A Demographic Research on Compassion Fatigue and Job Satisfaction Levels of Aviation Employees

Abstract

Aviation is a high-cost sector dependent on quality, risk and sectoral developments. Aviation businesses include not only flight activities, but can also be expressed with a broad-spectrum organizational structure such as passenger, ground, and airport ramp services. The activities that make up the most important part of the aviation industry, such as the wishes and demands of the passengers or the conditions of the passengers requiring special care, are carried out. Customer satisfaction is the main vision of aviation enterprises struggling under global competition. In addition, security, one of the basic principles of aviation, should not be ignored. For this reason, it can be said that aviation workers work under a multidimensional pressure. It is evaluated that both the various demands of the people receiving the service, the sectoral safety procedures, and the constant physiological effects (pressure, high noise, etc.) affect the compassion fatigue and job satisfaction of aviation employees. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the compassion fatigue and job satisfaction levels of airport employees. Although there are studies on job satisfaction in the aviation industry, there are no studies on compassion fatigue. Therefore, this study is a first in this field. This research applied to 653 employees working at 62 airports operated in Turkey. According to the results of the research, a difference was found between compassion fatigue and the education, age, duty, and income status of aviation workers. It can be stated that the factors that reduce job satisfaction are an important factor in triggering compassion fatigue.

Keywords

• Compassion fatigue
• Job satisfaction
• Airport management
• Aviation

References

1. Alderfer, C. P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational behavior and human performance, 4(2), 142-175.
2. Badubi, R. M. (2017). Theories of motivation and their application in organizations: A risk analysis. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 3(3), 44-51.
3. Blyton, P., Lucio, M. M., McGurk, J., & Turnbull, P. (2001). Globalization and trade union strategy: Industrial restructuring and human resource management in the international civil aviation industry. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(3), 445-463.
4. Botha, A., & Venter, J. M. P. (2016). The effect of life stages on needs satisfied by credit used, according to Alderfer’s existence relatedness growth theory. Risk Governance & Control: Financial Markets & Institutions, 6(4), 324-333.
5. Bride, B. E., Radey, M., & Figley, C. R. (2007). Measuring compassion fatigue. Clinical social work journal, 35(3), 155-163.
6. Carlan, P. E. (2007). The search for job satisfaction: A survey of Alabama policing. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(1-2), 74-86.
7. Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of ERG: A literature review. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 5(1), 2-8.
8. Chimanikire, P., Mut, E., Gadzirayi, C. T., Muzondo, N., & Mut, B. (2007). Factors affecting job satisfaction among academic professionals in tertiary institutions in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Business Management, 1(6), 166-175.

