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A New Agent in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extract

Year 2021, , 117 - 125, 20.09.2021

Levent Şahin , Erdem Toktay , Ahmet Harmankaya , Pinar Aksu Kılıçle , Muhammed Yayla , Hüseyin Fatih Gül

https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.943752

Abstract

Purpose: We aimed to investigate dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) extract effectiveness by creating a nephropathy model with contrast media toxicity after dehydration and furosemide administration to rats.
Methods: Total 36 male Sprague dawley rats were randomly allocated into 6 groups (n: 6). At the end of the experiment kidney organs and blood was taken for histopathologic and biochemical analyze (malondialdehyde, glutathione, serum urea nitrogen and serum creatine).
Results: Renal injury markers of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels decreased (p<0.05) in the groups that given dragon fruit extract depending on the dose manner compared to the group that was given contrast media. While oxidative stress increased in given contrast media group, MDA levels improved statistically significance in the groups given dragon fruit extract depending on the dose compared to the group that was given contrast media. Also tissue GSH levels increased in the groups given dragon fruit extract depending on the dose compared to the group that was given contrast media. Vacuolization damage was minimal and inflammation was not seen in these groups according to the histopathological analyses.
Conclusion: Dragon fruit extract, a strong antioxidative agent, application together with contrast media can play a protective role against renal tubule via reduced renal injury markers, oxidative damage.

Keywords

Contrast induced nephropathy dragon fruit extract kidney oxidative stress rat

Supporting Institution

Yok

Project Number

Yok

Thanks

Thanks to Oğuzhan Kılıç for the fresh and fast delivery of the fruits.

