A Preliminary Study on the Cultivation of Brown Seaweed Sargassum cristaefolium Using Fixed-off Bottom and Raft Methods

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 17 - 29, 28.06.2022

Nour Aley T. Yangson Jerson I. Edubos Albaris B. Tahiluddin Concepcion C. Toring Maria Liza B. Toring-farquerabao

Abstract

Sargassum is a great source of alginate, a phycocolloid with vast uses in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical areas. Hence, the cultivation techniques of this species need special attention and are worth investigating. In this study, a preliminary study on the cultivation of Sargassum cristaefolium was carried out in coastal water of Pasiagan, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi, southern Philippines, using fixedoff bottom and raft methods with two types of seedlings (T1 = with holdfast and T2 = vegetative cutting). Results revealed that the specific growth rate (SGR) of T1 (-1.51±0.6% day-1 ) and T2 (- 2.03±0.23% day-1 ) in the fixed-off bottom method did not significantly differ (p>0.05) after 45 days of culture. In raft method, SGR of T1 (1.5±0.12% day-1 ) and T2 (1.12±0.40% day-1 ) did not significantly vary (p>0.05) after 45 days. The survival rate of T1 (43.33±6.67%) was greatly higher (p>0.05) than T2 (13.33±3.33%) after day 45 cultured in the fixed-off bottom method. However, the survival rate of T1 (30.01±15.27%) and T2 (16.68±12.01%) did not differ significantly in the raft method. This study suggests that both seedling types can be used in raft method for Sargassum cultivation. This study would serve as preliminary information on the cultivation of Sargassum in Tawi-Tawi, southern Philippines.

Keywords

Fixed-off bottom method, Raft method, Sargassum cristaefolium, Specific growth rate, Survival rate

