Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition

Çiğdem Dikel; Suat Dikel

doi:10.56430/japro.1989556

EN

Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition

Abstract

Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) are critical flavin-dependent enzymes anchored to the outer mitochondrial membrane, responsible for the oxidative deamination of biogenic amines; however, their catalytic activity generates neurotoxic by-products, including hydrogen peroxide and reactive aldehydes, which contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. While the valorization of shrimp-processing by-products (accounting for 50–60% of total landing biomass) represents an important pillar of the circular bioeconomy, their principal bioactive carotenoid, astaxanthin (AST), is widely investigated for its neuroprotective and antioxidant attributes. This critical review evaluates the mechanistic pathways through which AST mitigates neurotoxicity, with an analytical focus on its proposed, isoform-selective interactions with monoamine oxidases. Current computational docking evidence suggests that unesterified AST possesses spatial compatibility with the substrate-binding cavity of MAO-A, whereas steric hindrance prevents its accommodation within the narrow, bipartite channel of MAO-B. However, direct experimental verification such as recombinant enzyme kinetics, K_i and IC₅₀ determinations, and cellular inhibition assays remains largely absent in the literature. Furthermore, native crustacean extracts predominantly consist of fatty-acid-esterified stereoisomers rather than the unesterified free form modeled in silico, presenting structural differences that could influence active-site entry. This review outlines the literature retrieval methodology, critically appraises verified downstream neuroprotective mechanisms (including Nrf2/HO-1 upregulation, lipid peroxidation attenuation, and mitochondrial membrane stabilization), and contrasts theoretical binding predictions against established empirical benchmarks. Existing literature gaps, discrepancies between purified standards and crude by-product extracts, and the empirical validations necessary before AST can be considered a reliable MAO-modulating candidate are discussed.

Keywords

Astaxanthin, Circular bioeconomy, Molecular docking, Monoamine oxidase, Neuroprotection, Shrimp waste

Ethical Statement

This study does not require ethical committee approval.

Thanks

This work was presented orally at Ispec 19. International Conference on Agriculture, Animal Science& Rural Development (Bingöl/ Türkiye). This study was funded by the authors’ budgets.

References

Abdol Wahab, N. R., Meor Mohd Affandi, M. M. R., Fakurazi, S., Alias, E., & Hassan, H. (2022). Nanocarrier system: State-of-the-art in oral delivery of astaxanthin. Antioxidants, 11(9), 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091676
Akwu, N. A., Lekhooa, M., Deqiang, D., & Aremu, A. O. (2023). Antidepressant effects of coumarins and their derivatives: A critical analysis of research advances. European Journal of Pharmacology, 956, 175958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175958
Ali, S. M., Appolloni, A., Cavallaro, F., D’Adamo, I., Di Vaio, A., Ferella, F., ... & Zorpas, A. A. (2023). Development goals towards sustainability. Sustainability, 15(12), 9443. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129443
Ambati, R. R., Phang, S. M., Ravi, S., & Aswathanarayana, R. G. (2014). Astaxanthin: Sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications—A review. Marine Drugs, 12(1), 128-152. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12010128
Bahbah, E. I., Ghozy, S., Attia, M. S., Negida, A., Emran, T. B., Mitra, S., Albadrani, G. M., Abdel-Daim, M. M., Uddin, Md. S., & Simal-Gandara, J. (2021). Molecular mechanisms of astaxanthin as a potential neurotherapeutic agent. Marine Drugs, 19(4), 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19040201
Burke, W. J., Kumar, V. B., Pandey, N., Panneton, W. M., Gan, Q., Franko, M. W., O’Dell, M., Li, S. W., Pan, Y., Chung, H. D., & Galvin, J. E. (2008). Aggregation of α-synuclein by DOPAL, the monoamine oxidase metabolite of dopamine. Acta Neuropathologica, 115(2), 193-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-007-0303-9
Cao, Y., Yang, L., Qiao, X., Xue, C., & Xu, J. (2023). Dietary astaxanthin: An excellent carotenoid with multiple health benefits. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(18), 3019-3045. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1983766
Capelli, B., Bagchi, D., & Cysewski, G. R. (2013). Synthetic astaxanthin is significantly inferior to algal-based astaxanthin as an antioxidant and may not be suitable as a human nutraceutical supplement. Nutrafoods, 12(4),145-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13749-013-0051-5
Catanzaro, E., Bishayee, A., & Fimognari, C. (2020). On a beam of light: Photoprotective activities of the marine carotenoids astaxanthin and fucoxanthin in suppression of inflammation and cancer. Marine Drugs, 18(11), 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18110544
Chi Hai, T., Van Man, P., & Anh, L. T. H. (2025). Microwave-assisted extraction of astaxanthin from shrimp shell by-products (Penaeus monodon) using deep eutectic solvents and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 19(7), 4796-4811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-025-03292-9

