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Pregnancy Diagnosis Methods in Cows

Year 2024, , 23 - 29, 28.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10731544

Abstract

In cattle farms, optimising milk yield and fertility is crucial in terms of sustainability and economics. In order to optimise these parameters, each cow should have a calf every 12-14 months. For this purpose, cows should be pregnant during the earliest postpartum period and undergo pregnancy examinations promptly. Early diagnosis of pregnancy on cattle farms is essential for reproductive management. Methods of pregnancy diagnosis are divided into two groups, direct and indirect. Direct diagnostic methods objectively determine the state of pregnancy. Indirect diagnostic methods provide information about pregnancy through biomarkers formed in the maternal circulation during pregnancy. An ideal pregnancy test should be able to give accurate results in early pregnancy (high sensitivity and specificity) and should be low cost and easy to apply. Although direct diagnostic methods are the most commonly used today, it is predicted that the frequency of use of indirect diagnostic methods will increase and new methods will be developed as a result of developing technology and progress in scientific studies. The present review aims to inform the readers about the methods that can be used in the diagnosis of pregnancy in cows, how these methods are performed, their advantages and disadvantages compared to each other.

References

  • Akköse, M., & Çiğdem, Ç. (2019). Sütçü Sığırlarda Erken Gebelik Tanısı. Hayvansal Üretim, 60(2), 171-179.
  • Alaçam, E. (2015). Gebelik Tanısı. Evcil Hayvanlarda Doğum ve İnfertilite. Eighth Edition (pp. 115-126). Medisan, Ankara, TR.
  • Balhara, A. K., Gupta, M., Singh, S., Mohanty, A. K., & Singh, I. (2013). Early pregnancy diagnosis in bovines: current status and future directions. The Scientific World Journal.
  • Baştan, A., Özenç, E., Macun, H. C., Acar, D. B., & Güngör, Ö. (2007). Use of early conception factor test for determining pregnancy and embryonic mortality status of dairy cows. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 63(6), 670-673.
  • Boyd, J. S., Omran, S. N., & Ayliffe, T. R. (1990). Evaluation of real time B-mode ultrasound scanning for detecting early pregnancy in cows. Veterinary Record, 127(14), 350-352.
  • Cavanagh, A. C. (1996). Identification of early pregnancy factor as chaperonin 10: implications for understanding its role. Reviews of Reproduction, 1(1), 28-32.
  • Christiansen, D. (2014). Pregnancy Diagnosis: Rectal Palpation. Bovine Reproduction (pp. 314-319). Wiley-Blackwell, USA.‎
  • Cruz, Y. P., Selwood, L., Morton, H., & Cavanagh, A. C. (2001). Significance of serum early pregnancy factor concentrations during pregnancy and embryonic development in Sminthopsis macroura (Spencer) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Reproduction, 121(6), 933-939.
  • de Melo, G. D., Mello, B. P., Ferreira, C. A., Godoy Filho, C. A. S., Rocha, C. C., Silva, A. G., Reese, S. T., Madureira, E. H., Pohler, K. G., & Pugliesi, G. (2020). Applied use of interferon-tau stimulated genes expression in polymorphonuclear cells to detect pregnancy compared to other early predictors in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 152, 94-105.
  • Diskin, M. G., Murphy, J. J., & Sreenan, J. M. (2006). Embryo survival in dairy cows managed under pastoral conditions. Animal Reproduction Science, 96(3-4), 297-311.
  • Ergene, O. (2008). İneklerde Progesteron Hormonunun Klinik Endikasyonları. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 79(4), 29-34.
  • Fetrow, J., Stewart, S., Eicker, S., & Rapnicki, P. (2007). Reproductive Health Programs for Dairy Herds: Analysis of Records for Assessment of Reproductive Performance. Youngquist, R. S., Threlfall, W. R. eds. Second Edition. In: Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology (pp. 473-489). Saunders, USA.
  • Fiandanese, N., Viglino, A., Strozzi, F., Stella, A., Williams, J. L., Lonergan, P., Forde, N., & Iamartino, D. (2016). Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers of early pregnancy in high producing dairy cows. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 28(2), 165.
  • Fricke, P. M., Ricci, A., Giordano, J. O., & Carvalho, P. D. (2016). Methods for and implementation of pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 32(1), 165-180.