References

• Aaron-Amper, J., Largo, D. B., Handugan, E. R. B., Nini, J. L., Alingasa, K. M. A., & Gulayan, S. J. (2020). Culture of the tropical brown seaweed Sargassum aquifolium: From hatchery to field out-planting. Aquaculture Reports, 16, 100265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep. 2019.100265
• Amlani, M., & Yetgin, S. (2022). Seaweeds: Bioactive components and properties, potential risk factors, uses, extraction and purification methods. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 11(1), 9-31. https://doi.org/ 10.33714/masteb.1021121
• Cheang, C. C., Chu, K. H., & Ang, Jr, P. O. (2008). Morphological and genetic variation in the populations of Sargassum hemiphyllum (Phaeophyceae) in the northwestern Pacific. Journal of Phycology, 44(4), 855-865. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00532.x
• Dworjanyn, S. A., Pirozzi, I., & Liu, W. (2007). The effect of the addition of algae feeding stimulants to artificial diets for the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. Aquaculture, 273(4), 624-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2 007.08.023
• Feibel, A. (2016). Productivity and nutrition of Sargassum: A comparative. Oceanography, 28, 568-574.
• Fortes, E. G. (1994). Raft proto-type; A promising method for seaweed farming. Science Newsletter, 5(1), 1-5.
• Guiry, M. D., & Guiry, G. M. (2022). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved March 31, 2020, from https://www.algaebase.org.
• Gupta, S., Cox, S., & Abu-Ghannam, N. (2011). Effect of different drying temperatures on the moisture and phytochemical constituents of edible Irish brown seaweed. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 44(5), 1266-1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.12.022
• Harrison, P. J., & Hurd, C. L. (2001). Nutrient physiology of seaweeds: Application of concepts to aquaculture. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 42(1), 71-82.
• Hung, L. D., Hori, K., Nang, H. Q., Kha, T., & Hoa, L. T. (2009). Seasonal changes in growth rate, carrageenan yield and lectin content in the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivated in Camranh Bay, Vietnam. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21(3), 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-008-9360-2
• Hurtado, A. Q., Bleicher-Lhonneur, G., & Critchley, A. T. (2008). Kappaphycus ‘cottonii’ farming. Cargill Texturizing Solutions.
• Irin, S. S. I. (2019). Effects of different organic fertilizers extracted from brown seaweeds on the growth, “ice-ice” disease occurrence, and carrageenan quality of Kappaphycus striatus (F. Schmitz) Doty ex P.C. Silva. (Unpublished thesis, Mindanao State University).
• Kawamata, S. (2001). Adaptive mechanical tolerance and dislodgement velocity of the kelp Laminaria japonica in wave-induced water motion. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 211, 89-104. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps211 089
• Kim, J. K., Yarish, C., Hwang, E. K., Park, M., & Kim, Y. (2017). Seaweed aquaculture: Cultivation technologies, challenges and its ecosystem services. Algae, 32(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2017.32.3.3
• Lapointe, B. E. (1986). Phosphorus-limited photosynthesis and growth of Sargassum natans and Sargassum fluitans (Phaeophyceae) in the western North Atlantic. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 33(3), 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(86)9 0099-3
• Lawrence, J. M. (1975). On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins. Oceanography Marine Biology Annual Review, 13, 213-286.
• Luhan, M. R. J., Avañcena, S. S., & Mateo, J. P. (2015). Effect of short-term immersion of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty in high nitrogen on the growth, nitrogen assimilation, carrageenan quality, and occurrence of “ice-ice” disease. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27(2), 917-922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0365-8
• Marquez, G. P. B., Santiañez, W. J. E., Trono Jr, G. C., Montaño, M. N. E., Araki, H., Takeuchi, H., & Hasegawa, T. (2014). Seaweed biomass of the Philippines: Sustainable feedstock for biogas production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 1056-1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2 014.07.056
• Moreira, L., & Suárez, A. M. (2002). Estudio de género Sargassum C. Agardh, 1820 (Phaeophyta, Fucales, Saragssaceae) en aguas Cubanas. 4. Reproducción sexual en Sargassum natans (Linnaeus) Meyer y S. fluitans Børgesen. La Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, 23, 63-65.
• Namvar, F., Mohamad, R., Baharara, J., Zafar-Balanejad, S., Fargahi, F., & Rahman, H. S. (2013). Antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenesis effects of polyphenol-rich seaweed (Sargassum muticum). Biomed Research International, 2013, 604787. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/604787
• Nanba, N., Sato, A., Ogawa, H., & Kado, R. (2008). Multi-harvestable aquaculture of Sargassum fusiforme (Phaeophyta) in Okirai Bay, Northeast Japan. Sessile Organisms, 25(1), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.4282/sosj.2 5.17
• Neushul, M., Benson, J., Harger, B. W. W., & Charters, A. C. (1992). Macroalgal farming in the sea: Water motion and nitrate uptake. Journal of Applied Phycology, 4(3), 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02161211
• Nisizawa, K. (2002). Seaweeds kaiso: Bountiful harvest from the seas: Sustenance for health & well being by preventing common life-style related diseases. Japanese Seaweed Association.