Chuyen, H. V., & Eun, J.-B. (2017). Marine carotenoids: Bioactivities and potential benefits to human health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(12), 2600-2610. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1063477
Dikel, Ç. (2021). Astaksantin’in kimyası ve uygulamaları üzerine bir inceleme Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 6(3), 318-330. https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.958582 (In Turkish)
Dikel, Ç., & Yanar, Y. (2025). Ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) for the utilization of deep‐water pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) processing waste: Comprehensive characterization of carotenoid astaxanthin rich extract. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 11(4), e70498. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70498
Dong, S., Huang, Y., Zhang, R., Wang, S., & Liu, Y. (2014). Four different methods comparison for extraction of astaxanthin from green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. The Scientific World Journal, 2014(1), 694305. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/694305
Donoso, A., González-Durán, J., Muñoz, A. A., González, P. A., & Agurto-Muñoz, C. (2021). Therapeutic uses of natural astaxanthin: An evidence-based review focused on human clinical trials. Pharmacological Research, 166, 105479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105479
Edmondson, D. E., Binda, C., Wang, J., Upadhyay, A. K., & Mattevi, A. (2009). Molecular and mechanistic properties of the membrane-bound mitochondrial monoamine oxidases. Biochemistry, 48(20), 4220-4230. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi900413g
Elbahnaswy, S., & Elshopakey, G. E. (2024). Recent progress in practical applications of a potential carotenoid astaxanthin in aquaculture industry: A review. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 50(1), 97-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01167-0
Fakhri, S., Abbaszadeh, F., Dargahi, L., & Jorjani, M. (2018). Astaxanthin: A mechanistic review on its biological activities and health benefits. Pharmacological Research, 136, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.012
Fakhri, S., Yosifova Aneva, I., Farzaei, M. H., & Sobarzo-Sánchez, E. (2019). The neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin: Therapeutic targets and clinical perspective. Molecules, 24(14), 2640. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142640
Galasso, C., Orefice, I., Pellone, P., Cirino, P., Miele, R., Ianora, A., Brunet, C., & Sansone, C. (2018). On the neuroprotective role of astaxanthin: New perspectives? Marine Drugs, 16(8), 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16080247
Gao, S., Heng, N., Liu, F., Guo, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Ni, H., Sheng, X., Wang, X., Xing, K., Xiao, L., & Qi, X. (2021). Natural astaxanthin enhanced antioxidant capacity and improved semen quality through the MAPK/Nrf2 pathway in aging layer breeder roosters. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 12(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00633-8
González-Peña, M. A., Ortega-Regules, A. E., Anaya de Parrodi, C., & Lozada-Ramírez, J. D. (2023). Chemistry, occurrence, properties, applications, and encapsulation of carotenoids—A review. Plants, 12(2), 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020313
Goto, S., Kogure, K., Abe, K., Kimata, Y., Kitahama, K., Yamashita, E., & Terada, H. (2001). Efficient radical trapping at the surface and inside the phospholipid membrane is responsible for highly potent antiperoxidative activity of the carotenoid astaxanthin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1512(2), 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-2736(01)00326-1
Grimmig, B., Kim, S. H., Nash, K., Bickford, P. C., & Douglas Shytle, R. (2017). Neuroprotective mechanisms of astaxanthin: A potential therapeutic role in preserving cognitive function in age and neurodegeneration. Geroscience, 39(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-017-9958-x
He, S., Lin, Z., Zhou, X., Wang, Q., Fang, C., Jin, Q., & Guan, L. (2026). The novel therapeutic strategy of myricetin/chitooligosaccharide/astaxanthin, as potent multi-target-directed ligands for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease with comorbid depression. European Journal of Pharmacology, 1021, 178806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.178806
Higuera-Ciapara, I., Félix-Valenzuela, L., & Goycoolea, F. M. (2006). Astaxanthin: A review of its chemistry and applications. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 46(2), 185-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690590957188
Jafari, Z., Bigham, A., Sadeghi, S., Dehdashti, S. M., Rabiee, N., Abedivash, A., Bagherzadeh, M., Nasseri, B., Karimi-Maleh, H., Sharifi, E., Varma, R. S., & Makvandi, P. (2021). Nanotechnology-abetted astaxanthin formulations in multimodel therapeutic and biomedical applications. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 65(1), 2-36. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01144
Jia, L., Wang, W., Zhao, H., Ding, X., Zheng, M., Cai, D., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., & Liu, H. (2025). Innovative nano delivery systems for astaxanthin: Enhancing stability, bioavailability, and targeted therapeutic applications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 73(6), 3286-3304. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c09415
Johnson, E. A., & An, G. H. (1991). Astaxanthin from microbial sources. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 11(4), 297-326. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388559109040622