References

  • 1. Li PK, Burdmann EA, Mehta RL. World Kidney Day 2013: acute kidney injury-global health alert. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2013;61:3:359-63. Doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.01.002
  • 2. Itoh Y, Yano T, Sendo T, Oishi R. Clinical and experimental evidence for prevention of acute renal failure induced by radiographic contrast media. Journal of pharmacological sciences 2005;97:4:473-88. Doi:10.1254/jphs.crj05002x
  • 3. Jabara R, Gadesam RR, Pendyala LK, et al. Impact of the definition utilized on the rate of contrast-induced nephropathy in percutaneous coronary intervention. The American journal of cardiology 2009;103:12:1657-62. Doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.02.039
  • 4. Sendeski MM. Pathophysiology of renal tissue damage by iodinated contrast media. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology 2011;38:5:292-9. Doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05503.x
  • 5. Hizoh I, Haller C. Radiocontrast-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis: hypertonic versus oxidative stress. Investigative radiology 2002;37:8:428-34. Doi:10.1097/00004424-200208000-00003
  • 6. Heyman SN, Rosen S, Khamaisi M, Idee JM, Rosenberger C. Reactive oxygen species and the pathogenesis of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Investigative radiology 2010;45:4:188-95. Doi:10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181d2eed8
  • 7. Faggioni M, Mehran R. Preventing Contrast-induced Renal Failure: A Guide. Interventional cardiology 2016;11:2:98-104. Doi:10.15420/icr.2016:10:2
  • 8. Spargias K, Alexopoulos E, Kyrzopoulos S, et al. Ascorbic acid prevents contrast-mediated nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. Circulation 2004;110:18:2837-42. Doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000146396.19081.73
  • 9. Pannu N, Wiebe N, Tonelli M, Alberta Kidney Disease N. Prophylaxis strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy. Jama 2006;295:23:2765-79. Doi:10.1001/jama.295.23.2765
  • 10. Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Marana I, et al. N-acetylcysteine and contrast-induced nephropathy in primary angioplasty. The New England journal of medicine 2006;354:26:2773-82. Doi:10.1056/NEJMoa054209
  • 11. Colbay M, Yuksel S, Uslan I, et al. Novel approach for the prevention of contrast nephropathy. Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie 2010;62:1:81-9. Doi:10.1016/j.etp.2009.02.119
  • 12. Onbasili AO, Yeniceriglu Y, Agaoglu P, et al. Trimetazidine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary procedures. Heart 2007;93:6:698-702. Doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.097477
  • 13. Yoshida S, Kamihata H, Nakamura S, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by chronic pravastatin treatment in patients with cardiovascular disease and renal insufficiency. Journal of cardiology 2009;54:2:192-8. Doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2009.05.006
  • 14. Macias-Ceja DC, Cosin-Roger J, Ortiz-Masia D, et al. The flesh ethanolic extract of Hylocereus polyrhizus exerts anti-inflammatory effects and prevents murine colitis. Clinical nutrition 2016;35:6:1333-9. Doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.02.013
  • 15. Wu L-c, Hsu H-W, Chen Y-C, Chiu C-C, Lin Y-I, Ho J-aA. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of red pitaya. Food Chemistry 2006;95:2:319-27
  • 16. Zainoldin Kh, Baba AS. The Effect Of Hylocereus Polyrhizus And Hylocereus Undatus On Physicochemical, Proteolysis, And Antioxidant Activity In Yogurt. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 2009;60:361-6
  • 17. Castro-Enriquez DD, Montano-Leyva B, Del Toro-Sanchez CL, et al. Effect of Ultrafiltration of Pitaya Extract (Stenocereus thurberi) on Its Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant Capacity, and UPLC-DAD-MS Profile. Molecules 2020;25:2. Doi:10.3390/molecules25020281
  • 18. Hartono MR, Suardita K, Yuliati A. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell after exposure to red flesh dragon fruit extract. Dental research journal 2020;17:2:107-13
  • 19. Som AM, Ahmat N, Abdul Hamid HA, Azizuddin N. A comparative study on foliage and peels of Hylocereus undatus (white dragon fruit) regarding their antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Heliyon 2019;5:2:e01244. Doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01244
  • 20. Yoshioka T, Kawada K, Shimada T, Mori M. Lipid peroxidation in maternal and cord blood and protective mechanism against activated-oxygen toxicity in the blood. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 1979;135:3:372-6. Doi:10.1016/0002-9378(79)90708-7
  • 21. Beutler E, Duron O, Kelly BM. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine 1963;61:882-8
  • 22. Akgullu C, Hekim T, Eryilmaz U, et al. The usefulness of carvedilol and nebivolol in preventing contrast nephropathy in rats. Renal failure 2015;37:3:511-7. Doi:10.3109/0886022X.2015.1006087
  • 23. Rihal CS, Textor SC, Grill DE, et al. Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2002;105:19:2259-64. Doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000016043.87291.33
  • 24. Kim H, Choi HK, Moon JY, Kim YS, Mosaddik A, Cho SK. Comparative antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of red and white pitayas and their correlation with flavonoid and polyphenol content. Journal of food science 2011;76:1:C38-45. Doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01908.x
  • 25. Morais SGG, da Silva Campelo Borges G, Dos Santos Lima M, Martin-Belloso O, Magnani M. Effects of probiotics on the content and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds in red pitaya pulp. Food research international 2019;126:108681. Doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108681
  • 26. Boyacioglu M, Turgut H, Akgullu C, Eryilmaz U, Kum C, Onbasili OA. The effect of L-carnitine on oxidative stress responses of experimental contrast-induced nephropathy in rats. The Journal of veterinary medical science 2014;76:1:1-8. Doi:10.1292/jvms.13-0202
  • 27. Kongkham S, Sriwong S, Tasanarong A. Protective effect of alpha tocopherol on contrast-induced nephropathy in rats. Nefrologia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola Nefrologia 2013;33:1:116-23. Doi:10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2012.Nov.11736
  • 28. Aksu F, Aksu B, Unlu N, et al. Antioxidant and renoprotective effects of sphingosylphosphorylcholine on contrast-induced nephropathy in rats. Renal failure 2016;38:7:1089-98. Doi:10.1080/0886022X.2016.1194142
  • 29. Aspelin P, Aubry P, Fransson SG, et al. Nephrotoxic effects in high-risk patients undergoing angiography. The New England journal of medicine 2003;348:6:491-9. Doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021833
  • 30. Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. The World Allergy Organization journal 2012;5:1:9-19. Doi:10.1097/WOX.0b013e3182439613
  • 31. Ari E, Kedrah AE, Alahdab Y, et al. Antioxidant and renoprotective effects of paricalcitol on experimental contrast-induced nephropathy model. The British journal of radiology 2012;85:1016:1038-43. Doi:10.1259/bjr/16327485
  • 32. Toprak O, Cirit M, Tanrisev M, et al. Preventive effect of nebivolol on contrast-induced nephropathy in rats. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2008;23:3:853-9. Doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm691
  • 33. Rebecca O, Boyce A, Chandran S. Pigment identification and antioxidant properties of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). African Journal of Biotechnology 2010;9:10:1450-4
  • 34. Jones DP. Radical-free biology of oxidative stress. American journal of physiology Cell physiology 2008;295:4:C849-68. Doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00283.2008
  • 35. Ho E, Karimi Galougahi K, Liu CC, Bhindi R, Figtree GA. Biological markers of oxidative stress: Applications to cardiovascular research and practice. Redox biology 2013;1:483-91. Doi:10.1016/j.redox.2013.07.006
  • 36. Buyuklu M, Kandemir FM, Ozkaraca M, Set T, Bakirci EM, Topal E. Protective effect of curcumin against contrast induced nephropathy in rat kidney: what is happening to oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis? European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2014;18:4:461-70
  • 37. Vijayakumar R, Abd Gani SS, Zaidan UH, Halmi MIE, Karunakaran T, Hamdan MR. Exploring the Potential Use of Hylocereus polyrhizus Peels as a Source of Cosmeceutical Sunscreen Agent for Its Antioxidant and Photoprotective Properties. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 2020;2020:7520736. Doi:10.1155/2020/7520736
  • 38. Kiss N, Hamar P. Histopathological Evaluation of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Rodent Models. BioMed research international 2016;2016:3763250. Doi:10.1155/2016/3763250
  • 39. Matsuzawa T, Nomura M, Unno T. Clinical pathology reference ranges of laboratory animals. Working Group II, Nonclinical Safety Evaluation Subcommittee of the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association. The Journal of veterinary medical science 1993;55:3:351-62. Doi:10.1292/jvms.55.351

