TR
EN
Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico
Abstract
In the health tourism literature, comparative country analyses focusing on Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) practices remain scarce, constituting a significant research gap. This study aims to examine TCM-based health tourism in the cases of Türkiye and Mexico. The analysis covers five dimensions: (i) regulatory framework, (ii) supply structure and service provision, (iii) demand dynamics and statistical indicators, (iv) quality and safety, and (v) ethical and societal implications. Data were obtained from official statistics and institutional reports (USHAŞ, TÜİK; Secretaría de Salud, COFEPRIS), the World Health Organization’s framework on traditional medicine, and selected academic publications. The findings reveal that in Türkiye, TCM practices have been institutionalized through the 2014 regulation, with international patient arrivals reaching 1,506,442 and revenues amounting to USD 3.02 billion in 2024; in the first two quarters of 2025 733,798 visitors and USD 1.62 billion in revenues were recorded. In Mexico, indigenous healing practices (temazcal, herbolaria, curanderismo) coexist with cross-border demand for dental and medical tourism, with industry reports estimating approximately 1.2–3 million health-related visitors annually, predominantly originating from the United States. Türkiye demonstrates comparative advantages in regulatory clarity, institutional governance, and integration with thermal tourism, whereas Mexico exhibits strengths in cultural authenticity, geographic proximity, and cost competitiveness. Policy recommendations emphasize strengthening safety and quality standards, expanding accreditation processes, diversifying service offerings, and institutionalizing ethical considerations. This study fills a gap in the health tourism literature by providing a comparative analysis of TCM-oriented practices in Türkiye and Mexico.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
This research does not require ethics committee permission.
References
- Adams, K., Snyder, J., & Crooks, V. A. (2018). Medical tourism: A review of the policy debates. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7(3), 261–265. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.114
- Adams, K., Snyder, J., Crooks, V. A., & Morgan, J. (2017). Medical tourism in Mexico: Ethical and policy dimensions. Global Social Policy, 17(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468018116680821
- Ankara Kalkınma Ajansı. (2024). Arı ürünlerinde TCM yenilik merkezi projesi raporu. Ankara, Türkiye.
- Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF). (2012). NOM-004-SSA3-2012, Del expediente clínico. Gobierno de México. Retrieved from https://diariooficial.segob.gob.mx/normasOficiales.php?codp=4909&view=si on October 4, 2025.
- El País. (2023, June 15). Turismo dental en México: Un negocio de frontera. El País Internacional. Retrieved from https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-04-24/la-ciudad-mexicana-de-algodones-un-paraiso-de-clinicas-dentales-para-miles-de-turistas.html on July 10, 2025.
- GlobalData. (2024). Medical tourism market analysis report 2023–2030. London: GlobalData Plc.
- Global Health Intelligence. (2024). Medical tourism in Mexico: Market insights and trends. Miami: GHI Reports.
- Global Wellness Institute. (2023). Global wellness economy monitor 2023. Miami: Global Wellness Institute. Retrieved from https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/GWI-WE-Monitor-2023_FINAL.pdf on July 8, 2025
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Tourist Behaviour and Visitor Experience, Tourism (Other)
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
December 18, 2025
Submission Date
August 29, 2025
Acceptance Date
October 6, 2025
Published in Issue
Year 2025 Volume: 6 Number: 2
APA
Pirci, T. K., & Tovilla Alegria, L. (2025). Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico. Journal of Applied Tourism Research, 6(2), 114-129. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17959891
AMA
1.Pirci TK, Tovilla Alegria L. Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico. JATOR. 2025;6(2):114-129. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17959891
Chicago
Pirci, Toprak Kızılırmak, and Leslie Tovilla Alegria. 2025. “Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico”. Journal of Applied Tourism Research 6 (2): 114-29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17959891.
EndNote
Pirci TK, Tovilla Alegria L (December 1, 2025) Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico. Journal of Applied Tourism Research 6 2 114–129.
IEEE
[1]T. K. Pirci and L. Tovilla Alegria, “Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico”, JATOR, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 114–129, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.17959891.
ISNAD
Pirci, Toprak Kızılırmak - Tovilla Alegria, Leslie. “Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico”. Journal of Applied Tourism Research 6/2 (December 1, 2025): 114-129. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17959891.
JAMA
1.Pirci TK, Tovilla Alegria L. Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico. JATOR. 2025;6:114–129.
MLA
Pirci, Toprak Kızılırmak, and Leslie Tovilla Alegria. “Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico”. Journal of Applied Tourism Research, vol. 6, no. 2, Dec. 2025, pp. 114-29, doi:10.5281/zenodo.17959891.
Vancouver
1.Toprak Kızılırmak Pirci, Leslie Tovilla Alegria. Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico. JATOR. 2025 Dec. 1;6(2):114-29. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17959891