Nutritional Parameters of Goat Milk and Its Consumption in Rural Communities

Abstract

A survey was conducted using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire in Mutoko district to determine the extent of goat milk consumption and reasons for the possible low-to-non-consumption of goat milk. A total of 120 respondents were randomly selected. Fresh goat milk samples were also collected from Mashona and Matabele goat breeds and analysed using a Milko-scan FT 6000 (FOSS, HillerOD, Denmark) to determine nutrient composition. Results from the study indicated that goat milk is lowly utilized – with only 14% of the surveyed households consuming goat milk. The respondents cited that goat milk was lowly utilised because goat milk consumption is traditionally uncommon in the area (57.70%) and has an undesirable strong smell (17.06%). Consuming goat milk was associated with reduced social status (10.66%). Respondents that had access to sufficient cow milk (13.96%) do not consume goat milk. Estimated mean milk yield per goat per milking, as reported in the study was 310.0±114.02 mL. High levels of education were associated with increased tendency to consume goat milk (χ2=246; df=40, p=0.000). Mashona goat milk had higher lactose (4.36%) and protein (4.77%) but lower fat content (3.45%) than Matabele goat milk. While goat milk is less popular in the study area, the milk from these indigenous goat genotypes is characterised by good nutritional value comparable to the accepted values of good quality milk. The quality of the milk, coupled with feeding and breed selection interventions to increase yield, has potential to be a rich nutrient source for small-holder communities threatened by malnutrition.

Keywords

• Indigenous goat
• Milk quality
• Undernutrition

Yerli Keçi Sütünün Besin Bileşimi ve Kalitesi ile Kırsal Toplumların Protein Beslenmesine Katkısı

Abstract

Mevcut çalışmada keçi sütü tüketiminin kapsamı ve keçi sütü tüketiminin yetersiz olma nedenlerinin belirlenmesi amacı ile Mutoko ilçesinde önceden test edilmiş, yarı yapılandırılmış 120 katılımcının yer aldığı bir anket kullanılarak bir anket çalışması yürütülmüştür. Mashona ve Matebele keçi ırklarından taze keçi sütü örnekleri toplanmış ve besin bileşimini belirlemek için bir Milko-scan FT 6000 (FOSS, HillerOD, Danimarka) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları, keçi sütü tüketiminin düşük olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.Ankete katılan hanelerin yalnızca %14'ünde keçi sütü tüketilmektedir. Katılımcılar, bölgede keçi sütü tüketiminin geleneksel olarak yaygın olmaması (%57,70) ve istenmeyen keskin koku (%17,06) nedeniyle keçi sütünün az kullanıldığını belirtmişlerdir. Keçi sütü tüketimi ile sosyal statü arasında bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir (%10.66). Yeterli inek sütüne ulaşabilenler (%13,96) keçi sütü tüketmemektedir. Çalışmada her sağımda keçi başına ortalama süt verimi 310.0±114.02 mL olarak belirlenmiştir. Yüksek eğitim düzeyi, keçi sütü tüketme eğilimi ile ilişkilendirilmiştir (χ2=246; df=40, p=0.000). Mashona keçi sütü, Matebele keçi sütünden daha yüksek laktoz (%4.36) ve protein (%4.77) ancak daha düşük yağ içeriğine (%3.45) sahip olmuştur. Keçi sütü, çalışma alanında daha az popüler olmakla birlikte, yerli keçi genotiplerinden elde edilen süt, kaliteli sütün kabul edilen değerleri ile karşılaştırılabilir besleme değerine sahiptir. Sütün kalitesi, verimi artırmak için besleme ve ırk seçimi müdahaleleri ile birleştiğind yetersiz beslenme tehdidi altındaki küçük toprak sahibi topluluklar için zengin bir besin kaynağı olma potansiyeline sahiptir.

