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Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tıp Yöntemlerine Dayalı Sağlık Turizmi: Türkiye ve Meksika Karşılaştırması

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 114 - 129, 18.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17959891

Abstract

Sağlık turizmi literatüründe geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp (Traditional and Complementary Medicine, TCM) uygulamalarına yönelik karşılaştırmalı ülke analizlerinin sınırlı olması önemli bir araştırma boşluğudur. Bu çalışma, Türkiye ve Meksika örnekleri üzerinden TCM’e dayalı sağlık turizmini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, (i) düzenleyici çerçeve, (ii) arz yapısı ve hizmet sunumu, (iii) talep dinamikleri ve sayısal göstergeler, (iv) kalite ve güvenlik, (v) etik ve toplumsal etkiler boyutları temel alınarak iki ülke karşılaştırılmıştır. Veriler, resmî istatistikler ve kurumsal raporlar (USHAŞ, TÜİK; Secretaría de Salud, COFEPRIS), Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün geleneksel tıp çerçevesi ve seçilmiş akademik yayınlardan derlenmiştir. Bulgular, Türkiye’de TCM uygulamalarının 2014 tarihli yönetmelikle kurumsallaştığını, 2024’te uluslararası sağlık hizmeti alan ziyaretçi sayısının 1.506.442’ye, gelirin 3,02 milyar ABD dolarına ulaştığını; 2025’in ilk iki çeyreğinde ise 733.798 ziyaretçi ve 1,62 milyar ABD doları gelir kaydedildiğini göstermektedir. Meksika’da ise yerli şifa pratikleri (temazcal, herbolaria, curanderismo) ile sınır-aşan diş/medikal turizm birlikte varlık göstermekte olup, literatür ve sektör analizleri ülkeye yılda yaklaşık 1,2–3 milyon sağlık amaçlı ziyaretçi geldiğini ve akışın büyük ölçüde ABD kaynaklı olduğunu bildirmektedir. Türkiye düzenleyici netlik, kurumsal yönetişim ve termal turizm entegrasyonu ile öne çıkarken; Meksika kültürel otantiklik, sınır yakınlığı ve maliyet avantajıyla farklı bir rekabet üstünlüğü sergilemektedir. Sonuç olarak, politika önerileri güvenlik ve kalite standartlarının güçlendirilmesi, akreditasyon süreçlerinin yaygınlaştırılması, ürün çeşitlendirmesi ve etik hassasiyetlerin kurumsallaştırılması yönünde şekillenmiştir. Bu çalışma, sağlık turizmi literatüründe TCM odaklı Türkiye–Meksika karşılaştırması eksikliğini gidererek özgün bir katkı sunmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırma etik kurul izni gerektirmemektedir.

References

  • Adams, K., Snyder, J., & Crooks, V. A. (2018). Medical tourism: A review of the policy debates. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7(3), 261–265. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.114
  • Adams, K., Snyder, J., Crooks, V. A., & Morgan, J. (2017). Medical tourism in Mexico: Ethical and policy dimensions. Global Social Policy, 17(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468018116680821
  • Ankara Kalkınma Ajansı. (2024). Arı ürünlerinde TCM yenilik merkezi projesi raporu. Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF). (2012). NOM-004-SSA3-2012, Del expediente clínico. Gobierno de México. Retrieved from https://diariooficial.segob.gob.mx/normasOficiales.php?codp=4909&view=si on October 4, 2025.
  • El País. (2023, June 15). Turismo dental en México: Un negocio de frontera. El País Internacional. Retrieved from https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-04-24/la-ciudad-mexicana-de-algodones-un-paraiso-de-clinicas-dentales-para-miles-de-turistas.html on July 10, 2025.
  • GlobalData. (2024). Medical tourism market analysis report 2023–2030. London: GlobalData Plc.
  • Global Health Intelligence. (2024). Medical tourism in Mexico: Market insights and trends. Miami: GHI Reports.
  • Global Wellness Institute. (2023). Global wellness economy monitor 2023. Miami: Global Wellness Institute. Retrieved from https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/GWI-WE-Monitor-2023_FINAL.pdf on July 8, 2025
  • HospitalityNet. (2023). Patient rights in cross-border healthcare. HospitalityNet Industry Insights. Retrieved from https://www.hospitalitynet.org/opinion/4124408.html on July 5, 2025.
  • Kaya, R. R., & Yılmaz, N. (2020). Türkiye ve Hindistan’da geleneksel tıp uygulamaları: Sağlık turizmi perspektifinden bir karşılaştırma. Journal of Traditional Medical Complementary Therapies, 3(3), 145–158.
  • Martínez Almanza, C. (2022). Temazcal y turismo cultural en México: Una revisión crítica. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Turísticos, 14(2), 35–54.
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. (2014). Regulation on Traditional and Complementary Medicine Practices. Ankara: Government Printing Office.
  • Presidency of Strategy and Budget (SBB). (2025). Twelfth development plan (2024–2028). Ankara: SBB Publications.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Health. (2017). Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) Portal. Retrieved from https://shgmTCMdb.saglik.gov.tr/TR,24683/geleneksel-ve-tamamlayici-tip-nedir.html on October 4, 2025
  • Ministry of Health, Republic of Türkiye. (2024). Health tourism report 2024. Ankara: Ministry of Health.
  • Secretaría de Salud. (2025). Dirección de Medicina Tradicional y Desarrollo Intercultural: Informe anual. Mexico City: Secretaría de Salud.
  • Turkish Council of Higher Education (YÖK). (2020). Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Centers in Türkiye. Ankara: YÖK Publications.
  • Uluslararası Sağlık Hizmetleri Anonim Şirketi (USHAŞ). (2025). Health tourism statistics 2019–2025. International Health Services Inc. Retrieved from https://www.ushas.com.tr/en/saglik-turizmi-verileri/ on July 6, 2025.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit: Gujarat Declaration. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 114 - 129, 18.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17959891