Katayama, S., Ogawa, H., & Nakamura, S. (2011). Apricot carotenoids possess potent anti-amyloidogenic activity in vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(23), 12691-12696. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf203654c
Kim, S. H., & Kim, H. (2018). Inhibitory effect of astaxanthin on oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction-a mini-review. Nutrients, 10(9), 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091137
Kuroki, T., Ikeda, S., Okada, T., Maoka, T., Kitamura, A., Sugimoto, M., & Kume, S. (2013). Astaxanthin ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of blastocyst development In Vitro: –astaxanthin colocalization with and action on mitochondria–. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 30(5), 623-631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-013-9987-z
Lee, D. H., Kim, C. S., & Lee, Y. J. (2011). Astaxanthin protects against MPTP/MPP+-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS production in vivo and in vitro. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(1), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.029
Liu, X., Xie, J., Zhou, L., Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Xiao, J., Cao, Y., & Xiao, H. (2023). Recent advances in health benefits and bioavailability of dietary astaxanthin and its isomers. Food Chemistry, 404(Part B), 134605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134605
Lotfi, A., Abroodi, Z., & Khazaei, M. (2024). Biological activities of astaxanthin in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative Disease Management, 14(6), 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/17582024.2024.2433932
Mallajosyula, J. K., Kaur, D., Chinta, S. J., Rajagopalan, S., Rane, A., Nicholls, D. G., Di Monte, D. A., Macarthur, H., & Andersen, J. K. (2008). MAO-B elevation in mouse brain astrocytes results in Parkinson's pathology. PLOS One, 3(2), e1616. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001616
Maoka, T. (2020). Carotenoids as natural functional pigments. Journal of Natural Medicines, 74(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-019-01364-x
Maoka, T., Akimoto, N., Tsushima, M., Komemushi, S., Mezaki, T., Iwase, F., Takahashi, Y., Sameshima, N., Mori, M., & Sakagami, Y. (2011). Carotenoids in marine invertebrates living along the Kuroshio current coast. Marine Drugs, 9(8), 1419-1427. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9081419
Maurel, A., Hernandez, C., Kunduzova, O., Bompart, G., Cambon, C., Parini, A., & Francés, B. (2003). Age-dependent increase in hydrogen peroxide production by cardiac monoamine oxidase A in rats. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 284(4), H1460-H1467. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00700.2002
McDermott, R., Tingley, D., Cowden, J., Frazzetto, G., & Johnson, D. D. (2009). Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA)predicts behavioral aggression following provocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(7), 2118-2123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808376106
Meléndez-Martínez, A. J., Mandić, A. I., Bantis, F., Böhm, V., Borge, G. I. A., Brnčić, M., ... & O’Brien, N. (2022). A comprehensive review on carotenoids in foods and feeds: Status quo, applications, patents, and research needs. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(8), 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1867959
Mezzomo, N., & Ferreira, S. R. (2016). Carotenoids functionality, sources, and processing by supercritical technology: A review. Journal of Chemistry, 2016(1), 3164312. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3164312
Mohd Shafie, A. S., Kamarudin, S. N., Meor Mohd Affandi, M. M. R., & Siran, R. (2025). Exploring astaxanthin: A comprehensive review on its pharmacokinetics properties and neuroprotective potential. Nutritional Neuroscience, 28(10), 1197-1224. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2025.2499559
Novelli, L., Cespi, M., Perinelli, D. R., & Bonacucina, G. (2026). Astaxanthin delivery across administration routes: Recent advances to improve stability and bioavailability. Pharmaceutics, 18(5), 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18050523
Panagiotakopoulos, I., & Nasopoulou, C. (2024). Extraction methods, encapsulation techniques, and health benefits of astaxanthin. Sustainability, 16(24), 10859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410859
Patil, A. D., Kasabe, P. J., & Dandge, P. B. (2022). Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential of natural bioactive pigment: Astaxanthin. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 12(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-022-00347-y
Pourmadadi, M., Ahmadi, H., Abdouss, M., Rahdar, A., & Pandey, S. (2024). Tiny Carriers, big impact: A review of nanomaterial systems for β-carotene bioavailability. BioNanoScience, 14(2), 1832-1853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-024-01374-4
Rambaldi, A., Paris, F., Marrazzo, P., Costa, R., Ratti, S., & Alviano, F. (2025). Marine-derived Astaxanthin: Molecular mechanisms, biomedical applications, and roles in stem cell biology. Marine Drugs, 23(6), 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/md23060235
Rossi, N., Grosso, C., & Delerue-Matos, C. (2024). Shrimp waste upcycling: Unveiling the potential of polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids, and fatty acids with emphasis on extraction techniques and bioactive properties. Marine Drugs, 22(4), 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22040153
