollution, 121(3), 413-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00230-0
  • Bower, C. A., & Wilcox, L. V. (1965). Soluble salts. In C. A. Black (Ed.), Methods of soils analysis (pp. 933-940). American Society of Agronomy.
  • Büyükkιlιç, A. (2009). Cadmium contents of soils and durum- bread wheats in Harran plain, SE Turkey (Master’s thesis, Harran University). (In Turkish)
  • Büyükkılıç Yanardag, A., Mermut, A. R., Cano, Á. F., Garces, D. M. C., & Yanardağ, İ. H. (2016). Cadmium contents of soils and durum and bread wheats on Harran Plain, southeast Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture Forestry, 40, 772-782 https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1602-95
  • Carnelo, L. G. L., de Miguez, S. R., & Marbán, L. (1997). Heavy metals input with phosphate fertilizers used in Argentina. Science of the Total Environment, 204(3), 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00187-3
  • CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers for the Environment). (2001). Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. https://ccme.ca/en/res/wqimanualen.pdf
  • Chapman, H. D. (1965). Cation exchange capacity. In C. A. Black (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis (pp. 891-900). American Society of Agronomy.
  • Derin, P. (2019). Karaali (Şanlıurfa) jeotermal sahasının ağır metal kirliliği açısından araştırılması (Master’s thesis, Harran University). (In Turkish)
  • Dissanayake, C. B., & Chandrajith, R. (2009). Phosphate mineral fertilizers, trace metals, and human health. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 37(3), 153-165. https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v37i3.1219
  • DSİ. (2003). Problems of drainage and salinity in the Harran plain. Summary Report, the 15th District Directorate of the State Hydraulic Works. (In Turkish)
  • Duchaufour, P. (1970). Précis de pédologie. Masson.
  • Franklin, R. E., Duis, L., Brown, R., & Kemp T. (2005). Trace element content of selected fertilizers and micronutrient source materials. Communications of Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36(11-12), 1591-1609. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200059091
  • Grant, C. A., Bailey, L. D., Harapiak, J. T., & Flore N. A. (2002). Effect of phosphate source, rate and cadmium content and use of Penicillium bilaii on phosphorus, zinc and cadmium concentration in durum wheat grain, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 82(3), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1034
  • Güven, Ş., & Taşlıgil, N. (2013). Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (GAP)’nin dünü bugünü yarını. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 36, 1-26. (In Turkish)
  • Hesterberg, D. (2006). Encyclopedia of soil science. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1081/e-ess3
  • Jones, D. L., Campbell, G., & Kaspar, C. W. (2002). Human enteric pathogens. In: P. M. Haygarth & S. C. Jarvis (Eds.), Agriculture, hydrology and water quality (pp. 133-153). CABI Publishing.
  • Kabata-Pendias, A., & Pendias, H. (1992). Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC Press.
  • Kabata-Pendias, A., & Pendias, H. (2001). Trace elements in soils and plants. CRR Press.
  • Kadıoğlu, B., & Canbolat, M. Y. (2014). Toprak kalite indeks parametrelerinin tarım ve mera alanlarında farklı topoğrafik pozisyonlara bağlı olarak değişimi. Alınteri Zirai Bilimler Dergisi, 26(1), 1-8. (In Turkish)
  • Kara, Y. (2005). Bioaccumulation of Cu, Zn and Ni from the wastewater by treated Nasturtium officinale. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(1), 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325859
  • Köleli, N., & Kantar, Ç. (2006). Fosforlu gübrelerde ağır metal tehlikesi. Ekoloji Dergisi, 9, 1-5. (In Turkish)
  • Lee, B. D., Carter, B. J., Basta, N. T., & Weaver, B. (1997). Factors influencing metal distribution in six oklahoma benchmark soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61(1), 218-223. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100010030x
  • Liu, R., & Lal, R. (2015). Potentials of engineered nanoparticles as fertilizers for increasing agronomic productions. Science of the Total Environment, 514, 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.104
  • Lorenz, S. E., Hamon, R. E., & McGrath, S. P. (1994). Differences between soil solutions obtained from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils by water displacement and soil centrifugation. European Journal of Soil Science, 45(4), 431-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1994.tb00528.x
  • McBride, M., & Spiers, G. (2001). Trace element content of selected fertilizers and dairy manures as determined by ICP-MS. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 32(1-2), 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-100102999
  • Mclaren, R., & Crawford, D. V. (1993). Studies on soil copper I. The fractionation of copper in soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 24(2), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1973.tb00753.x
  • Mermut, A. R., Jain, J. C., Li, S., Kerrich, R., Kozak, L., & Jana, S. (1996). Trace element concentrations of selected soils and fertilizers in Saskatchewan, Canada. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25(4), 845-853. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500040028x
  • MGM (Meteroloji Genel Müdürlüğü). (2021). T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, 2021 verileri. https://mgm.gov.tr/sondurum/toplam-yagis.aspx (In Turkish)
  • Mitsios, I. K., Golia, E. E., & Tsadilas, C. D. (2005). Heavy metal concentrations in soils and irrigation waters in Thessaly region, central Greece. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36(4-6), 487-501. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200043229
  • Mortvedt, J. J. (1996). Heavy metal contaminants in inorganic and organic fertilizers. In C. Rodriguez-Barrueco (Ed.), Fertilizers and environment (pp. 5-11). Springer.
  • Öborn, I., Jansson, G., & Johnsson, J. (1995). A field study on the influence of soil pH on trace element levels in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and carrots (Daucus carota). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 835-840. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00476933
  • Peech, M. (1965). Hydrogen-ion. In C. A. Black (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis (pp. 914-916). American Society of Agronomy.
  • Puschenreiter, M., & Horak, O. (2000). Influence of different soil parameters on transfer factor soil to plant of Cd, Cu and Zn for wheat and rye. Die Bodenkultur, 51(1), 3-10.
  • Sabiha-Javied, M. T., Chaudhry, M. M. Tufai, M., & Irfan, N. (2009). Heavy metal pollution from phosphate rock used for the production of fertilizer in Pakistan. Microchemical Journal, 91(1), 94-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2008.08.009
  • Sanders, J. R., McGrath, S. P., & Adams, T. (1987). Zinc, copper and nickel concentrations in soil extracts and crops grown on four soils treated with metalloaded sewage sludges. Environmental Pollution, 44(3), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(87)90003-0
  • Savci, S. (2012). Investigation of effect of chemical fertilizers on environment. APCBEE Procedia, 1(2012), 287-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.03.047
  • Schacklette, H. T., & Boerngen, J. G. (1984). Element concentrations in soils and other surficial materials of the conterminous United States. U.S. Geological Survey Proffessional Paper, 1270, 1-10.
  • Schuman, L. M. (1979). Zinc, manganese and copper in soil fractions. Soil Science, 127(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-197901000-00002
  • Seyrek, A., Aydemir, S., & İnce, F. (2005). Harran ovasında tuzlulaşma eğilimi gösteren toprakların kil mineralojisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(2), 137-144. (In Turkish)
  • Sims, J. T. (1986). Soil pH effects on the distribution and plant availability of manganese, copper and zinc. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50(2), 367-373. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000020023x
  • Sönmez, İ., Kaplan, M., & Sönmez, S. (2008). Kimyasal gübrelerin çevre kirliliği üzerine etkileri ve çözüm önerileri. Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Derim Dergisi, 25(2), 24-34. (In Turkish)
  • Sönmez, M. E. (2012). Barajların mekân üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri ve Türkiye’den örnekler. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 213-231. (In Turkish)