  • Gábor, G., Tóth, F., Ozsvári, L., Abonyi‐Tóth, Z., & Sasser, R. G. (2007). Early detection of pregnancy and embryonic loss in dairy cattle by ELISA tests. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 42(6), 633-636.
  • Ganaie, B. A., Khan, M. Z., Islam, R., Makhdoomi, D. M., Qureshi, S., & Wani, G. M. (2009). Evaluation of different techniques for pregnancy diagnosis in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 85(2-3), 135-141.
  • Garbayo, J. M., Serrano, B., & Lopez-Gatius, F. (2008). Identification of novel pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) expressed by the peri-implantation conceptus of domestic ruminants. Animal Reproduction Science, 103(1-2), 120-134.
  • Gifford, C. A., Racicot, K., Clark, D. S., Austin, K. J., Hansen, T. R., Lucy, M. C., Davies, C. J., & Ott, T. L. (2007). Regulation of interferon-stimulated genes in peripheral blood leukocytes in pregnant and bred, nonpregnant dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(1), 274-280.
  • Gilad, S., Meiri, E., Yogev, Y., Benjamin, S., Lebanony, D., Yerushalmi, N., Benjamin, H., Kushnir, M., Cholakh, H., Melamed, N., Bentwich, Z., Hod, M., Goren, Y., & Chajut, A. (2008). Serum microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers. PLoS One, 3(9), e3148.
  • Ginther, O. J. (2007). Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction: Color-Doppler Ultrasonography. Equiservices Publishing, Cross Plaons, WI, USA.
  • Green, J. A., Xie, S., Quan, X., Bao, B., Gan, X., Mathialagan, N., Beckers, J. F., & Roberts, R. M. (2000). Pregnancy-associated bovine and ovine glycoproteins exhibit spatially and temporally distinct expression patterns during pregnancy. Biology of Reproduction, 62(6), 1624-31.
  • Green, J. C., Okamura, C. S., Poock, S. E., & Lucy, M. C. (2010). Measurement of interferon-tau (IFN-τ) stimulated gene expression in blood leukocytes for pregnancy diagnosis within 18–20 d after insemination in dairy cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 121(1-2), 24-33.
  • Grewal, A. S., Wallace, A. L. C., Pan, Y. S., Rigby, N. W., Donnelly, J. B., Eagleson, G. K., & Nancarrow, C. D. (1985). Evaluation of a rosette inhibition test for pregnancy diagnosis in pigs. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 7(2), 129-138.
  • Hansen, T. R., Sinedino, L. D., & Spencer, T. E. (2017). Paracrine and endocrine actions of interferon tau (IFNT). Reproduction, 154(5), 45-59.
  • Hanzen, C., & Delsaux, B. (1987). Use of transrectal B-mode ultrasound imaging in bovine pregnancy diagnosis. Veterinary Record, 121(9), 200-202.
  • Ioannidis, J., & Donadeu, F. X. (2016). Circulating miRNA signatures of early pregnancy in cattle. BMC Genomics, 17(1), 1-12.
  • Isobe, N., Nakao, T., Uehara, O., Yamashiro, H., & Kubota, H. (2003). Plasma concentration of estrone sulfate during pregnancy in different breeds of Japanese beef cattle. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 49(5), 369-374.
  • Jaskowski, J. M., Kaczmarowski, M., Kulus, J., Jaskowski, B. M., Herudzinska, M., & Gehrke, M. (2019). Rectal palpation for pregnancy in cows: A relic or an alternative to modern diagnostic methods. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 75(5), 259-264.
  • Kumar, P. R., Singh, S. K., Kharche, S. D., Govindaraju, C. S., Behera, B. K., Shukla, S. N., Kumar, H., & Agarwal, S. K. (2014). Anestrus in cattle and buffalo: Indian perspective. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2(3), 124-138.
  • Kurian, N. K., & Modi, D. (2019). Extracellular vesicle mediated embryo-endometrial cross talk during implantation and in pregnancy. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 36, 189-198.
  • Lash, G. E., Legge, M., & Fisher, M. (1997). Synthesis of early pregnancy factor using red deer (Cervus elaphus) as a delayed implantation model. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 14, 39-43.
  • Lobago, F., Bekana, M., Gustafsson, H., Beckers, J. F., Yohannes, G., Aster, Y., & Kindahl, H. (2009). Serum profiles of pregnancy‐associated glycoprotein, oestrone sulphate and progesterone during gestation and some factors influencing the profiles in Ethiopian Borana and crossbred cattle. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44(4), 685-692.
  • Mimoune, N., Azzouz, M. Y., Khelef, D., & Kaidi, R. (2021). Ovarian cysts in cattle: a review. Veterinarska Stanica, 52(5), 587-603.
  • Morton, H., Clunie, G. J., & Shaw, F. D. (1979). A test for early pregnancy in sheep. Research in Veterinary Science, 26(2), 261–262.
  • Nancarrow, C. D., Wallace, A. L. C., & Grewal, A. S. (1981). The early pregnancy factor of sheep and cattle. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement, 30, 191-199.
  • Ohnuma, K., Ito, K., Miyake, Y. I., Takahashi, J., & Yasuda, Y. (1996). Detection of early pregnancy factor (EPF) in mare sera. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 42(1), 23-28.
  • Otavă, G., Cernescu, H., Mircu, C., & Igna, V. (2007). Pregnancy diagnosis in cow using progesterone measurements. Lucrări Stiinłifice Medicină Veterinară, 95-98.
  • Palomares, R. A., Walz, H. G., & Brock, K. V. (2013). Expression of type I interferon-induced antiviral state and pro-apoptosis markers during experimental infection with low or high virulence bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef calves. Virus Research, 173(2), 260-269.
  • Pohler, K. G., Franco, G. A., Reese, S. T., Dantas, F. G., Ellis, M. D., & Payton, R. R. (2016). Past, Present and Future of Pregnancy Detection Methods. Applied Reproductive Strategies in Beef Cattle (pp. 7-8). Des Moines, Iowa.
  • Pohler, K. G., Green, J. A., Geary, T. W., Peres, R. F. G., Pereira, M. H. C., Vasconcelos, J. L. M., & Smith, M. F. (2015). Predicting embryo presence and viability. Regulation of Implantation and Establishment of Pregnancy in Mammals: Tribute to 45 Year Anniversary of Roger V. Short's Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, (pp. 253-270).
  • Romano, J. E., Thompson, J. A., Forrest, D. W., Westhusin, M. E., Tomaszweski, M. A., & Kraemer, D. C. (2006). Early pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 66(4), 1034-1041.
  • Romano, J. E., Thompson, J. A., Kraemer, D. C., Westhusin, M. E., Forrest, D. W., & Tomaszweski, M. A. (2007). Early pregnancy diagnosis by palpation per rectum: influence on embryo/fetal viability in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 67(3), 486-493.
  • Serrano, B., López‐Gatius, F., Santolaria, P., Almería, S., García‐Ispierto, I., Bech-Sabat, G., Sulon, J., De Sousa, N. M., Beckers, J. F., & Yâniz, J. L. (2009). Factors affecting plasma pregnancy‐associated glycoprotein 1 concentrations throughout gestation in high‐producing dairy cows. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44(4), 600-605.
  • Shah, K. D., Nakao, T., & Kubota, H. (2006). Plasma estrone sulphate (E1S) and estradiol-17β (E2β) profiles during pregnancy and their relationship with the relaxation of sacrosciatic ligament, and prediction of calving time in Holstein–Friesian cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 95(1-2), 38-53.
  • Sheldon, M., & Noakes, D. (2002). Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. In Practice, 24(6), 310-317.
  • Siqueira, L. G., Arashiro, E. K., Ghetti, A. M., Souza, E. D., Feres, L. F., Pfeifer, L. F., Fonseca, J. F., & Viana, J. H. (2019). Vascular and morphological features of the corpus luteum 12 to 20 days after timed artificial insemination in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(6), 5612-22.
  • Smart, Y. C., Roberts, T. K., Fraser, I. S., Cripps, A. W., & Clancy, R. L. (1982). Validation of the rosette inhibition test for the detection of early pregnancy in women. Fertility and Sterility, 37(6), 779-785.
  • Telugu, B. P. V., Walker, A. M., & Green, J. A. (2009). Characterization of the bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein gene family–analysis of gene sequences, regulatory regions within the promoter and expression of selected genes. BMC Genomics, 10(1), 1-17.
  • Utt, M. D., Johnson Iii, G. L., & Beal, W. E. (2009). The evaluation of corpus luteum blood flow using color-flow Doppler ultrasound for early pregnancy diagnosis in bovine embryo recipients. Theriogenology, 71(4), 707-715.
  • Vural, R., Güzeloğlu, A., & Küplülü, Ş. (2012). Gebelik ve Fizyolojisi. Semacan, A., Kaymaz, M., Fındık, M., Rişvanlı, A., & Köker, A. eds. First Edition. In: Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Doğum ve Jinekoloji (pp. 125-155). Medipres, Malatya, TR.
  • Youngquist, R. S. (2006). Pregnancy diagnosis using palpation, ultrasound, and blood testing. Proceedings, Applied Reproductive Strategies in Beef Cattle (pp. 329-338). St. Joseph, Missouri.

İneklerde Gebelik Tanı Yöntemleri

Year 2024, , 23 - 29, 28.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10731544

Abstract

Büyükbaş hayvan çiftliklerinde süt veriminin ve doğurganlığın optimize edilmesi sürdürülebilirlik ve ekonomi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu parametreleri optimize etmek için her ineğin 12-14 ayda bir buzağılaması gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla ineklerin postpartum en erken dönemde gebe kalmaları ve derhal gebelik muayenelerinden geçmeleri gerekmektedir. Sığır çiftliklerinde gebeliğin erken teşhisi üreme yönetimi açısından önemlidir. Gebelik tanı yöntemleri direkt ve indirekt olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmaktadır. Direkt tanı yöntemleri gebeliğin durumunu objektif olarak belirler. İndirekt tanı yöntemleri ise gebelik sırasında anne dolaşımında oluşan biyobelirteçler aracılığıyla gebelik hakkında bilgi sağlamaktadır. İdeal bir gebelik testi erken gebelikte doğru sonuçlar verebilmeli (duyarlılığı ve özgüllüğü yüksek), maliyeti düşük ve uygulaması kolay olmalıdır. Günümüzde gebelik tanısı amacıyla çoğunlukla direkt tanı yöntemleri kullanılmakla birlikte, gelişen teknoloji ve bilimsel çalışmalardaki ilerleme sonucunda indirekt tanı yöntemlerinin kullanım sıklığının artacağı ve yeni yöntemlerin geliştirileceği öngörülmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, ineklerde gebelik teşhisinde kullanılabilecek yöntemler, bu yöntemlerin nasıl uygulandığı, birbirlerine göre avantaj ve dezavantajları hakkında okuyucuları bilgilendirmektir.

