Effects of Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. on Humoral Immunity of Honey Bees via Antimicrobial Peptides

Abstract

Bees are important pollinators for the vast majority of all agricultural species and wild flora worldwide. In recent years, there has been a rapid decline in the number of bee colonies in the world. Honey bees are social insects, making them susceptible to the rapid spread of microbial pathogens and parasites. A single causative agent leading to colony collapse cannot be identified and one of the most common biological factors associated with the decline in worker bees is the parasitic microsporidia Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp., primarily Vairimorpha (Nosema) apis and Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae, both of which are responsible for Nosemosis in Apis species. Vairimorpha ceranae is more common and has an effect on the bee immune response associated with colony collapse. The immunosuppressive effect of these microsporidia and disruption of hive organization weaken the colony and lead to colony losses. The ecological, agricultural and economic consequences of this are quite severe. Honey bees have highly effective defense mechanisms that minimize the harmful effects of microbial pathogens, including innate and acquired immunity. The humoral response, the most basic defense system of honey bees, is the second category of innate immunity and is mediated by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Research focusing on the immune mechanisms of honey bees, which are capable of coping with stressors, can help colonies increase their strength and productivity. The effect of Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp on the bee immune system needs to be understood in more detail to better understand their interrelationships and develop effective bee protection methods. As honey bee immune systems are deciphered, the potential evolutionary relationship between social insects and immune functions can be determined. Thus, strategies to protect local subspecies and ecotypes can be developed to reduce bee losses.

Keywords

• Antimicrobial peptides
• Apis mellifera L.
• Humoral Immunity
• Nosemosis

Vairimorpha (Nosema) Parazitinin Antimikrobiyal Peptidler Aracılığıyla Bal Arılarının Hümoral Bağışıklığına Etkileri

Abstract

Arılar, dünya çapındaki tüm tarımsal türlerin büyük çoğunluğu ve yabani flora için önemli tozlayıcılardır. Son yıllarda dünyadaki arı kolonilerinin sayısında hızlı bir düşüş yaşanmıştır. Bal arıları sosyal böceklerdir, bu da onları mikrobiyal patojenler ve parazitlerin hızla yayılmasına karşı hassas hale getirir. Koloni çöküşüne yol açan tek bir nedensel ajan tanımlanamaz ve işçi arılardaki azalmayla ilgili en yaygın biyolojik etkenlerden biri parazitik microsporidia Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp., esas olarak Vairimorpha (Nosema) apis ve Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae, her ikisi de Apis türlerinde görülen Nosemosis hastalığından sorumludur. Vairimorpha ceranae daha yaygındır ve koloni çöküşü ile ilişkili olan arı bağışıklık tepkisi üzerinde etkilidir. Bu mikrosporidiaların immünosupresif etkisi ve kovan organizasyonun bozulması koloniyi zayıflatır ve koloni kayıplarına yol açar. Bunun da ekolojik, tarımsal ve ekonomik sonuçları oldukça fazladır. Bal arıları mikrobiyal patojenlerin zararlı etkilerini en aza indiren, doğuştan ve sonradan kazanılmış bağışıklığı içeren son derece etkili savunma mekanizmalarına sahiptirler. Bal arılarının en temel savunma sistemi olan hümoral tepki, doğuştan gelen bağışıklığın ikinci kategorisidir ve antimikrobiyal peptidler (AMP' ler) aracılık eder. Stres faktörleri ile başa çıkabilme yeteneğine sahip bal arılarının bağışıklık mekanizmalarına odaklanan araştırmalar, kolonilerin gücünü ve verimliliğini arttırmalarına yardımcı olabilir. Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp’nin arıların bağışıklık sistemi üzerindeki etkisi, karşılıklı ilişkilerini daha iyi anlamak ve etkili arı koruma yöntemleri geliştirmek için daha ayrıntılı bir şekilde anlaşılmalıdır. Bal arısı bağışıklık sistemleri çözümlendikçe, sosyal böcekler ve bağışıklık fonksiyonları arasındaki potansiyel evrimsel ilişki belirlenebilir. Böylece arı kayıplarını azaltmak için yerel alttür ve ekotipleri koruma stratejileri geliştirilebilir.

Keywords

• Antimikrobiyal peptidler
• Apis mellifera L.
• Hümoral bağışıklık
• Nosemosis

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