Abstract

In the health tourism literature, comparative country analyses focusing on Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) practices remain scarce, constituting a significant research gap. This study aims to examine TCM-based health tourism in the cases of Türkiye and Mexico. The analysis covers five dimensions: (i) regulatory framework, (ii) supply structure and service provision, (iii) demand dynamics and statistical indicators, (iv) quality and safety, and (v) ethical and societal implications. Data were obtained from official statistics and institutional reports (USHAŞ, TÜİK; Secretaría de Salud, COFEPRIS), the World Health Organization’s framework on traditional medicine, and selected academic publications. The findings reveal that in Türkiye, TCM practices have been institutionalized through the 2014 regulation, with international patient arrivals reaching 1,506,442 and revenues amounting to USD 3.02 billion in 2024; in the first two quarters of 2025 733,798 visitors and USD 1.62 billion in revenues were recorded. In Mexico, indigenous healing practices (temazcal, herbolaria, curanderismo) coexist with cross-border demand for dental and medical tourism, with industry reports estimating approximately 1.2–3 million health-related visitors annually, predominantly originating from the United States. Türkiye demonstrates comparative advantages in regulatory clarity, institutional governance, and integration with thermal tourism, whereas Mexico exhibits strengths in cultural authenticity, geographic proximity, and cost competitiveness. Policy recommendations emphasize strengthening safety and quality standards, expanding accreditation processes, diversifying service offerings, and institutionalizing ethical considerations. This study fills a gap in the health tourism literature by providing a comparative analysis of TCM-oriented practices in Türkiye and Mexico.

Ethical Statement

This research does not require ethics committee permission.

References

  • Adams, K., Snyder, J., & Crooks, V. A. (2018). Medical tourism: A review of the policy debates. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7(3), 261–265. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.114
  • Adams, K., Snyder, J., Crooks, V. A., & Morgan, J. (2017). Medical tourism in Mexico: Ethical and policy dimensions. Global Social Policy, 17(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468018116680821
  • Ankara Kalkınma Ajansı. (2024). Arı ürünlerinde TCM yenilik merkezi projesi raporu. Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF). (2012). NOM-004-SSA3-2012, Del expediente clínico. Gobierno de México. Retrieved from https://diariooficial.segob.gob.mx/normasOficiales.php?codp=4909&view=si on October 4, 2025.
  • El País. (2023, June 15). Turismo dental en México: Un negocio de frontera. El País Internacional. Retrieved from https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-04-24/la-ciudad-mexicana-de-algodones-un-paraiso-de-clinicas-dentales-para-miles-de-turistas.html on July 10, 2025.
  • GlobalData. (2024). Medical tourism market analysis report 2023–2030. London: GlobalData Plc.
  • Global Health Intelligence. (2024). Medical tourism in Mexico: Market insights and trends. Miami: GHI Reports.
  • Global Wellness Institute. (2023). Global wellness economy monitor 2023. Miami: Global Wellness Institute. Retrieved from https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/GWI-WE-Monitor-2023_FINAL.pdf on July 8, 2025
  • HospitalityNet. (2023). Patient rights in cross-border healthcare. HospitalityNet Industry Insights. Retrieved from https://www.hospitalitynet.org/opinion/4124408.html on July 5, 2025.
  • Kaya, R. R., & Yılmaz, N. (2020). Türkiye ve Hindistan’da geleneksel tıp uygulamaları: Sağlık turizmi perspektifinden bir karşılaştırma. Journal of Traditional Medical Complementary Therapies, 3(3), 145–158.
  • Martínez Almanza, C. (2022). Temazcal y turismo cultural en México: Una revisión crítica. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Turísticos, 14(2), 35–54.
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. (2014). Regulation on Traditional and Complementary Medicine Practices. Ankara: Government Printing Office.
  • Presidency of Strategy and Budget (SBB). (2025). Twelfth development plan (2024–2028). Ankara: SBB Publications.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Health. (2017). Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) Portal. Retrieved from https://shgmTCMdb.saglik.gov.tr/TR,24683/geleneksel-ve-tamamlayici-tip-nedir.html on October 4, 2025
  • Ministry of Health, Republic of Türkiye. (2024). Health tourism report 2024. Ankara: Ministry of Health.
  • Secretaría de Salud. (2025). Dirección de Medicina Tradicional y Desarrollo Intercultural: Informe anual. Mexico City: Secretaría de Salud.
  • Turkish Council of Higher Education (YÖK). (2020). Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Centers in Türkiye. Ankara: YÖK Publications.
  • Uluslararası Sağlık Hizmetleri Anonim Şirketi (USHAŞ). (2025). Health tourism statistics 2019–2025. International Health Services Inc. Retrieved from https://www.ushas.com.tr/en/saglik-turizmi-verileri/ on July 6, 2025.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit: Gujarat Declaration. Geneva: World Health Organization.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourist Behaviour and Visitor Experience, Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Toprak Kızılırmak Pirci 0000-0002-4477-4169

Leslie Tovilla Alegria 0009-0002-6848-303X

Submission Date August 29, 2025
Acceptance Date October 6, 2025
Publication Date December 18, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Pirci, T. K., & Tovilla Alegria, L. (2025). Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) in Health Tourism: Comparative Policy and Practice Analysis of Türkiye and Mexico. Journal of Applied Tourism Research, 6(2), 114-129. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17959891

Attention to previous issue authors, all articles have been provided with doi numbers via Zenodo. You can access the article doi numbers via the Zenodo link.


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