References

  • Akköse, M., & Çiğdem, Ç. (2019). Sütçü Sığırlarda Erken Gebelik Tanısı. Hayvansal Üretim, 60(2), 171-179.
  • Alaçam, E. (2015). Gebelik Tanısı. Evcil Hayvanlarda Doğum ve İnfertilite. Eighth Edition (pp. 115-126). Medisan, Ankara, TR.
  • Balhara, A. K., Gupta, M., Singh, S., Mohanty, A. K., & Singh, I. (2013). Early pregnancy diagnosis in bovines: current status and future directions. The Scientific World Journal.
  • Baştan, A., Özenç, E., Macun, H. C., Acar, D. B., & Güngör, Ö. (2007). Use of early conception factor test for determining pregnancy and embryonic mortality status of dairy cows. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 63(6), 670-673.
  • Boyd, J. S., Omran, S. N., & Ayliffe, T. R. (1990). Evaluation of real time B-mode ultrasound scanning for detecting early pregnancy in cows. Veterinary Record, 127(14), 350-352.
  • Cavanagh, A. C. (1996). Identification of early pregnancy factor as chaperonin 10: implications for understanding its role. Reviews of Reproduction, 1(1), 28-32.
  • Christiansen, D. (2014). Pregnancy Diagnosis: Rectal Palpation. Bovine Reproduction (pp. 314-319). Wiley-Blackwell, USA.‎
  • Cruz, Y. P., Selwood, L., Morton, H., & Cavanagh, A. C. (2001). Significance of serum early pregnancy factor concentrations during pregnancy and embryonic development in Sminthopsis macroura (Spencer) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Reproduction, 121(6), 933-939.
  • de Melo, G. D., Mello, B. P., Ferreira, C. A., Godoy Filho, C. A. S., Rocha, C. C., Silva, A. G., Reese, S. T., Madureira, E. H., Pohler, K. G., & Pugliesi, G. (2020). Applied use of interferon-tau stimulated genes expression in polymorphonuclear cells to detect pregnancy compared to other early predictors in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 152, 94-105.
  • Diskin, M. G., Murphy, J. J., & Sreenan, J. M. (2006). Embryo survival in dairy cows managed under pastoral conditions. Animal Reproduction Science, 96(3-4), 297-311.
  • Ergene, O. (2008). İneklerde Progesteron Hormonunun Klinik Endikasyonları. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 79(4), 29-34.
  • Fetrow, J., Stewart, S., Eicker, S., & Rapnicki, P. (2007). Reproductive Health Programs for Dairy Herds: Analysis of Records for Assessment of Reproductive Performance. Youngquist, R. S., Threlfall, W. R. eds. Second Edition. In: Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology (pp. 473-489). Saunders, USA.
  • Fiandanese, N., Viglino, A., Strozzi, F., Stella, A., Williams, J. L., Lonergan, P., Forde, N., & Iamartino, D. (2016). Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers of early pregnancy in high producing dairy cows. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 28(2), 165.
  • Fricke, P. M., Ricci, A., Giordano, J. O., & Carvalho, P. D. (2016). Methods for and implementation of pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 32(1), 165-180.
  • Gábor, G., Tóth, F., Ozsvári, L., Abonyi‐Tóth, Z., & Sasser, R. G. (2007). Early detection of pregnancy and embryonic loss in dairy cattle by ELISA tests. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 42(6), 633-636.
  • Ganaie, B. A., Khan, M. Z., Islam, R., Makhdoomi, D. M., Qureshi, S., & Wani, G. M. (2009). Evaluation of different techniques for pregnancy diagnosis in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 85(2-3), 135-141.
  • Garbayo, J. M., Serrano, B., & Lopez-Gatius, F. (2008). Identification of novel pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) expressed by the peri-implantation conceptus of domestic ruminants. Animal Reproduction Science, 103(1-2), 120-134.
  • Gifford, C. A., Racicot, K., Clark, D. S., Austin, K. J., Hansen, T. R., Lucy, M. C., Davies, C. J., & Ott, T. L. (2007). Regulation of interferon-stimulated genes in peripheral blood leukocytes in pregnant and bred, nonpregnant dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(1), 274-280.