Heavy Metal Evaluation of Overused Commercial Fertilizers and Their Interactions with Soil Properties

Year 2022, , 58 - 68, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.56430/japro.1148305

Abstract

Şanlıurfa province has 36% of the agricultural areas in Turkey and 64.1% of the agricultural areas in the GAP Region. With approximately 600 000 tons of chemical fertilizer consumption in 2021, it is the province with the most fertilizer consumption in Turkey. This causes some negative and high environmental risks such as salinization in the soil, heavy metal (HM) accumulation, deterioration of nutrient balance, damage to microorganism activity, and formation of eutrophication in the region. The objective of this study was to determine the HMs (Zn, Ni, Mn, Cu, Mo, Pb, Cd) concentrations of the soils and some commercial fertilizers overused, and evaluate their interactions with soil properties. The average values of HM concentration of the soil are as follows; 32.65 and 46.88 mg kg-1 Zn; 649.03 and 730.58 mg kg-1 Mn; 79.86 and 95.54 mg kg-1 Ni; 0.15 to 0.27 mg kg-1 Cd; 0.26 and 0.97 mg kg-1 Mo; 8.54 and 18.67 mg kg-1 Pb; 19.45-25.37 mg kg-1 Cu. HM contents of some fertilizers were found to be very high in this study. This causes an increase in the HM concentration in the soil. HMs concentrations of several soil samples exceeded the threshold level of Europe standards except for Ni, Mo, and Mn. Study results can help the authorities to develop effective fertilizer management strategies for the Harran Plain, which has once again revealed the necessity of applying agricultural activities such as fertilization with a fertilization program prepared under expert control according to the results of soil analysis.