Sachdeva, A. K., & Chopra, K. (2015). Lycopene abrogates Aβ (1–42)-mediated neuroinflammatory cascade in an experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 26(7), 736-744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.01.012
Sae-Leaw, T., & Benjakul, S. (2019). Distribution and characteristics of polyphenoloxidase from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Food Science, 84(5), 1078-1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14593
Safarova, G., Safarov, N., & Gasanov, R. (2016). Molecular docking of astaxanthin to monoamine oxidase. Advances in Biology & Earth Sciences, 1(1), 45-50.
Sharayei, P., Azarpazhooh, E., Zomorodi, S., Einafshar, S., & Ramaswamy, H. S. (2021). Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of astaxanthin from green tiger (Penaeus semisulcatus) shrimp shell. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 76, 105666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105666
Šimat, V. (2021). Valorization of seafood processing by-products. In R. Bhat (Ed.), Valorization of agri-food wastes and by-products (pp. 515-536). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824044-1.00017-9
Šimat, V., Rathod, N. B., Čagalj, M., Hamed, I., & Generalić Mekinić, I. (2022). Astaxanthin from crustaceans and their byproducts: A bioactive metabolite candidate for therapeutic application. Marine Drugs, 20(3), 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20030206
Singh, G., Singh, G., Shreya, Kumari, A., & Aran, K. R. (2026). Nutrients and bioactive compounds as modifiers of neurodegenerative trajectories: Molecular mechanisms, translational barriers, and precision nutrition. Frontiers in Nutrition, 13, 1819432. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1819432
Stachowiak, B., & Szulc, P. (2021). Astaxanthin for the food industry. Molecules, 26(9), 2666. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092666
Sun, X., Li, N., Zhong, P., Chen, L., & Sun, J. (2022). Development of MAO-a and 5-HT2AR dual inhibitors with improved antidepressant activity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 65(19), 13385-13400. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01271
Tsuji, S., Nakamura, S., Maoka, T., Yamada, T., Imai, T., Ohba, T., Yako, T., Hayashi, M., Endo, K., Saio, M., Hara, H., & Shimazawa, M. (2020). Antitumour effects of astaxanthin and adonixanthin on glioblastoma. Marine Drugs, 18(9), 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18090474
Wang, P., Zheng, X., Du, R., Xu, J., Li, J., Zhang, H., Liang, X., & Liang, H. (2023). Astaxanthin protects against alcoholic liver injury via regulating mitochondrial redox balance and calcium homeostasis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 71(49), 19531-19550. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05529
Wang, S., & Qi, X. (2022). The putative role of astaxanthin in neuroinflammation modulation: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 916653. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.916653
Wang, X., Li, H., Wang, G., He, Z., Cui, X., Song, F., Li, J., & Zhang, L. (2024). Therapeutic and preventive effects of astaxanthin in ischemic stroke. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1441062. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1441062
Wolf, A. M., Asoh, S., Hiranuma, H., Ohsawa, I., Iio, K., Satou, A., Ishikura, M., & Ohta, S. (2010). Astaxanthin protects mitochondrial redox state and functional integrity against oxidative stress. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 21(5), 381-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.01.011
Yang, J., Hua, S., Huang, Z., Gu, Z., Cheng, L., & Hong, Y. (2021). Comparison of bioaccessibility of astaxanthin encapsulated in starch-based double emulsion with different structures. Carbohydrate Polymers, 272, 118475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118475
Yang, L., Qiao, X., Gu, J., Li, X., Cao, Y., Xu, J., & Xue, C. (2021). Influence of molecular structure of astaxanthin esters on their stability and bioavailability. Food Chemistry, 343, 128497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128497
You, Z.-Q., Wu, Q., Zhou, X.-M., Zhang, X.-S., Yuan, B., Wen, L.-L., Xu, W.-D., Cui, S., Tang, X.-L., & Zhang, X. (2019). Receptor-mediated delivery of astaxanthin-loaded nanoparticles to neurons: An enhanced potential for subarachnoid hemorrhage treatment. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00989
Yu, J. X., Lin, M., Zhang, W. X., Lao, F. X., & Huang, H. C. (2024). Astaxanthin prevents oxidative damage and cell apoptosis under oxidative stress involving the restoration of mitochondrial function. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 42(8), e70027. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.70027
Yuan, J. P., Peng, J., Yin, K., & Wang, J. H. (2011). Potential health‐promoting effects of astaxanthin: A high‐value carotenoid mostly from microalgae. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 55(1), 150-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201000414
Zhang, C., Lv, Y., Bai, R., & Xie, Y. (2021). Structural exploration of multifunctional monoamine oxidase B inhibitors as potential drug candidates against Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorganic Chemistry, 114, 105070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105070
Zhong, P., Mao, X., Li, N., Chen, L., & Sun, J. (2024). Development of nitric oxide releasing oxoisoaporphines with antidepressant activities by simultaneously regulating MAO-A and SERT. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 67(17), 15509-15520. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01161