  • Gilad, S., Meiri, E., Yogev, Y., Benjamin, S., Lebanony, D., Yerushalmi, N., Benjamin, H., Kushnir, M., Cholakh, H., Melamed, N., Bentwich, Z., Hod, M., Goren, Y., & Chajut, A. (2008). Serum microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers. PLoS One, 3(9), e3148.
  • Ginther, O. J. (2007). Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction: Color-Doppler Ultrasonography. Equiservices Publishing, Cross Plaons, WI, USA.
  • Green, J. A., Xie, S., Quan, X., Bao, B., Gan, X., Mathialagan, N., Beckers, J. F., & Roberts, R. M. (2000). Pregnancy-associated bovine and ovine glycoproteins exhibit spatially and temporally distinct expression patterns during pregnancy. Biology of Reproduction, 62(6), 1624-31.
  • Green, J. C., Okamura, C. S., Poock, S. E., & Lucy, M. C. (2010). Measurement of interferon-tau (IFN-τ) stimulated gene expression in blood leukocytes for pregnancy diagnosis within 18–20 d after insemination in dairy cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 121(1-2), 24-33.
  • Grewal, A. S., Wallace, A. L. C., Pan, Y. S., Rigby, N. W., Donnelly, J. B., Eagleson, G. K., & Nancarrow, C. D. (1985). Evaluation of a rosette inhibition test for pregnancy diagnosis in pigs. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 7(2), 129-138.
  • Hansen, T. R., Sinedino, L. D., & Spencer, T. E. (2017). Paracrine and endocrine actions of interferon tau (IFNT). Reproduction, 154(5), 45-59.
  • Hanzen, C., & Delsaux, B. (1987). Use of transrectal B-mode ultrasound imaging in bovine pregnancy diagnosis. Veterinary Record, 121(9), 200-202.
  • Ioannidis, J., & Donadeu, F. X. (2016). Circulating miRNA signatures of early pregnancy in cattle. BMC Genomics, 17(1), 1-12.
  • Isobe, N., Nakao, T., Uehara, O., Yamashiro, H., & Kubota, H. (2003). Plasma concentration of estrone sulfate during pregnancy in different breeds of Japanese beef cattle. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 49(5), 369-374.
  • Jaskowski, J. M., Kaczmarowski, M., Kulus, J., Jaskowski, B. M., Herudzinska, M., & Gehrke, M. (2019). Rectal palpation for pregnancy in cows: A relic or an alternative to modern diagnostic methods. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 75(5), 259-264.
  • Kumar, P. R., Singh, S. K., Kharche, S. D., Govindaraju, C. S., Behera, B. K., Shukla, S. N., Kumar, H., & Agarwal, S. K. (2014). Anestrus in cattle and buffalo: Indian perspective. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2(3), 124-138.
  • Kurian, N. K., & Modi, D. (2019). Extracellular vesicle mediated embryo-endometrial cross talk during implantation and in pregnancy. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 36, 189-198.
  • Lash, G. E., Legge, M., & Fisher, M. (1997). Synthesis of early pregnancy factor using red deer (Cervus elaphus) as a delayed implantation model. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 14, 39-43.
  • Lobago, F., Bekana, M., Gustafsson, H., Beckers, J. F., Yohannes, G., Aster, Y., & Kindahl, H. (2009). Serum profiles of pregnancy‐associated glycoprotein, oestrone sulphate and progesterone during gestation and some factors influencing the profiles in Ethiopian Borana and crossbred cattle. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44(4), 685-692.
  • Mimoune, N., Azzouz, M. Y., Khelef, D., & Kaidi, R. (2021). Ovarian cysts in cattle: a review. Veterinarska Stanica, 52(5), 587-603.
  • Morton, H., Clunie, G. J., & Shaw, F. D. (1979). A test for early pregnancy in sheep. Research in Veterinary Science, 26(2), 261–262.
  • Nancarrow, C. D., Wallace, A. L. C., & Grewal, A. S. (1981). The early pregnancy factor of sheep and cattle. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement, 30, 191-199.