References

  • Ajayi, S. O., Odesanya, B. O., Avwioroko, A. O., Adebambo, G. S., & Okafor, B. (2012). Effects of long-term fertilizer use on trace metal levels of soils in a farm settlement. E3 Journal of Agricultural Research and Development, 2(2), 44-51.
  • Akış, A., Kaya, B., Seferov, R., & Başkan, H. O. (2005). Harran ovası ve çevresindeki tarım arazilerinde tuzluluk problemi ve bu problemin iklim özellikleriyle ilişkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14, 21-38. (In Turkish)
  • Arora, M., Kiran, B., Rani, S., Rani, A., Kaur, B., & Mittal, N. (2008). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chemistry, 111(4), 811-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.049
  • Asri, F. Ö., Sönmez, S., & Çıtak, S. (2007). Kadmiyumun çevre ve insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Derim Dergisi, 24(1), 34-41. (In Turkish)
  • Atılgan, A., Coşkan, A., Saltuk, B., & Erkan, M. (2007). Antalya yöresindeki seralarda kimyasal ve organik gübre kullanım düzeyleri ve olası çevre etkileri. Ekoloji Dergisi, 15(62), 37-47. (In Turkish)
  • Benson, N. U., Anake, W. U., & Etesin, U. M. (2014). Trace metals levels in inorganic fertilizers commercially available in Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 3(4), 610-620.
  • Bhogal, A., Nicholson, F. A., Chambers, B. J., & Shepherd, M. A. (2003). Effects of past sewage sludge additions on heavy metal availability in light textured soils: Implications for crop yields and metal uptakes. Environmental Pollution, 121(3), 413-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00230-0
  • Bower, C. A., & Wilcox, L. V. (1965). Soluble salts. In C. A. Black (Ed.), Methods of soils analysis (pp. 933-940). American Society of Agronomy.
  • Büyükkιlιç, A. (2009). Cadmium contents of soils and durum- bread wheats in Harran plain, SE Turkey (Master’s thesis, Harran University). (In Turkish)
  • Büyükkılıç Yanardag, A., Mermut, A. R., Cano, Á. F., Garces, D. M. C., & Yanardağ, İ. H. (2016). Cadmium contents of soils and durum and bread wheats on Harran Plain, southeast Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture Forestry, 40, 772-782 https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1602-95
  • Carnelo, L. G. L., de Miguez, S. R., & Marbán, L. (1997). Heavy metals input with phosphate fertilizers used in Argentina. Science of the Total Environment, 204(3), 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00187-3
  • CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers for the Environment). (2001). Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. https://ccme.ca/en/res/wqimanualen.pdf
  • Chapman, H. D. (1965). Cation exchange capacity. In C. A. Black (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis (pp. 891-900). American Society of Agronomy.
  • Derin, P. (2019). Karaali (Şanlıurfa) jeotermal sahasının ağır metal kirliliği açısından araştırılması (Master’s thesis, Harran University). (In Turkish)
  • Dissanayake, C. B., & Chandrajith, R. (2009). Phosphate mineral fertilizers, trace metals, and human health. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 37(3), 153-165. https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v37i3.1219
  • DSİ. (2003). Problems of drainage and salinity in the Harran plain. Summary Report, the 15th District Directorate of the State Hydraulic Works. (In Turkish)
  • Duchaufour, P. (1970). Précis de pédologie. Masson.
  • Franklin, R. E., Duis, L., Brown, R., & Kemp T. (2005). Trace element content of selected fertilizers and micronutrient source materials. Communications of Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36(11-12), 1591-1609. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200059091
  • Grant, C. A., Bailey, L. D., Harapiak, J. T., & Flore N. A. (2002). Effect of phosphate source, rate and cadmium content and use of Penicillium bilaii on phosphorus, zinc and cadmium concentration in durum wheat grain, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 82(3), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1034
  • Güven, Ş., & Taşlıgil, N. (2013). Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (GAP)’nin dünü bugünü yarını. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 36, 1-26. (In Turkish)
  • Hesterberg, D. (2006). Encyclopedia of soil science. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1081/e-ess3
  • Jones, D. L., Campbell, G., & Kaspar, C. W. (2002). Human enteric pathogens. In: P. M. Haygarth & S. C. Jarvis (Eds.), Agriculture, hydrology and water quality (pp. 133-153). CABI Publishing.
  • Kabata-Pendias, A., & Pendias, H. (1992). Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC Press.
  • Kabata-Pendias, A., & Pendias, H. (2001). Trace elements in soils and plants. CRR Press.
  • Kadıoğlu, B., & Canbolat, M. Y. (2014). Toprak kalite indeks parametrelerinin tarım ve mera alanlarında farklı topoğrafik pozisyonlara bağlı olarak değişimi. Alınteri Zirai Bilimler Dergisi, 26(1), 1-8. (In Turkish)
  • Kara, Y. (2005). Bioaccumulation of Cu, Zn and Ni from the wastewater by treated Nasturtium officinale. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(1), 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325859
  • Köleli, N., & Kantar, Ç. (2006). Fosforlu gübrelerde ağır metal tehlikesi. Ekoloji Dergisi, 9, 1-5. (In Turkish)