Keywords

• Yerli keçi
• Süt kalitesi
• Yetersiz beslenme

References

1. Adewumi, O. O., Adebowale-LAWAL, O. A., Adegbemile, D. A., 2015. Asssessment of farm families acceptibility of small ruminants’s milk for consumption in selected rural communities in Ogun state, Nigeria. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 7: 135-141. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2014.0634.A.
2. Alawa, J. P., Oji, U. I., 2008. Effect of pendulous udder enlargement on yield and proximatecomposition of milk from Red Sokoto goats. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 7: 870-872.
3. Arora, R., Bhojak, N., Joshi, R., 2013. Comparative Aspects of Goat and Cow Milk. International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation. 2(1), 7-10
4. Bogucki, M., 2018. Effect of lactation stage and milking frequency on milk yield from udder quarters of cows. South African Journal of Animal Science. 48(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v48i4.5
5. Buettner, A., Siefarth, C., 2014. The aroma of goat milk:Seasonal effects and changes through heat treatment. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 62(49): 11805-11817.https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5040724
6. Carnicela, D., Dario, M., Consuelo, M., Ayres, C., Laudadio, V., 2008. The Effect of Diet, Parity, Year, and Number of Kids on Milk Yield and Milk Composition in Maltese Goat. Small Ruminant Research. 77: 71-74.
7. Carter, B. G., Jo, Y., Cadwallader, D .C., Drake, M., 2022. The effect of flash vacuum colling on the flavor of ultrapasteurized milk. JDS Communication. 3: 169-173. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-0215
8. Chebli, Y., Otmani, S., Chentouf, M., Hornick, J. L., Bindele, J., Cabaraux, J. F., 2020. Foraging behaviuor of goats browsing in Southern Mediterranean forest rangeland. Animals. 10: 196. https://doi.org.10.3390/ani10020196

