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Sultan’s America: Lessons from Ottoman Encounters with the United States

Year 2014, Issue: 39, 55 - 76, 01.04.2014

Abstract

On 23 June 1892, the Reverend John Joseph Nouri, Doctor of Divinity and Laws and a “native” and “loyal subject of the Ottoman Empire,” landed at the port of San Francisco, the terminus a quo of his first trip to the United States Y. Prk. Tkm. 30/53 1 . As the Archdeacon of Babylon and Jerusalem, and the Grand Apostolic Ambassador to Malabar, India, and Persia, he was a self-ordained biblical archeologist who aligned his faith with the urge to explore Eastern Turkey and the Holy Lands. This time, he undertook the non-biblical task of discovering the New World, not ancient religious sites. On 12 March the following year, he thought he saw enough of Southern states and decided to head northeast to Chicago via the Southern Pacific Railway. While waiting at the station, he was approached by a motley group of thieves, forced to surrender his train ticket, and robbed of his possessions including jewels, medals, papers, and vestment. After the mugging, the thieves, John Hurey, George Smith, and Susan Smith, poisoned and dumped him in critical condition at the Napa State Insane Asylum, where he was incarcerated as a mental patient without proper examination.

References

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  • Alkan, Ahmet Turan. Sıradışı Bir Jön Türk: Ubeydullah Efendi’nin Amerika Hatıraları [An Unusual Young Turk: Ubeydullah Effendi’s America Memoirs]. İstanbul: İletişim, 1997. Print.
  • Andrianopoulou, Konstantina. “Alexander Mavroyeni Bey: From the 19th Century Reform Era to the Young Turk Revolution through the Life and Ideology of a Neo-Phanariot Ottoman Bureaucrat.” Diss. Boğaziçi Üniversity, İstanbul, 2004. Print.
  • Aydın, Mustafa and Çağrı Erhan, eds. Turkish-American Relations: Past, Present, and Future. London and New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  • Balgamış, Deniz and Kemal Karpat, eds. Turkish Migration to the United States: From Ottoman Times to the Present. Madison: U. of Wisconsin P., 2008. Print.
  • Bailey, Lloyd R. Noah: The Person and the Story in History and Tradition. Columbia, SC: U. of South Carolina P., 1989. Print.
  • Barkley, Henry. A Ride through Asia Minor and Armenia. London: John Murray, 1891. Print.
  • Bein, Amit. “A ‘Young Turk’ Islamic Intellectual: Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi and the Diverse Intellectual Legacies of the Late Ottoman Empire.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 39 (2007): 607-625. Print.
  • Beaver, Pierce. Ecumenical Beginnings in Protestant World Mission: A History of Comity. New York: Nelson and Sons, 1962. Print.
  • Berdine, Michael. The Accidental Tourist: Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and the British Invasion of Egypt in 1882. New York and London: Routledge, 2005. Print.
  • Çakır, Musa. Anadolumuz Asla Hristiyan Olmayacak: Misyonerler Memleketinize Geri Dönünüz [Our Anatolia will not Convert to Christianity: Missionaries, Go Back Home]. İstanbul: M.S. Matbaası, 1966. Print.
  • Carpenter, Teresa. The Miss Stone Affair: America’s First Modern Hostage Crisis. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003. Print.
  • Childs, W. J. Across Asia Minor on Foot. New York: Blackwood, 1917. Print. Chowdhury, Rashed. “Pan-Islamism and Modernisation during the Reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II, 1876-1909. “ Diss. McGill University, Canada, 2011. Print.
  • Clement, Clara. Constantinople: The City of Sultans. Boston: Estes and Company, 1895. Print.
  • Curtis, William. The Turk and His Lost Provinces. New York: Revell, 1903. Print.
  • Daniel, Robert L. American Philanthropy in the Near East, 1820-1960. Ohio: Ohio UP., 1970. Print.
  • Davison, Roderic. Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774–1923: The Impact of the West. Austin: U. of Texas P., 1990. Print.
  • DeNovo, John. “Review of America and the Mediterranean World.” Journal of American History 56 (Mar. 1970): 932. Print.
  • ------. American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, 1900-1939. Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota P., 1963. Print.
  • Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909. New York and London: I. B. Tauris, 1998. Print.