  • Lee, B. D., Carter, B. J., Basta, N. T., & Weaver, B. (1997). Factors influencing metal distribution in six oklahoma benchmark soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61(1), 218-223. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100010030x
  • Liu, R., & Lal, R. (2015). Potentials of engineered nanoparticles as fertilizers for increasing agronomic productions. Science of the Total Environment, 514, 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.104
  • Lorenz, S. E., Hamon, R. E., & McGrath, S. P. (1994). Differences between soil solutions obtained from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils by water displacement and soil centrifugation. European Journal of Soil Science, 45(4), 431-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1994.tb00528.x
  • McBride, M., & Spiers, G. (2001). Trace element content of selected fertilizers and dairy manures as determined by ICP-MS. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 32(1-2), 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-100102999
  • Mclaren, R., & Crawford, D. V. (1993). Studies on soil copper I. The fractionation of copper in soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 24(2), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1973.tb00753.x
  • Mermut, A. R., Jain, J. C., Li, S., Kerrich, R., Kozak, L., & Jana, S. (1996). Trace element concentrations of selected soils and fertilizers in Saskatchewan, Canada. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25(4), 845-853. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500040028x
  • MGM (Meteroloji Genel Müdürlüğü). (2021). T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, 2021 verileri. https://mgm.gov.tr/sondurum/toplam-yagis.aspx (In Turkish)
  • Mitsios, I. K., Golia, E. E., & Tsadilas, C. D. (2005). Heavy metal concentrations in soils and irrigation waters in Thessaly region, central Greece. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36(4-6), 487-501. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200043229
  • Mortvedt, J. J. (1996). Heavy metal contaminants in inorganic and organic fertilizers. In C. Rodriguez-Barrueco (Ed.), Fertilizers and environment (pp. 5-11). Springer.
  • Öborn, I., Jansson, G., & Johnsson, J. (1995). A field study on the influence of soil pH on trace element levels in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and carrots (Daucus carota). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 835-840. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00476933
  • Peech, M. (1965). Hydrogen-ion. In C. A. Black (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis (pp. 914-916). American Society of Agronomy.
  • Puschenreiter, M., & Horak, O. (2000). Influence of different soil parameters on transfer factor soil to plant of Cd, Cu and Zn for wheat and rye. Die Bodenkultur, 51(1), 3-10.
  • Sabiha-Javied, M. T., Chaudhry, M. M. Tufai, M., & Irfan, N. (2009). Heavy metal pollution from phosphate rock used for the production of fertilizer in Pakistan. Microchemical Journal, 91(1), 94-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2008.08.009
  • Sanders, J. R., McGrath, S. P., & Adams, T. (1987). Zinc, copper and nickel concentrations in soil extracts and crops grown on four soils treated with metalloaded sewage sludges. Environmental Pollution, 44(3), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(87)90003-0
  • Savci, S. (2012). Investigation of effect of chemical fertilizers on environment. APCBEE Procedia, 1(2012), 287-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.03.047
  • Schacklette, H. T., & Boerngen, J. G. (1984). Element concentrations in soils and other surficial materials of the conterminous United States. U.S. Geological Survey Proffessional Paper, 1270, 1-10.
  • Schuman, L. M. (1979). Zinc, manganese and copper in soil fractions. Soil Science, 127(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-197901000-00002
  • Seyrek, A., Aydemir, S., & İnce, F. (2005). Harran ovasında tuzlulaşma eğilimi gösteren toprakların kil mineralojisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(2), 137-144. (In Turkish)
  • Sims, J. T. (1986). Soil pH effects on the distribution and plant availability of manganese, copper and zinc. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50(2), 367-373. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000020023x
  • Sönmez, İ., Kaplan, M., & Sönmez, S. (2008). Kimyasal gübrelerin çevre kirliliği üzerine etkileri ve çözüm önerileri. Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Derim Dergisi, 25(2), 24-34. (In Turkish)
  • Sönmez, M. E. (2012). Barajların mekân üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri ve Türkiye’den örnekler. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 213-231. (In Turkish)
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Asuman Büyükkılıç Yanardağ 0000-0003-3236-1532

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Submission Date July 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Büyükkılıç Yanardağ, A. (2022). Heavy Metal Evaluation of Overused Commercial Fertilizers and Their Interactions with Soil Properties. Journal of Agricultural Production, 3(2), 58-68. https://doi.org/10.56430/japro.1148305