9. Claeys, W.L., Verraes, C., Cardoen, S., De Block, J., Huyghebaert, A., Raes, K., Dewettinck, K., Herman, L., 2014. Consumption of raw or heated milk from different species: An evaluation of the nutritional and potential health benefits. Journal of Food Control. 42: 188-201. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.045.
10. Egbowon, B. F., 2004. Comparative evaluation of milk secretion rate and milk composition in West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto goats. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Agriculture, Nigeria.
11. Elena, A., Gerardo, C., Xavier, S., Maristela, R., Ahmed, S., Ramon, C., 2003. Determination of Fat, Protein, Casein, Total Solids, and Somatic Cell Count in Goat's Milk by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. Journal of AOAC International. 86: 746-52.
12. El-Tarabany, M.S., El-Tarabany, A. A., Roushdy, E. M., 2018. Impact of lactation stage on milk composition and blood biochemical and haematological parameters of dairy Baladi goats, Saudi. Journal of Biological Sciences. 25(8): 1632-1638. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.08.003.
13. FAO., 2014. Sustainable goat breeding and goat farming in central and eastern European countries. In: Kukovics, S. (Eds). Hungarian Sheep and Goat Dairying Public Utility Association, Herceghalom, Hungary
14. FAO., 2017. Available online at http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5520b/x5520b0c.html. Last accessed 10 February 2019.
15. FAO., 2018. FAOSTAT. Live animals- production of goats by country. http://www.fao.org.faostat/en/?#compare. Last accessed 23 April 2023.
16. FAO., 2022. GIEWS-Country brief on Zimbabwe. https://www.fao.org/3/am589e.pdf. Last accessed 25 April 2023.
17. FAO., IFAD., UNICEF., WFP., WHO., 2022. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable. https://doi.org.10.4060/cc0639en. Last accessed 23 April 2023
18. Feng, Z., James, E.E., Huang, C.L., Jack, E.H., 2009. Organic price premiums paid for fresh tomatoes and apples by U.S households: Evidence from Nielse Homes. Journal of Food Distribution Research. 40: 1-10.
19. Garwe, D., Chawira, A., Kusena, K., 2009. Country report on the state of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture in Zimbabwe.https://www.fao.org/pgrfa-gpa-archive/zwe/Zimbabwe2.pdf. Last accesses 26 April 2023.
20. Getaneh, G., Mebrat, A., Wubie, A., Kendie, H., 2016 . Review on Goat Milk Composition and its Nutritive Value. Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences. 3(4): 401. http://doi: 10.15744/2393-9060.3.401
21. Gizaw, S., Tegegne, A., Gebremedhin, B., Hoekstra, D., 2010. Sheep and goat production and marketing systems in Ethiopia: Characteristics and strategies for improvement. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-2783. Last accessed 19 January 2018.
22. Guney, I., Ocak, S., 2013. Consumer preference for goat milk in Turkey. Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science. 2(7): 181-188.
23. Haenlein, G. F. W., 2004. Goat milk in human nutrition. Small Ruminant Research. 51(2): 155- 163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.08.010
24. Harris, B., Bachman, K.C., 2003. Nutritional and Management Factors Affecting Solids-Not-Fat, Acidity and Freezing Point of Milk. https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/ir/00/00/47/70/00001/ds15600.pdf. Last accessed 4 February 2019
25. Icoutchika, K. M., Ahozonlin, M. C., Mitchikpe, C. E. S., Bouraima, O., Aboh, A. B., Dossa, L. H., 2022. Socio-economic determinants of goat milk consumption by rural households in the Niger Valley of Benin and implications for the development of a smallholder dairy goat program. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6. https://doi.org/10.3399/fsufs.2022.901293.
26. Idamokoro, E.M., Muchenje, V., Masika, P. J., 2017. Yield and Milk Composition at Different Stages of Lactation from a Small Herd of Nguni, Boer, and Non-Descript Goats Raised in an Extensive Production System. Sustainability. 9(1000). http://doi:10.3390/su9061000.
27. Idamokoro, E. M., Gunya, B., Aliber, M., 2019. Farmers’ perception and willingness to consume goat milk and goat milk products: A case study of the central Eastern Cape, South Africa. Pastoralism Research Policy and Practice. 9(11).doi:10. 1186/s13570-010139-7.
28. Idowu, S.T., Adewumi, O.O., 2017. Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors Affecting Yield and Milk Composition in Goats. Journal of Advanced Dairy Research. 5: 175.http:// doi: 10.4172/2329-888X.1000175
29. Jerop, R., 2012. Consumer willingness to pay for dairy goat milk in Siaya county, Kenya. MSc Thesis, Egerton Univesity, Kenya.
30. Jerop, R., Kosgey, I. S., Owour, G. O., Chelanga, P. K., 2013. Consumer willingness to pay for dairy goat milk in Siaya county, Kenya. Journal of Livestock Research for Rural development. 25(7).
31. Keskin, M., Avsar, Y. K., Bicer, O., Guler, M.B., 2004. A comparative study on the milk yield and milk composition of two different goat genotypes under the climate of the Eastern Mediterranean. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science. 28: 531–536.