  • Ohnuma, K., Ito, K., Miyake, Y. I., Takahashi, J., & Yasuda, Y. (1996). Detection of early pregnancy factor (EPF) in mare sera. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 42(1), 23-28.
  • Otavă, G., Cernescu, H., Mircu, C., & Igna, V. (2007). Pregnancy diagnosis in cow using progesterone measurements. Lucrări Stiinłifice Medicină Veterinară, 95-98.
  • Palomares, R. A., Walz, H. G., & Brock, K. V. (2013). Expression of type I interferon-induced antiviral state and pro-apoptosis markers during experimental infection with low or high virulence bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef calves. Virus Research, 173(2), 260-269.
  • Pohler, K. G., Franco, G. A., Reese, S. T., Dantas, F. G., Ellis, M. D., & Payton, R. R. (2016). Past, Present and Future of Pregnancy Detection Methods. Applied Reproductive Strategies in Beef Cattle (pp. 7-8). Des Moines, Iowa.
  • Pohler, K. G., Green, J. A., Geary, T. W., Peres, R. F. G., Pereira, M. H. C., Vasconcelos, J. L. M., & Smith, M. F. (2015). Predicting embryo presence and viability. Regulation of Implantation and Establishment of Pregnancy in Mammals: Tribute to 45 Year Anniversary of Roger V. Short's Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, (pp. 253-270).
  • Romano, J. E., Thompson, J. A., Forrest, D. W., Westhusin, M. E., Tomaszweski, M. A., & Kraemer, D. C. (2006). Early pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 66(4), 1034-1041.
  • Romano, J. E., Thompson, J. A., Kraemer, D. C., Westhusin, M. E., Forrest, D. W., & Tomaszweski, M. A. (2007). Early pregnancy diagnosis by palpation per rectum: influence on embryo/fetal viability in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 67(3), 486-493.
  • Serrano, B., López‐Gatius, F., Santolaria, P., Almería, S., García‐Ispierto, I., Bech-Sabat, G., Sulon, J., De Sousa, N. M., Beckers, J. F., & Yâniz, J. L. (2009). Factors affecting plasma pregnancy‐associated glycoprotein 1 concentrations throughout gestation in high‐producing dairy cows. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44(4), 600-605.
  • Shah, K. D., Nakao, T., & Kubota, H. (2006). Plasma estrone sulphate (E1S) and estradiol-17β (E2β) profiles during pregnancy and their relationship with the relaxation of sacrosciatic ligament, and prediction of calving time in Holstein–Friesian cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 95(1-2), 38-53.
  • Sheldon, M., & Noakes, D. (2002). Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. In Practice, 24(6), 310-317.
  • Siqueira, L. G., Arashiro, E. K., Ghetti, A. M., Souza, E. D., Feres, L. F., Pfeifer, L. F., Fonseca, J. F., & Viana, J. H. (2019). Vascular and morphological features of the corpus luteum 12 to 20 days after timed artificial insemination in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(6), 5612-22.
  • Smart, Y. C., Roberts, T. K., Fraser, I. S., Cripps, A. W., & Clancy, R. L. (1982). Validation of the rosette inhibition test for the detection of early pregnancy in women. Fertility and Sterility, 37(6), 779-785.
  • Telugu, B. P. V., Walker, A. M., & Green, J. A. (2009). Characterization of the bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein gene family–analysis of gene sequences, regulatory regions within the promoter and expression of selected genes. BMC Genomics, 10(1), 1-17.
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There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Alper Yasin Çiplak 0000-0002-7912-7703

Early Pub Date February 28, 2024
Publication Date February 28, 2024
Submission Date January 8, 2024
Acceptance Date February 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Çiplak, A. Y. (2024). Pregnancy Diagnosis Methods in Cows. Journal of Animal Science and Economics, 3(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10731544

Content of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License

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