  • Doğan, Mehmet Ali and Heather J. Sharkey, eds. American Missionaries and the Middle East: Foundational Encounters. Salt Lake City: U. of Utah P., 2011. Print.
  • Dwight, Henri. Constantinople and Its Problems: Its Peoples, Customs, Religions and Progress. Chicago: Revell, 1901. Print.
  • Eddy, David B. What Next in Turkey: Glimpses of the American Board’s Work in the Near East. Boston: ABCFM, 1913. Print.
  • Elder, Earl. Vindicating a Vision: The Story of the American Mission in Egypt, 1854-1954. Philadelphia: United Presbyterian Church, 1958. Print.
  • Erhan, Çağrı. “Ottoman Official Attitudes towards American Missionaries.” Turkish Yearbook 30 (2000): 191-212. Print.
  • Fairbank, John. “Assignment for the ’70’s.” American Historical Review 74 (Feb. 1969): 861-879. Print.
  • Farber, David, ed. What They Think of Us: International Perceptions of the United States since 9/11. Princeton: Princeton UP., 2007. Print.
  • Field, James. America and the Mediterranean World, 1776-1882. Princeton: Princeton UP., 1969. Print.
  • Gordon, Leland. “Turkish-American Treaty Relations.” American Political Science Review 22 (1928): 711-721. Print.
  • Grabill, Joseph. Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810-1927. Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota P., 1971. Print.
  • Grabowski, John J. “Prospects and Challenges: The Study of Early Turkish Immigration to the United States.” Journal of American Ethnic History 25 (2005): 85-100. Print.
  • Hamlin, Cyrus. Among the Turks. New York: Carter and Brothers, 1878. Print.
  • Handlin, Oscar, et. al. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP., 1980. Print.
  • Herndan, Richard. Men of Progress. Maryland: Heritage, 2007. Print. Howard, Henry N. “The Bicentennial in American-Turkish Relations.” Middle East Journal 30 (1976): 291-310.
  • Hornblow, Arthur. The Private Life of the Sultan of Turkey. New York: Appleton, 1901. Print.
  • Howard, Harry. “The Bicentennial in American-Turkish Relations.” Middle East Journal 30 (1976): 291-310. Print.
  • Kara, İsmail. Türkiye’de İslamcılık Düşüncesi [Turkish Islamist Thought]. İstanbul: Kitabevi, 1997. Print.
  • Karpat, Kemal. “Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893” International Journal of Middle East Studies 9 (1978): 237-274. Print.
  • ------. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. New York: Oxford UP., 2001. Print.
  • Kasaba, Reşat, ed. Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge UP., 2008. Print.
  • Kayaoğlu, Taceddin, Osmanlı Hariciyesinde Gayr-i Müslimler 1852-1925 [Non-Muslim Officials in the Foreign Affairs of the Ottoman Empire]. Ankara: TTK, 2013. Print.
  • Kieser, Hans-Lukas. Nearest East: American Millennialism and Mission to the Middle East. Philadelphia: Temple UP., 2010. Print.
  • Kocabaşoğlu, Uygur. Kendi Belgeleriyle Anadolu’daki Amerika: 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğundaki Amerikan Misyoner Okulları [America in Anatolia Based on US Sources: American Missionary Schools in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire]. İstanbul: Arba, 1989. Print.
  • Köprülü, Orhan. “Tarihte Türk Amerikan Münasebetleri” [“Survey of Turkish-American Relations”].” Belleten LI (1987): 927-947. Print.
  • Kuneralp, Sinan. Dépeches d’Alexandre Mavroyèni Bey, Ambassadeur de Turquie à Vienne, au Ministre Ottoman des Affaires Étrangères. İstanbul: ISIS, 1989. Print.
  • ------. “Ottoman Diplomacy and Controversy over the Interpretation of the Article IV of the Turco-American Treaty of 1830.” Turkish Yearbook 31 (2000): 7-20. Print.
  • Low, Michael. “Empire and the Hajj: Pilgrims, Plagues, and Pan-Islam under British Surveillance, 1865-1908.” IJMES 40 (2008): 269-290. Print.
  • Makdisi, Ussama. Artillery of Heaven: American Missionaries and the Failed Conversion of the Middle East. Ithaca: Cornell UP., 2008. Print.
  • Mardin, Şerif. Jön Türklerin Siyasi Fikirleri [Political Ideas of the Young Turks]. İstanbul: İletişim, 1980. Print.
  • Malloy, William. “Treaties, Conventions, International acts, Protocols, and Agreements between the United States of America and Other powers” [1776-1909]. Senate document no. 357. vol. I. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1910-1938. Print.
  • Marsden, George. Jonathan Edwards: A Life. New Haven: Yale UP., 2003. Print.
  • McCarthy, Justin. The Turk in America: The Creation of an Enduring Prejudice. Salt Lake City: U. of Utah P., 2010. Print.
  • Oren, Michael. Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present. New York: Norton, 2007. Print.
  • Pakin, Esra. “American Studies in Turkey during the ‘Cultural’ Cold War.” Turkish Studies 9 (2008): 507-524. Print.
  • Piper, John. God’s Passion for His Glory: Living the Vision of Jonathan Edwards. New York: Crossway, 1988. Print.
  • Prime, Edward. Forty Years in the Turkish Empire; or Memoirs of Rev. William Goodell. New York: Carter, 1876. Print.
  • Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. Cambridge: Cambridge UP., 2005. Print.
  • Reeves-Ellington, Barbara, et. al. Competing Kingdoms: Women, Mission, Nation, and the American Protestant Empire, 1812-1960. Durham, NC: Duke UP., 2010. Print.
  • Rockhill, Gabriel, Alfredo Muller, Seyla Benhabib, et. al. Politics of Culture and the Spirit of Critique: Dialogues. New York: Columbia UP., 2011. Print.
  • Şahin, Emrah. “American Turkish Relations in Retrospective.” International Journal of Turkish Studies 12 (2006): 195-198. Print.
  • ------. “Crime and Punishment: American Missionaries as the Object of Ottoman Public Security.” (research article in progress)
  • ------. ed. Transatlantic Crossings: Culture, Trade, and Politics in Early USTurkish Relations. Ankara: Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency, forthcoming.
  • ------. Errand into the East: A Social History of American Missionaries in İstanbul, 1830-1900. Köln: Lambert, 2009. Print.
  • ------. “Living in America as a Marginal Turk: Ubeydullah Effendi and His Memoirs of America, the 1890s.” McGill University History Conference, Montreal, 2008. Conference Paper. Print.
  • ------. “Responding to American Missionary Expansion: An Analysis of Ottoman Imperial Statecraft, 1880-1910.” Diss. McGill University, Canada, 2011. Print.
  • ------. “Thinking Religion Globally, Acting Missionary Locally: Last Century’s American Missionary Experience in the Near East.” World History Bulletin 23 (2007): 33-36. Print.
  • Salam, Nawaf. “The Emergence of Citizenship in Islamdom.” Arab Law Quarterly 12 (1997): 125–147. Print.
  • Salt, Jeremy. “Trouble Wherever They Went: American Missionaries in Anatolia and Ottoman Syria in the Nineteenth Century.” The Muslim World 92 (2002): 287–313. Print.
  • Schissler, Holly. “The Middle Eastern Intellectual Context.” Between Two Empires: Ahmet Ağaoğlu and the New Turkey. New York and London: I. B. Tauris, 2003. 103-115. Print.
  • Schmidt, Garbi. Islam in Urban America: Sunni Muslims in Chicago. Philadelphia: Temple UP., 2004. Print.
  • Shaban, Fuad. Islam and Arabs in Early American thought: Roots of Orientalism in America. Durham, NC: Acorn Press, 1991. Print.
  • Stanton, Andrea, ed. Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Vol. 1. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2012. Print.
  • Stevens, Georgiana, ed.. The United States and the Middle East. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1964. Print.
  • Stout, Harry, ed. Sermons and Discourses, 1739-1742. vol. 22. edwards.yale. edu. Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
  • Şafak, Nurdan. Osmanlı-Amerikan İlişkileri [Ottoman-American Relations]. İstanbul: Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı, 2003. Print.
  • Tracy, Charles. Silkenbraid; or a Story of Mission Life in Turkey. Boston: ABCFM, 1893. Print.
  • Turgay, Üner A. “Ottoman-American Trade during the Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Ottoman Studies 3 (1982): 189-246. Print.
  • Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi [Turkish Religious Foundation Encyclopedia of Islam]. Vol. XXX. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2005. Print.
  • Van den Berg, Heleen, ed. New Faith in Ancient Lands: Western Missions in the Middle East in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Leiden and Boston: E. J. Brill, 2006. Print.
  • Walsh, R. A Residence at Constantinople. 2 vols. London: Bentley, 1838. Print.
  • Wilson, Ann. “In the Name of God, Civilization, and Humanity: The United States and the Armenian Massacres of the 1890s.” Le Mouvement Social 227 (2009): 27-44. Print.
  • Yasamee, F. A. K. Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers, 1878-1888. İstanbul: ISIS, 1996. Print.
  • Yurdusev, Nuri. Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional. New York and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Print.
Year 2014, Issue: 39, 55 - 76, 01.04.2014

Abstract

References

  • Abd-Allah, Umar F. A Muslim in Victorian America: the Life of Alexander Russell Webb. New York: Oxford UP., 2006. Print.
  • Alkan, Ahmet Turan. Sıradışı Bir Jön Türk: Ubeydullah Efendi’nin Amerika Hatıraları [An Unusual Young Turk: Ubeydullah Effendi’s America Memoirs]. İstanbul: İletişim, 1997. Print.
  • Andrianopoulou, Konstantina. “Alexander Mavroyeni Bey: From the 19th Century Reform Era to the Young Turk Revolution through the Life and Ideology of a Neo-Phanariot Ottoman Bureaucrat.” Diss. Boğaziçi Üniversity, İstanbul, 2004. Print.
  • Aydın, Mustafa and Çağrı Erhan, eds. Turkish-American Relations: Past, Present, and Future. London and New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  • Balgamış, Deniz and Kemal Karpat, eds. Turkish Migration to the United States: From Ottoman Times to the Present. Madison: U. of Wisconsin P., 2008. Print.
  • Bailey, Lloyd R. Noah: The Person and the Story in History and Tradition. Columbia, SC: U. of South Carolina P., 1989. Print.
  • Barkley, Henry. A Ride through Asia Minor and Armenia. London: John Murray, 1891. Print.
  • Bein, Amit. “A ‘Young Turk’ Islamic Intellectual: Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi and the Diverse Intellectual Legacies of the Late Ottoman Empire.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 39 (2007): 607-625. Print.
  • Beaver, Pierce. Ecumenical Beginnings in Protestant World Mission: A History of Comity. New York: Nelson and Sons, 1962. Print.
  • Berdine, Michael. The Accidental Tourist: Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and the British Invasion of Egypt in 1882. New York and London: Routledge, 2005. Print.
  • Çakır, Musa. Anadolumuz Asla Hristiyan Olmayacak: Misyonerler Memleketinize Geri Dönünüz [Our Anatolia will not Convert to Christianity: Missionaries, Go Back Home]. İstanbul: M.S. Matbaası, 1966. Print.
  • Carpenter, Teresa. The Miss Stone Affair: America’s First Modern Hostage Crisis. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003. Print.
  • Childs, W. J. Across Asia Minor on Foot. New York: Blackwood, 1917. Print. Chowdhury, Rashed. “Pan-Islamism and Modernisation during the Reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II, 1876-1909. “ Diss. McGill University, Canada, 2011. Print.
  • Clement, Clara. Constantinople: The City of Sultans. Boston: Estes and Company, 1895. Print.
  • Curtis, William. The Turk and His Lost Provinces. New York: Revell, 1903. Print.
  • Daniel, Robert L. American Philanthropy in the Near East, 1820-1960. Ohio: Ohio UP., 1970. Print.
  • Davison, Roderic. Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774–1923: The Impact of the West. Austin: U. of Texas P., 1990. Print.
  • DeNovo, John. “Review of America and the Mediterranean World.” Journal of American History 56 (Mar. 1970): 932. Print.
  • ------. American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, 1900-1939. Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota P., 1963. Print.
  • Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909. New York and London: I. B. Tauris, 1998. Print.
  • Doğan, Mehmet Ali and Heather J. Sharkey, eds. American Missionaries and the Middle East: Foundational Encounters. Salt Lake City: U. of Utah P., 2011. Print.
  • Dwight, Henri. Constantinople and Its Problems: Its Peoples, Customs, Religions and Progress. Chicago: Revell, 1901. Print.
  • Eddy, David B. What Next in Turkey: Glimpses of the American Board’s Work in the Near East. Boston: ABCFM, 1913. Print.
  • Elder, Earl. Vindicating a Vision: The Story of the American Mission in Egypt, 1854-1954. Philadelphia: United Presbyterian Church, 1958. Print.
  • Erhan, Çağrı. “Ottoman Official Attitudes towards American Missionaries.” Turkish Yearbook 30 (2000): 191-212. Print.
  • Fairbank, John. “Assignment for the ’70’s.” American Historical Review 74 (Feb. 1969): 861-879. Print.
  • Farber, David, ed. What They Think of Us: International Perceptions of the United States since 9/11. Princeton: Princeton UP., 2007. Print.
  • Field, James. America and the Mediterranean World, 1776-1882. Princeton: Princeton UP., 1969. Print.
  • Gordon, Leland. “Turkish-American Treaty Relations.” American Political Science Review 22 (1928): 711-721. Print.
  • Grabill, Joseph. Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810-1927. Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota P., 1971. Print.
  • Grabowski, John J. “Prospects and Challenges: The Study of Early Turkish Immigration to the United States.” Journal of American Ethnic History 25 (2005): 85-100. Print.
  • Hamlin, Cyrus. Among the Turks. New York: Carter and Brothers, 1878. Print.
  • Handlin, Oscar, et. al. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP., 1980. Print.
  • Herndan, Richard. Men of Progress. Maryland: Heritage, 2007. Print. Howard, Henry N. “The Bicentennial in American-Turkish Relations.” Middle East Journal 30 (1976): 291-310.
  • Hornblow, Arthur. The Private Life of the Sultan of Turkey. New York: Appleton, 1901. Print.
  • Howard, Harry. “The Bicentennial in American-Turkish Relations.” Middle East Journal 30 (1976): 291-310. Print.
  • Kara, İsmail. Türkiye’de İslamcılık Düşüncesi [Turkish Islamist Thought]. İstanbul: Kitabevi, 1997. Print.
  • Karpat, Kemal. “Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893” International Journal of Middle East Studies 9 (1978): 237-274. Print.
  • ------. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. New York: Oxford UP., 2001. Print.
  • Kasaba, Reşat, ed. Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge UP., 2008. Print.
  • Kayaoğlu, Taceddin, Osmanlı Hariciyesinde Gayr-i Müslimler 1852-1925 [Non-Muslim Officials in the Foreign Affairs of the Ottoman Empire]. Ankara: TTK, 2013. Print.
  • Kieser, Hans-Lukas. Nearest East: American Millennialism and Mission to the Middle East. Philadelphia: Temple UP., 2010. Print.
  • Kocabaşoğlu, Uygur. Kendi Belgeleriyle Anadolu’daki Amerika: 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğundaki Amerikan Misyoner Okulları [America in Anatolia Based on US Sources: American Missionary Schools in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire]. İstanbul: Arba, 1989. Print.
  • Köprülü, Orhan. “Tarihte Türk Amerikan Münasebetleri” [“Survey of Turkish-American Relations”].” Belleten LI (1987): 927-947. Print.
  • Kuneralp, Sinan. Dépeches d’Alexandre Mavroyèni Bey, Ambassadeur de Turquie à Vienne, au Ministre Ottoman des Affaires Étrangères. İstanbul: ISIS, 1989. Print.
  • ------. “Ottoman Diplomacy and Controversy over the Interpretation of the Article IV of the Turco-American Treaty of 1830.” Turkish Yearbook 31 (2000): 7-20. Print.
  • Low, Michael. “Empire and the Hajj: Pilgrims, Plagues, and Pan-Islam under British Surveillance, 1865-1908.” IJMES 40 (2008): 269-290. Print.
  • Makdisi, Ussama. Artillery of Heaven: American Missionaries and the Failed Conversion of the Middle East. Ithaca: Cornell UP., 2008. Print.
  • Mardin, Şerif. Jön Türklerin Siyasi Fikirleri [Political Ideas of the Young Turks]. İstanbul: İletişim, 1980. Print.
  • Malloy, William. “Treaties, Conventions, International acts, Protocols, and Agreements between the United States of America and Other powers” [1776-1909]. Senate document no. 357. vol. I. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1910-1938. Print.
  • Marsden, George. Jonathan Edwards: A Life. New Haven: Yale UP., 2003. Print.
  • McCarthy, Justin. The Turk in America: The Creation of an Enduring Prejudice. Salt Lake City: U. of Utah P., 2010. Print.
  • Oren, Michael. Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present. New York: Norton, 2007. Print.
  • Pakin, Esra. “American Studies in Turkey during the ‘Cultural’ Cold War.” Turkish Studies 9 (2008): 507-524. Print.
  • Piper, John. God’s Passion for His Glory: Living the Vision of Jonathan Edwards. New York: Crossway, 1988. Print.
  • Prime, Edward. Forty Years in the Turkish Empire; or Memoirs of Rev. William Goodell. New York: Carter, 1876. Print.
  • Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. Cambridge: Cambridge UP., 2005. Print.