32. Ketto, I. A., Massawe, I., Kifaro, G. C., 2014. Effects of supplementation, birth type, age and stage of lactation on milk yield and composition of Norwegian x Small East African goats in Morogoro, Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 26(12).
33. Kittivachra, R., Sanguandeekul, R., Rungpetch, S., Phongphanphanee, P., 2007. Factors affecting lactose quantity in raw milk. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 29(4). Kothari, D.R., 2004. Research Methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age international Publishers, India.
34. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. A., 2010. Principles of marketing, Pearson Custom Business Resources Series. The Prentice Hall international, USA.
35. Lad, S. S., Aparnathi, K. D., Mehta, B., Velpula, S., 2017. Goat Milk in Human Nutrition and Health. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6(5): 1781-1792. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.194
36. Lin, H., Kuo, S., 2019. How does health consciousness influence attitudes of elderly people towards traceable agricultural products? Perspectives of the technology acceptance model. Ageing & Society. 40(8): 1808 – 1821 https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0144686X19000308
37. Macheka, T., 2018. What the World Food Programme is doing in Zimbabwe. Available online at https://www1.wfp.org/countries/zimbabwe. Accessed 29 April 2019.
38. Mestawet, T.A. Girma, A., Ådnøy, T., Devold, T.G., Narvhus, J.A., Vegarud, G.E., 2012. Milk production, composition and variation at different lactation stages of four goat breeds in Ethiopia. Small Ruminant Research. 105 (1–3): 176-181. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.11.014.
39. Mhlanga, T.T., Mutibvu, T., Mbiriri, D.T., 2018. Goat flock productivity under smallholder farmer management in Zimbabwe. Small Ruminant Research. 164: 105-109. http://doi:10.1016/ j. smallruminres .2018.05.010l
40. Mpofu, S., 2010. Patterns, determinants and consumer attitudes towards goat milk consumption in rural communities in Zimbabwe. MSc Thesis, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe.
41. Mugandani, R., Wuta, M., Makarau, A., Chipindu, B., 2012. Re-classification of agro-ecological regions of Zimbabwe in conformity with climate variability and change. African Crop Science Journal. 20(2): 361-369.
42. Musara, J. P., Chimvuramahwe, J., Muyati, V., Chivheya, R., Mwadzingeni, L., 2013. Why not commercial goat production? Exploring rural communities' preference for livestock enterprises. Case of Matsai communal area, Zimbabwe. E3 Journal of Agricultural Research and Development. 3(3): 26-34.
43. Nagy, P., Fabri, Z. N., Varga, L., Reiczigel, J., Juhasz, J., 2017. Effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on chemical compositionof individual milk samples from dromedary camels (Camelus dromerarius) under intesnive management. Journal of Dairy Science. 100: 8680-8693
44. Nayik, G. A., Jagdale, Y. D., Gaikwad, S. A., Devkatte, A, N., Dar, A. H., Ansari, M. J., 2022. Nutritional profile, processing and potential products: A comparative review of goat milk. Dairy. 3: 622-647. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy3030044.
45. Ncube, K. T., Dzomba, E.F., Hadebe, K., Soma, P., Frylinck, L., Muchadeyi , F.C., 2022. Carcass quality profiles and associated genomic regions of South African goat populations investigated using goat SNP50K Genotypes. Animals. 12: 364, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030364
46. Norris, D., Ngambi, J., Benyi, W. K., Mbajiorgu, C. A., 2011. Milk production of three exotic dairy goat genotypes in Limpopo province. South Africa. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 6; 274-281
47. Otaru, S.M., Adamu, A.M., Ehoche O.W., Makun, H.J., 2011. Effects of varying the level of palm oil on feed intake, milk yield and composition and postpartum weight changes of Red Sokoto goats. Small Ruminant Research. 96(1): 25-35. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.11.004.
48. Park, Y.W., 2010. Goat Milk: Composition, Characteristics. In: Pond, G. & Bell, N. (eds). Encyclopedia of Animal Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
49. Park, W.W., 2017. Goat Milk-Chemistry and nutritiom. İn: handbook of milk of non-bovine mammals. John Wiley and sons Publishers. Hoboken, USA
50. Park, Y.W., Guo, M. R., 2006. Goat Milk Products: Processing Technology, Types and Consumption Trends. In: Park, Y.W. & Haenlein, G.F.W. (eds). Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals. Blackwell Publishers. Ames, Iowa and Oxford, UK.
51. Park, Y.W., Haenlein G.F.W. 2010. Milk production. In: Goat Science and Production. S. Solaiman, (eds). Wiley-Blackwell Publishers, New York
52. Queiroga, R. C. R. E., Neta, M. T. S. L., Sandes, R. D. D., Narain, N., Galvao, M. S., Madruga, M. S., Costa, R. G., 2019. An insight in key volatile compounds in goat milk based on their odor active values. Journal of Food Science and Nutrion Research. 2(1): 49-60. doi. 10.26502/jfsnr.2642.1100008