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Agricultural Marine Biotechnology

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Çiğdem Dikel ^*
0000-0002-5533-8899
Türkiye

Suat Dikel
0000-0002-5728-7052
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 30, 2026

Submission Date

July 8, 2026

Acceptance Date

September 10, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 7 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.56430/japro.1989556

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA99MJ52LD

APA

Dikel, Ç., & Dikel, S. (2026). Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition. Journal of Agricultural Production, 7(3), 182-191. https://doi.org/10.56430/japro.1989556

AMA

1.Dikel Ç, Dikel S. Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition. J Agri Pro. 2026;7(3):182-191. doi:10.56430/japro.1989556

Chicago

Dikel, Çiğdem, and Suat Dikel. 2026. “Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition”. Journal of Agricultural Production 7 (3): 182-91. https://doi.org/10.56430/japro.1989556.

EndNote

Dikel Ç, Dikel S (September 1, 2026) Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition. Journal of Agricultural Production 7 3 182–191.

IEEE

[1]Ç. Dikel and S. Dikel, “Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition”, J Agri Pro, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 182–191, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.56430/japro.1989556.

ISNAD

Dikel, Çiğdem - Dikel, Suat. “Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition”. Journal of Agricultural Production 7/3 (September 1, 2026): 182-191. https://doi.org/10.56430/japro.1989556.

JAMA

1.Dikel Ç, Dikel S. Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition. J Agri Pro. 2026;7:182–191.

MLA

Dikel, Çiğdem, and Suat Dikel. “Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition”. Journal of Agricultural Production, vol. 7, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 182-91, doi:10.56430/japro.1989556.

Vancouver

1.Çiğdem Dikel, Suat Dikel. Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition. J Agri Pro. 2026 Sep. 1;7(3):182-91. doi:10.56430/japro.1989556

Abstract

Neuroprotective Potential of Crustacean-Derived Astaxanthin: A Review on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition

Abstract

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Thanks

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite