First Report of Bacterial Wilt Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Affecting Tomato in Iğdır

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 217 - 227, 31.12.2024

Mesude Figen Dönmez

https://doi.org/10.56430/japro.1488826

Abstract

Tomato wilt disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is one of the most destructive tomato diseases and causes significant crop loss in both greenhouse and field tomato production areas worldwide. In this study, the presence of the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease in tomato plants was investigated in Aras Valley. Isolation was made from diseased plant samples and it was determined whether the strains were pathogenic by cellulase activity and HR test. The virulence, morphological and biochemical characteristics of the strains were determined. Strains that fatty acid methyl ester extraction, isolation and purification were performed were identified at species and subspecies level with % similarity index using gas chromatography system. The diagnosis was confirmed with the Biolog Gen III System and all strains were identified at the subspecies level with a % similarity index. As a result of this study, 57 strains were obtained in the isolation, and 39 of the strains were determined not to be pathogenic. Strain 18 was determined as the pathogen causing the most damage to tomato plants with 100 % disease severity. Strains were identified as Cmm at subspecies level with a similarity index of 71-87 % using gas chromatography system and 54-75 % similarity index with Biolog Gen III System. According to the heat map created, it was determined that the strains consisted of two main clusters. The presence of pathogen in Aras Valley was proven for the first time by this study.

Keywords

Biolog, Clavibacter mihiganensis subsp. michiganensis, FAME, Identification, Solanum lycopersicum