53. Muhammad, G., Rashid, I., Firyal, S., Saqib, M., 2017. Trouble shooting off-flavor (bad odor) and bad taste in milk: A review article. Buffalo Bulletin. 36(1).
54. Salah, N., 2015. Nutrition of goats, sheep and cattle in tropical and warm conditions “Evaluation of energy and protein requirements and animal responses to diet. Evaluation of INRA system to predict nutritive value of forage resources”. Thesis, French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment (INRAE), Paris, France.
55. Salama, A., Such, X., Caja, G., Rovai, M., R., Casals, Albanell, E., Marín, M.P., Martí, A., 2003. Effects of Once Versus Twice Daily Milking Throughout Lactation on Milk Yield and Milk Composition in Dairy Goats. Journal of Dairy Science. 86: 1673-80. http://doi:10.3168/jds. s0022-0302 (03)73753-9.
56. Sant’ Ana, A. M. S., Bessa, R. J. B., Alves, S.P., Medeiros, A. N., Costa, R. G., Sousa, Y. R. F., Bezerril, F. F., Basta, A. S. M., Madruga, M. S., Queiroga, R. C. R. E., 2019. Fatty avid, folatile and sensory profiles of milk and cheese from goats raise on native semi-arid pasture or in confinement. International Dairy Journal. 91: 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.09.008
57. Sebtiarini, E., E. Dewi, R., Dewanti, L., 2016. Goat Milk Utilization as Complementary Feeding of Children after Six Month to Reduce Undernourished Rate in Indonesia. Nursing Health. 4(2): 24-28. http://doi: 10.13189/nh.2016.040202
58. Serradilla, J. M., Carabano, M. J., Ramon, M., Molina, A., Diaz, C., Menendez-Buxadera, A., 2018. A characterization of goats’ responses to heat stress: Tools to improve heat tolerance. Goat Science. 15: 329-347.
59. Shaharudin M. R., Pani, J. J., Mansor, S. W., Elias, S. J., 2010. Factors Affecting Purchase Intention of Organic Food in Malaysia’s Kedah State. Cross-cultural communication. 6(9): 105-116. http://doi.org/ 10.3968/j.ccc.1923670020100602.013
60. Sikhosana, J.N., Senda, T.S., 2010. Goat farming as a business: A farmer’s manual to successful goat production and marketing. https:// snv.org/ cms/sites/default/files/explore/download/goat_farming_as_a_business_-_a_farmers_manual.pdf. Last accessed on 5 April 2019
61. Stone, T. F., Frncis, C. A., Eik, L. O., 2020. A survey of goat-dairy keeping in Zanzibar. African Journal of Agriculture, Nutritiona and Development. 20(4): 16220-16235. http://doi.org.10.18697/ajfand.92.18665.
62. Sukume, C., Mavedzenge, B., Murimbarima, F., Scoones, I., 2015. Space, markets and employment in agricultural development: Zimabwe Country reportResearch Report 46. PLAAS, University of the Western Cape, South Africa.
63. Suranindyah, Y. Y., Khairy, D. H. A., Firdaus, N., Rochijan., 2018. Milk production and composition of Etawah crossbred, Sapera and Saperong dairy goats in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Dairy Science. 13: 1-6. http://doi:10.3923/ijds.2018.1.6
64. Tefera, A.N., Mekala, D.G., Mnisi, P.E., Mukisira, C., Muthui, M., Murungweni, C., Sebtiloane, O., 2004. Goat production and livelihood systems in Sekhukhune district of the Limpopo province, South Africa. Opportunities for commercialisation goats and their by-products. http://search. ebscohost. com/ login.aspx?direct=true&db=lah&AN= 20043182451&site=ehost-live. Last accessed 25 April 2019
65. Thohari, I., Purnomo, H., Radiati, L. E., Fanani, Z., 2012. A developmental strategy for consumer buying: Choices of goat milk kefir in East Java. Livestock Research Rural Development. 24(3). http:// www. lrrd. org/ lrrd24/ 3/ thoh24054.htm. Last Accessed 17 May 2019.
66. United Nations Children’s Fund., World Health Organization., 2012. The World Bank. https://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/estimates/en/. Last accessed 21 March 2019.
67. Utami, H. D., 2014. Consumer Behavior Toward Goat Milk and Its Processed Products in Malang, Indonesia. Journal of International Food Agribusiness Marketing. 26:1–12. http://doi: 10.1080/08974438.2012.755724
68. Vijayakumar, M., Park, J., Ki, K. S., Lim, D. H., Kim, S. B., Park, S. M., Jeong, H. Y., Park, B. Y., Kim. T. l., 2017. The effect of lactation number, stage, length, and milking frequency on milk yield in Korean Holstein dairy cows using automatic milking system. Asian-Australas Journal of Animal Science. 30(8): 1093-1098. http://doi:doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0882
69. Yangilar, F., 2013. As a Potentially Functional Food: Goats’ Milk and Products.” Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 1(4): 68-81. http://doi: 10.12691/jfnr-1-4-6.
70. Zervas, G., Tsiplakou, E., 2013. Milk and dairy products in human nutrition: Production, composition and health. John Wiley and Sons Publishers. Hoboken, USA.
71. Zimbabwe Agricultural Growth Programme., 2019a. https://zagp.org.zw/content/recource_centre_files/3233be0-5e9d-412a-88e3-eb1a7b71c827.pdf
72. Zimbabwe Agricultural Growth Programme., 2019b.https://zagp.org.zw/content/recpurce_files/b1ff9a72-8926-4284-9254-81825dce496b.pdf