Concepts and Approaches Used in identifying Selection Signatures in Farm Animals

Abstract

Interactions between humans and wild animal populations have led to various processes of domestication. These interactions have altered the functioning of evolutionary mechanisms in wild animal species that are highly adaptable to the same environment as humans. These domestication processes caused genotypic and phenotypic changes, specifically in the morphological, behavioral, and production characteristics of wild animal species. These changes ultimately led to the development of the farm animal breeds that we see today. Identifying regions on the genome that have undergone selection during these processes can be useful for identifying genes associated with relevant traits. In recent years, advancements in molecular genetic techniques and bioinformatics have provided the opportunity to identify the selection signatures left by heritable genetic changes caused by these processes in the genomes of farm animals. In this review, selection signatures in farm animals, the methods used to detect these signatures, and the problems encountered are discussed in detail.

Keywords

• Domestication
• Positive selection
• Selective sweep
• Evolution

Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Seleksiyon İzlerinin Tanımlanmasında Kullanılan Kavram ve Yaklaşımlar

Abstract

İnsanlar ve yabani hayvan popülasyonları arasındaki etkileşimler çeşitli evcilleştirme süreçlerine yol açmıştır. Bu etkileşimler, insanlarla aynı çevreye uyum sağlama yeteneği yüksek olan yabani hayvan türlerinde evrim mekanizmalarının işleyişini değiştirmiştir. Bu evcilleştirme süreçleri, yabani hayvan türlerinde morfolojik, davranışsal ve üretim özellikleri odaklı bazı genotipik ve fenotipik değişikliklere neden olarak günümüzde çiftlik hayvanı ırklarının oluşumunu sağlamıştır. Bu süreçler boyunca genom üzerinde seleksiyona maruz kalmış bölgelerin tespit edilmesi, ilgili özelliklerle ilişkili genlerin tanımlanmasında faydalı olabilmektedir. Son yıllarda moleküler genetik teknikler ve biyoinformatik alanındaki gelişmeler, bu süreçlerin çiftlik hayvanları genomunda neden olduğu kalıtsal genetik değişikliklerin bıraktığı seleksiyon izlerini tespit edebilme imkanı sağlamıştır. Sunulan bu derlemede, çiftlik hayvanlarında seleksiyon izleri ve seleksiyon izlerinin tespit edilmesinde kullanılan yöntemler tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

• Evcilleştirme
• Pozitif seleksiyon
• Sseçici sürükleme
• Evrim

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