9. Chin, C. L. (2018). The influence of job satisfaction on employee turnover intention in the manufacturing industry of Malaysia. Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 1(2), 53-63.
10. Coetzee, S. K., & Klopper, H. C. (2010). Compassion fatigue within nursing practice: A concept analysis. Nursing & health sciences, 12(2), 235-243.
11. Condon, P., & DeSteno, D. (2011). Compassion for one reduces punishment for another. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(3), 698-701.
12. Côté, K., Lauzier, M., & Stinglhamber, F. (2021). The relationship between presenteeism and job satisfaction: A mediated moderation model using work engagement and perceived organizational support. European Management Journal, 39(2), 270-278.
13. Cranny, C.J., Smith, P.C., & Stone, E. (1992). Job Satisfaction: How People Feel About Their Jobs. Wiley Library.
14. Dartey-Baah, K., & Amoako, G. K. (2011). Application of Frederick Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory in assessing and understanding employee motivation at work: a Ghanaian Perspective. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(9), 1-8.
15. Davis, K. (1988). İşletmede İnsan Davranışı-Örgütsel Davranış, Çev, Kemal Tosun. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Yayını, İstanbul.
16. DePanfilis, D. (2006). Compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction: Implications for retention of workers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(10), 1067-1069.
17. Devilly, G. J., Wright, R., & Varker, T. (2009). Vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress or simply burnout? Effect of trauma therapy on mental health professionals. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(4), 373-385.
18. Dutton, J. E., Workman, K. M., & Hardin, A. E. (2014). Compassion at work. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., 1(1), 277-304.
19. Fallatah, R. H. M., & Syed, J. (2018). A critical review of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Employee motivation in Saudi Arabia, 19-59.
20. Freund, A. (2005). Commitment and job satisfaction as predictors of turnover intentions among welfare workers. Administration in social work, 29(2), 5-21.
21. Furnham, A., Petrides, K. V., Jackson, C. J., & Cotter, T. (2002). Do personality factors predict job satisfaction? Personality and individual differences, 33(8), 1325-1342.
22. Gábor, H. V. (2018). Public service motivation (PSM) and job satisfaction in case of Hungarian local public service. Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science, 17(1), 23- 30.
23. Gazioglu, S., & Tansel, A. (2006). Job satisfaction in Britain: individual and job related factors. Applied economics, 38(10), 1163-1171.
24. Gius, M. (2014). Using fixed effects to estimate the impact of merit pay on teacher job satisfaction. Journal of Economics & Economic Education Research, 15(1), 17-30.
25. Grant, H. B., Lavery, C. F., & Decarlo, J. (2019). An exploratory study of police officers: Low compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2793., doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02793
26. Habibi, E., Amini, N., Porabdian, S., & Rismanchian, M. (2008). Assessment of relationship between Macro Ergonomic conditions and employees work satisfaction Touse-eh and Omran factory. Iran Occupational Health, 5(1), 15-20.
27. Harrell, A. M., & Stahl, M. J. (1984). McClelland's trichotomy of needs theory and the job satisfaction and work performance of CPA firm professionals. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 9(3-4), 241- 252.
28. Harrington, D., Bean, N., Pintello, D., & Mathews, D. (2001). Job satisfaction and burnout: Predictors of intentions to leave a job in a military setting. Administration in social work, 25(3), 1-16.
29. Hoole, C., & Vermeulen, L. P. (2003). Job satisfaction among South African aircraft pilots. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(1), 52-57.
30. Iqbal, M. (2012). Impact of Job Satisfaction and Job Control on Organizational Commitment: A Case Study of Air Traffic Controllers of Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority. Journal of managerial sciences, 6(2).140-154.
31. Iqbal, M., & Waseem, M. A. (2012). Impact of job stress on job satisfaction among air traffic controllers of civil aviation authority: An empirical study from Pakistan. International journal of human resource studies, 2(2), 53-70.
32. Ishaque, A., & Shahzad, K. (2016). Impact of internal marketing on employee behaviors: Mediating role of employee job satisfaction. Abasyn University Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 233-250.
33. Jenkins, B. & Warren, N.A. (2012). Concept Analysis: Compassion Fatigue and Effects Upon Critical Care Nurses, Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, (35), 388-395.
34. Jou, R. C., Kuo, C. W., & Tang, M. L. (2013). A study of job stress and turnover tendency among air traffic controllers: The mediating effects of job satisfaction. Transportation research part E: logistics and transportation review, 57, 95-104.
35. Krongboonying, W., & Lin, Y. C. (2015). The moderating effect of perceived supervisor support on the relationship between organizational politics and job satisfaction in aviation industry in Thailand. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 84, 99-107.
36. Lee, X., Yang, B., & Li, W. (2017). The influence factors of job satisfaction and its relationship with turnover intention: Taking early-career employees as an example. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 33(3), 697-707.
37. Li, A., Early, S. F., Mahrer, N. E., Klaristenfeld, J. L., & Gold, J. I. (2014). Group cohesion and organizational commitment: protective factors for nurse residents' job satisfaction, compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout. Journal of Professional Nursing, 30(1), 89-99.
38. Linn, L. S., Yager, J., Cope, D., & Leake, B. (1985). Health status, job satisfaction, job stress, and life satisfaction among academic and clinical faculty. Jama, 254(19), 2775-2782.
39. Mac Clelland, D. C. (1961). Achieving society (Vol. 92051). Simon and Schuster.
40. Maidani, E. A. (1991). Comparative study of Herzberg's two-factor theory of job satisfaction among public and private sectors. Public personnel management, 20(4), 441-448.
41. Mansour, D., Bhardwaj, A. B., & Chopra, A. (2021). Relating OCEAN (Big Five) to Job Satisfaction in Aviation, 2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE) (285-289). IEEE.
42. Martin, U., & Schinke, S. P. (1998). Organizational and individual factors influencing job satisfaction and burnout of mental health workers. Social work in health care, 28(2), 51-62.
43. May, C. R., & Decker, R. H. (1988). Putting Herzberg's Two Factor Theory of Motivation in Perspective. Planning and Changing, 19(3), 141-49.
44. May, D. R., Schwoerer, C. E., Reed, K., & Potter, P. (1997). Employee reactions to ergonomic job design: The moderating effects of health locus of control and self-efficacy. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2(1), 11.
45. Mehta, P. (2019). Exploring the linkage between demographic and job satisfaction of employees working in civil aviation industry. Journal of Organisation & Human Behaviour, 8(4).27-33
46. Mishra, P. K. (2013). Job satisfaction. IOSR journal of humanities and social science, 14(5), 45-54.
47. Nahar, R., Islam, R., & Ullah, K. T. (2017). Identifying the factors for reducing employee turnover rate in aviation business: Bangladesh context. Australian Academy of Business and Economics Review, 3(1), 39-46.
48. Ololube, N. P. (2006). Teachers job satisfaction and motivation for school effectiveness: An assessment. Essays in Education, 18(1), 9.
49. Osemeke, M., & Adegboyega, S. (2017). Critical review and comparism between Maslow, Herzberg, and McClelland’s theory of needs. Funai Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance, 1(1), 161-173.
50. Pandey, P., & Asthana, P. K. (2017). An empirical study of factors influencing job satisfaction. Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies, 8(3), 96-105.
51. Papanastasiou, E. C., & Zembylas, M. (2005). Job satisfaction variance among public and private kindergarten school teachers in Cyprus. International Journal of Educational Research, 43(3), 147-167.
52. Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Tóth-Király, I. (2020). The development and validation of the Compassion Scale. Assessment, 27(1), 21-39.
53. Poulou, M. S., & Norwich, B. (2019). Adolescent students’ psychological needs: Development of an existence, relatedness, and growth needs scale. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 7(1), 75-83.
54. Rawashdeh, A., Al-Saraireh, A., & Obeidat, G. (2015). Does organizational culture matter for job satisfaction in Jordanian private aviation companies? International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 7(2), 107-115.
55. Royle, M. T., & Hall, A. T. (2012). The relationship between McClelland’s theory of needs, feeling individually accountable, and informal accountability for others. International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 5(1), 21-42.
56. Saber, D. A. (2013). Generational differences of the frontline nursing workforce in relation to job satisfaction: what does the literature reveal? The health care manager, 32(4), 329-335.
57. Sang, KJC, Stephen G. Ison, and Andrew RJ Dainty. (2009) The job satisfaction of UK architects and relationships with work‐life balance and turnover intentions. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 16(3), 288-300
58. Sanjeev, M. A., & Surya, A. V. (2016). Two factor theory of motivation and satisfaction: An empirical verification. Annals of Data Science, 3(2), 155-173.
59. Schneider, B., & Alderfer, C. P. (1973). Three studies of measures of need satisfaction in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 489-505.
60. Schweitzer, D., Chianello, T., & Kothari, B. (2013). Compensation in social work: Critical for satisfaction and a sustainable profession. Administration in Social Work, 37(2), 147-157.
61. Shahrawat, A., & Shahrawat, R. (2017). Application of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in a historical context: Case studies of four prominent figures. Psychology, 8(7), 939-954.
62. Shobe, K. (2018). Productivity driven by job satisfaction, physical work environment, management support and job autonomy. Business and Economics Journal, 9(2), 1-9.
63. Shu, X., Gong, Y., Xiong, J., & Hu, X. (2018). Job satisfaction, turnover intention and work performance in Chinese family enterprises. Management International/International Management/Gestión Internacional, 22(2), 84-95.
64. Slatten, L. A., Carson, K. D., & Carson, P. P. (2011). Compassion fatigue and burnout: What managers should know. The Health Care Manager, 30(4), 325-333.
65. Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. American journal of community psychology, 13(6), 693-713.
66. Stamm, B. H. (2002). Measuring compassion satisfaction as well as fatigue: developing history of the compassion satisfaction and fatigue test, Figley CR, editor. Treating Compassion Fatigue. New York: Brunner-Routledge, 107-119.
67. Sullivan, D. J. (1998). Job Satisfaction Among United States Navy and Marine Corps Aviation Officers-A Study of the Impact on Career Retention. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey CA., Master Thesis.
68. Thiagaraj, D., & Thangaswamy, A. (2017). Theoretical concept of job satisfaction-a study. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 5(6), 464-470.
69. Viken, R. J., & McFall, R. M. (1994). Paradox lost: Implications of contemporary reinforcement theory for behavior therapy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3(4), 121-125.
70. Villere, M. F., & Hartman, S. S. (1991). Reinforcement theory: A practical tool. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.12(2), 27-31.
71. Voltmer, E., Rosta, J., Siegrist, J., & Aasland, O. G. (2012). Job stress and job satisfaction of physicians in private practice: comparison of German and Norwegian physicians. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 85(7), 819-828.
72. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. Wiley.
73. Wanous, J. P., & Zwany, A. (1977). A cross-sectional test of need hierarchy theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 18(1), 78-97.
74. Waqas, A., Bashir, U., Sattar, M. F., Abdullah, H. M., Hussain, I., Anjum, W., & Arshad, R. (2014). Factors influencing job satisfaction and its impact on job loyalty. International Journal of Learning and Development, 4(2), 141-161.
75. Waytz, A. (2016). The Limits of Empathy, Harvard Business Review, 68-73.
76. Wei, L. T., & Yazdanifard, R. (2014). The impact of positive reinforcement on employees’ performance in organizations. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 4(1), 9-12
77. Wei, M., Liao, K. Y. H., Ku, T. Y., & Shaffer, P. A. (2011). Attachment, self‐compassion, empathy, and subjective well‐being among college students and community adults. Journal of personality, 79(1), 191-221.
78. Welp, L. R., & Brown, C. M. (2014). Self-compassion, empathy, and helping intentions. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(1), 54-65.
79. Whitebird, R. R., Asche, S. E., Thompson, G. L., Rossom, R., & Heinrich, R. (2013). Stress, burnout, compassion fatigue, and mental health in hospice workers in Minnesota. Journal of palliative medicine, 16(12), 1534-1539.
80. Yang, Y. H., & Kim, J. K. (2016). Factors influencing turnover intention in clinical nurses: Compassion fatigue, coping, social support, and job satisfaction. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 22(5), 562-569.
81. Yoder, E. A. (2010). Compassion fatigue in nurses. Applied nursing research, 23(4), 191-197.
82. Zboja, J. J., Jackson, R. W., & Grimes-Rose, M. (2020). An expectancy theory perspective of volunteerism: the roles of powerlessness, attitude toward charitable organizations, and attitude toward helping others. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 17(4), 493-507.