• Norton, T. A. (1976). Why is Sargassum muticum so invasive? British Journal of Phycology, 11, 197-198.
• Pang, S., Gao, S., & Sun, J. (2006). Cultivation of the brown alga Hizikia fusiformis (Harvey) Okamura: Controlled fertilization and early development of seedlings in raceway tanks in ambient light and temperature. Journal of Applied Phycology, 18(6), 723-731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-006-9078-y
• Pang, S., Shan, T., Zhange, Z., & Sun, J. (2008). Cultivation of the intertidal brown alga Hizikia fusiformis (Harvey) Okamura: mass production of zygote-derived seedlings under commercial cultivation conditions, a case study experience. Aquaculture Research, 39(13), 1408-1415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02010.x
• Puig-Shariff, R. M. (2015). Marine macrobenthic algae of Tawi-Tawi, Philippines: Species composition, distribution, diversity and abundance (Master’s Thesis, University of San Carlos).
• Redmond, S., Kim, J. K., Yarish, C., Pietrak, M., & Bricknell, I. (2014). Culture of sargassum in Korea: Techniques and potential for culture in the US. Maine Sea Grant College Program.
• Romero, J. B. (2002). Seaweed farming in the Sulu archipelago. Proceedings of the National Seaweed Planning Workshop. Tigbauan.
• Sabour, B., Reani, A., EL Magouri, H., & Haroun, R. (2013). Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt (Fucales, Phaeophyta) in Morocco, an invasive marine species new to the Atlantic coast of Africa. Aquatic Invasions, 8(1), 97-102. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2013.8.1.11
• Sarri, J. H., Abdulmutalib, Y. A., Mohammad Tilka, M. E., Terzi, E., & Tahiluddin, A. B. (2022). Effects of inorganic nutrient enrichment on the carrageenan yield, growth, and ice-ice disease occurrence of red alga Kappaphycus striatus. Aquatic Research, 5(2), 99-109. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR22009
• Silander, J. A. (1986). Microevolution in clonal plants. In J. B. C. Jackson, L. W. Buss & R. E. Cook (Eds.), Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Organisms (pp. 107-152). Yale University Press.
• Silva, P. C., Menez, E. G., & Moe, R. L. (1987). Catalog of the benthic marine algae of the Philippines. Smithson Contributions in Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.547 9/si.1943667X.27.1
• Singh, V. (2017). Effect of grazers on seaweeds along the Shrivardhan and Alibag Coast, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Research Journals of Recent Sciences, 6(7), 33-39.
• Sönmez, A. Y., Bi̇len, S., Taştan, Y., Serag, K. J. B., Toring, C. C., Romero, J. B., Kenanoğlu, O. N., & Terzi, E. (2021). Oral administration of Sargassum polycystum extracts stimulates immune response and increases survival against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 117, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.020
• Sorcia, G. A., & Rodriguez, R. (2011). Vegetative and reproduction anatomy of Sargassum lapazeanum (Fucales: Sargassaseae) in South-western Gulf of California, Mexico. Algea 26(4), 327-331. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2011.26.4.327
• Tahiluddin, A. B., & Terzi, E. (2021). An overview of fisheries and aquaculture in the Philippines. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(4), 475-486. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.944292
• Tahiluddin, A. B., Nuñal, S. N., Luhan, M. R. J., & Santander–de Leon, S. M. S. (2021a). Vibrio and heterotrophic marine bacteria composition and abundance in nutrient-enriched Kappaphycus striatus. Philippine Journal of Science, 150(6B), 1751-1763.
• Tahiluddin, A. B., Diciano, E. J., Robles, R. J. F., & Akrim, J. P. (2021b). Influence of different concentrations of ammonium phosphate on nitrogen assimilation of red seaweed Kappaphycus striatus. Journal of Biometry Studies 1(2), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.29329/JofBS.202 1.349.01
• Taylor, W. R. (1957). Marine algae of the northeastern coast of North America. University of Michigan Press.
• Trono Jr., G. C. (1992). The genus sargassum in the Philippines. In I. A. Abbott & J. N. Norris (Eds.), Taxonomy of economic seaweeds with reference to some Pacific and Western Atlantic species (pp. 43-94). California Sea Grant College Program.
• Trono Jr., G. C. (1993). Effect of biological, physical and socio-economic factors on the productivity of Eucheuma Kappaphycus farming industry. Proceeding on the 2nd RP-USA Phycology Symposium Workshop. Los Banos.
• Trono, G. C., & Largo, D. B. (2019). The seaweed resources of the Philippines. Botanica Marina, 62(5), 483-498. https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0069
• Wahyuningtyas, A. F., Prayogo, R.G. Abdillah, A. A., Amin, M. N., & Alamsjah., M. A. (2018). The effectivity of plantation depth on seaweed Sargassum sp. growth using longline method. 8th International Fisheries Symposium. Songkhla. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/416/1/012021
• Yende, S. R., Harle, U. N., & Chaugule, B. B. (2014). Therapeutic potential and health benefits of Sargassum species. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 8(15), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-7847.125514
• Yu, Z., Hu, C., Sun, H., Li, H., & Peng, P. (2013). Pond culture of seaweed Sargassum hemiphyllum in southern China. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 31(2), 300-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-013-2120-4
• Zabala Jr., C. E. (2005). Growth rate and yield of the farm carrageenophyte Kappaphycus (Solierianceae), using different methods of farming. Journal of Aquatic Science, 2(2), 30-41.