References

• Anak, H., Dönmez, M. F., & Çoruh, İ. (2021). Biological control of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn. with rhizobacteria isolated from different soil and Calligonum polygonoides L. subsp. comosum (L’hér.). Journal of Agriculture, 4(2), 92-107. https://doi.org/10.46876/ja.986625
• Aysan, Y., & Uygur, S. (2005). Epiphytic survival of Pseudomonas viridiflava, causal agent of pith necrosis of tomato, on weeds in Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology, 87(2), 135-139.
• Basım, H., & Basım, E. (2018). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis causing tomato bacterial canker and wilt disease in Turkey. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 151, 355-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1378-3
• Belgüzar, S., Yanar, Y., & Aysan, Y. (2016). Tokat ilinde domates bakteriyel solgunluk hastalığının yaygınlığı ve etmenin (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis) tanılanması. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(2), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.13002/jafag973 (In Turkish)
• Çakmakçı, R., Dönmez, M. F., Ertürk, Y., Erat, M., Haznedar, A., & Sekban, S. (2010). Diversity and metabolic potantial of culturable bacteria from the rhizosphere of Turkish tea grown in acidic soils. Plant Soil, 332, 299-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0295-4
• Çetinkaya Yıldız, R. (2007). Domates bakteriyel solgunluk hastalığı etmeni [Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et. al.]'nin tanılanması ve bitki büyüme düzenleyici rizobakteriler ile biyolojik mücadele olanaklarının araştırılması (Doctoral dissertation, Çukurova University). (In Turkish)
• Cristina, R. A., Roberto, S. O., Lourdes, C. D., Fidel, N. R., Hernán, C. M., & Edgar, R. P. (2018). Detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in tomato and chili seeds and farming area of Sinaloa, Mexico. Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology, 2, 044-054. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001019
• Eichenlaub, R., & Gartemann, K. H. (2011). The Clavibacter michiganensis subspecies: Molecular investigation of gram-positive bacterial plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 49(1), 445-464. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095258
• EPPO. (2016). PM 7/42 (3) Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. EPPO Bulletin, 46(2), 202-225. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12302
• Gautam, S., Sharma, R., Chauhan, A., Shirkot, C. K., & Kaushal, R. (2020). Biocontrol activities of rhizobacteria associated with apple, apricot and kiwi rhizosphere against bacterial canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis. Indian Phytopathology, 73, 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-019-00172-3
• Gitaitis, R. D., & Beaver, R.W. (1990). Characterization of fatty acid methyl ester content of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Phytopathology, 80, 318-321. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-80-318
• Harris-Baldwin, A., & Gudmestad, N. C. (1996). Identification of phytopathogenic coryneform bacteria using the biolog automated microbial identification system. Plant Disease, 80, 874-878. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-80-0874
• Hélias, V., Hamon, P., Huchet, E., Wolf, J. W. D., & Andrivon, D. (2012). Two new effective semiselective crystal violet pectate media for isolation of Pectobacterium and Dickeya. Plant Pathology, 61(2), 339-345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02508.x
• Hyder, S., Gondal, A. S., Rizvi, Z. F., Ahmad, R., Alam, M. M., Hannan, A., Ahmed, W., Fatima, N., & Inam-ul-Haq, M. (2020). Characterization of native plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their anti-oomycete potential against Phytophthora capsici affecting chilli pepper (Capsicum annum L.). Scientific Reports, 10, 13859. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69410-3
• Ialacci, G. M., Bella, P., Licciardello, G., Strano, C. P., Eichenlaub, R., Gartemann, K. H., La Rose, R., & Catara, V. (2016). Clonal populations of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis are responsible for the outbreaks of bacterial canker in greenhouse tomatoes in Italy. Plant Pathology, 65(3), 484-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12424
• Jahr, H., Dreier, J., Meletzus, D., Bahro, R., & Eichenlaub, R. (2000). The endo-β-1, 4-glucanase CelA of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a pathogenicity determinant required for induction of bacterial wilt of tomato. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 13(7), 703-714. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.7.703
• Kolomiets, J. V., Grygoryuk, I. P., & Butsenko, L. M. (2017). Bacterial diseases of tomato plants in terms of open and covered growing of Ukraine. Annals of Agrarian Science, 15(2), 213-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2017.05.010
• Korus, K. A. (2011). Evaluating commercially available diagnostic tests for the detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, cause of Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight in corn (Doctoral dissertation, Nebraska University).
• Lelliot, R. A., & Stead, D. E. (1987). Methods for the diagnosis of bacterial diseases of plants. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
• Li, X., Tambong, J., Yuan, K. X., Chen, W., Xu, H., Lévesque, C. A., & De Boer, S. H. (2018). Re-classification of Clavibacter michiganensis subspecies on the basis of whole-genome and multi-locus sequence analyses. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 68(1), 234-240. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.002492
• Mirik, M., Aysan, Y., & Sahin, F. (2011). Characterization of Pseudomonas cichorii isolated from different hosts in Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 13(2), 203-209.
• Morgan, M. C., Boyette, M., Goforth, C., Sperry, K. V., & Greene, S. R. (2009). Comparison of the Biolog OmniLog Identification System and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing for accuracy in identification of atypical bacteria of clinical origin. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 79(3), 336-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.005
• Nandi, M., Macdonald, J., Liu, P., Weselowski, B., & Yuan, Z. C. (2018). Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis: Bacterial canker of tomato, molecular interactions and disease management. Molecular Plant Pathology, 19(8), 2036-2050. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12678
• Narayanasamy, P. (2001). Plant pathogen detection and disease diagnosis. CRP Press.
• Şahin, F., Uslu, H., Kotan, R., & Dönmez, M. F., (2002). Bacterial canker, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis, on tomatoes in eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Plant Pathology, 51(3), 399. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00715.x
• Sasser, M. (1990), Identification of bacteria by gas chromatography of cellular fatty acids. MIDI Technical Note, 101, 1-6.
• Saygılı, H., Şahin, F., & Aysan, Y. (2006). Fitobakteriyoloji. Meta Basım.
• Schaad, N. W., Jones, J. B., & Chu, W. (2001). Laboratory guide for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria. American Phytopathological Society.
• Schumann, P., Kämpfer, P., Busse, H. J., & Evtushenko, L. I. (2009). Proposed minimal standards for describing new genera and species of the suborder Micrococcineae. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59(7), 1823-1849. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.012971-0
• Soylu, S., Baysal, Ö., & Soylu, E. M. (2003). Induction of disease resistance by the plant activator, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), against bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis) in tomato seedlings. Plant Science, 165(5), 1069-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00302-9
• Stancu, M. S., & Mitrea, R. (2020). Monitoring of the harmful organism Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in Romania, Between 2011-2018. Current Trends in Natural Sciences, 9(17), 175-186. https://doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2020.v9i17.021
• Sunyar, B., Dönmez, M. F., & Çoruh, I. (2021). Iğdır’da domates (Solanum lycopersicon L.)’te hastalığa neden olan bakterilerin izolasyonu ve tanısı. Journal of Agriculture, 4(2), 108-129. https://doi.org/10.46876/ja.1015781 (In Turkish)
• Takishita, Y., Charron, J. B., & Smith, D. L. (2018). Biocontrol rhizobacterium Pseudomonas sp. 23S induces systemic resistance in tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) against bacterial canker Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 2119. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02119
• Townsend, G. K., & Heuberger, J. W. (1943). Methods for estimating losses caused by diseases in fungicide experiments. Plant Disease Reporter, 27(17), 340-343.
• Tripathi, R., Vishunavat, K., & Tewari, R. (2022). Morphological and molecular characterization of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis causing bacterial canker in tomatoes. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 119, 101833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2022.101833
• Vauterin, L., Hoste, B., Kersters, K., & Swings, J. (1995). Reclassification of Xanthomonas. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 45(3), 472-489. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-45-3-472
• Yang, P., Vauterin, L., Vancanneyt, M., Swings, J., & Kersters, K. (1993). Application of fatty acid methyl esters for the taxonomic analysis of the genus Xanthomonas. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 16(1), 47-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0723-2020(11)80250-X
• Yasuhara-Bell, J. (2014). Establishment and validation of loop-mediated amplification for specific detection of tomato bacterial pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Doctoral dissertation, Hawai University).
• Yasuhara-Bell, J., & Alvarez, A. M. (2015). Seed-associated subspecies of the genus Clavibacter are clearly distinguishable from Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 65(Pt_3), 811-826. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.000022
• Yin, L. J., Huang, P. S., & Lin, H. H. (2010). Isolation of cellulase-producing bacteria and characterization of the cellulase from the isolated bacterium Cellulomonas sp. YJ5. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(17), 9833-9837. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1019104
• Załuga, J. (2013). Diagnosis for quarantine plant pathogenic Clavibacter and relatives: molecular characterization, identification and epidemiological studies (Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University).