  • Reeves-Ellington, Barbara, et. al. Competing Kingdoms: Women, Mission, Nation, and the American Protestant Empire, 1812-1960. Durham, NC: Duke UP., 2010. Print.
  • Rockhill, Gabriel, Alfredo Muller, Seyla Benhabib, et. al. Politics of Culture and the Spirit of Critique: Dialogues. New York: Columbia UP., 2011. Print.
  • Şahin, Emrah. “American Turkish Relations in Retrospective.” International Journal of Turkish Studies 12 (2006): 195-198. Print.
  • ------. “Crime and Punishment: American Missionaries as the Object of Ottoman Public Security.” (research article in progress)
  • ------. ed. Transatlantic Crossings: Culture, Trade, and Politics in Early USTurkish Relations. Ankara: Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency, forthcoming.
  • ------. Errand into the East: A Social History of American Missionaries in İstanbul, 1830-1900. Köln: Lambert, 2009. Print.
  • ------. “Living in America as a Marginal Turk: Ubeydullah Effendi and His Memoirs of America, the 1890s.” McGill University History Conference, Montreal, 2008. Conference Paper. Print.
  • ------. “Responding to American Missionary Expansion: An Analysis of Ottoman Imperial Statecraft, 1880-1910.” Diss. McGill University, Canada, 2011. Print.
  • ------. “Thinking Religion Globally, Acting Missionary Locally: Last Century’s American Missionary Experience in the Near East.” World History Bulletin 23 (2007): 33-36. Print.
  • Salam, Nawaf. “The Emergence of Citizenship in Islamdom.” Arab Law Quarterly 12 (1997): 125–147. Print.
  • Salt, Jeremy. “Trouble Wherever They Went: American Missionaries in Anatolia and Ottoman Syria in the Nineteenth Century.” The Muslim World 92 (2002): 287–313. Print.
  • Schissler, Holly. “The Middle Eastern Intellectual Context.” Between Two Empires: Ahmet Ağaoğlu and the New Turkey. New York and London: I. B. Tauris, 2003. 103-115. Print.
  • Schmidt, Garbi. Islam in Urban America: Sunni Muslims in Chicago. Philadelphia: Temple UP., 2004. Print.
  • Shaban, Fuad. Islam and Arabs in Early American thought: Roots of Orientalism in America. Durham, NC: Acorn Press, 1991. Print.
  • Stanton, Andrea, ed. Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Vol. 1. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2012. Print.
  • Stevens, Georgiana, ed.. The United States and the Middle East. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1964. Print.
  • Stout, Harry, ed. Sermons and Discourses, 1739-1742. vol. 22. edwards.yale. edu. Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
  • Şafak, Nurdan. Osmanlı-Amerikan İlişkileri [Ottoman-American Relations]. İstanbul: Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı, 2003. Print.
  • Tracy, Charles. Silkenbraid; or a Story of Mission Life in Turkey. Boston: ABCFM, 1893. Print.
  • Turgay, Üner A. “Ottoman-American Trade during the Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Ottoman Studies 3 (1982): 189-246. Print.
  • Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi [Turkish Religious Foundation Encyclopedia of Islam]. Vol. XXX. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2005. Print.
  • Van den Berg, Heleen, ed. New Faith in Ancient Lands: Western Missions in the Middle East in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Leiden and Boston: E. J. Brill, 2006. Print.
  • Walsh, R. A Residence at Constantinople. 2 vols. London: Bentley, 1838. Print.
  • Wilson, Ann. “In the Name of God, Civilization, and Humanity: The United States and the Armenian Massacres of the 1890s.” Le Mouvement Social 227 (2009): 27-44. Print.
  • Yasamee, F. A. K. Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers, 1878-1888. İstanbul: ISIS, 1996. Print.
  • Yurdusev, Nuri. Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional. New York and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Print.
There are 83 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Emrah Şahin This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Issue: 39

Cite

MLA Şahin, Emrah. “Sultan’s America: Lessons from Ottoman Encounters With the United States”. Journal of American Studies of Turkey, no. 39, 2014, pp. 55-76.

JAST - Journal of American Studies of Turkey