Year 2021, , 117 - 125, 20.09.2021

Levent Şahin , Erdem Toktay , Ahmet Harmankaya , Pinar Aksu Kılıçle , Muhammed Yayla , Hüseyin Fatih Gül

https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.943752

Abstract

Project Number

Yok

References

  • 1. Li PK, Burdmann EA, Mehta RL. World Kidney Day 2013: acute kidney injury-global health alert. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2013;61:3:359-63. Doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.01.002
  • 2. Itoh Y, Yano T, Sendo T, Oishi R. Clinical and experimental evidence for prevention of acute renal failure induced by radiographic contrast media. Journal of pharmacological sciences 2005;97:4:473-88. Doi:10.1254/jphs.crj05002x
  • 3. Jabara R, Gadesam RR, Pendyala LK, et al. Impact of the definition utilized on the rate of contrast-induced nephropathy in percutaneous coronary intervention. The American journal of cardiology 2009;103:12:1657-62. Doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.02.039
  • 4. Sendeski MM. Pathophysiology of renal tissue damage by iodinated contrast media. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology 2011;38:5:292-9. Doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05503.x
  • 5. Hizoh I, Haller C. Radiocontrast-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis: hypertonic versus oxidative stress. Investigative radiology 2002;37:8:428-34. Doi:10.1097/00004424-200208000-00003
  • 6. Heyman SN, Rosen S, Khamaisi M, Idee JM, Rosenberger C. Reactive oxygen species and the pathogenesis of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Investigative radiology 2010;45:4:188-95. Doi:10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181d2eed8
  • 7. Faggioni M, Mehran R. Preventing Contrast-induced Renal Failure: A Guide. Interventional cardiology 2016;11:2:98-104. Doi:10.15420/icr.2016:10:2
  • 8. Spargias K, Alexopoulos E, Kyrzopoulos S, et al. Ascorbic acid prevents contrast-mediated nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. Circulation 2004;110:18:2837-42. Doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000146396.19081.73
  • 9. Pannu N, Wiebe N, Tonelli M, Alberta Kidney Disease N. Prophylaxis strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy. Jama 2006;295:23:2765-79. Doi:10.1001/jama.295.23.2765
  • 10. Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Marana I, et al. N-acetylcysteine and contrast-induced nephropathy in primary angioplasty. The New England journal of medicine 2006;354:26:2773-82. Doi:10.1056/NEJMoa054209
  • 11. Colbay M, Yuksel S, Uslan I, et al. Novel approach for the prevention of contrast nephropathy. Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie 2010;62:1:81-9. Doi:10.1016/j.etp.2009.02.119
  • 12. Onbasili AO, Yeniceriglu Y, Agaoglu P, et al. Trimetazidine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary procedures. Heart 2007;93:6:698-702. Doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.097477
  • 13. Yoshida S, Kamihata H, Nakamura S, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by chronic pravastatin treatment in patients with cardiovascular disease and renal insufficiency. Journal of cardiology 2009;54:2:192-8. Doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2009.05.006
  • 14. Macias-Ceja DC, Cosin-Roger J, Ortiz-Masia D, et al. The flesh ethanolic extract of Hylocereus polyrhizus exerts anti-inflammatory effects and prevents murine colitis. Clinical nutrition 2016;35:6:1333-9. Doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.02.013
  • 15. Wu L-c, Hsu H-W, Chen Y-C, Chiu C-C, Lin Y-I, Ho J-aA. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of red pitaya. Food Chemistry 2006;95:2:319-27
  • 16. Zainoldin Kh, Baba AS. The Effect Of Hylocereus Polyrhizus And Hylocereus Undatus On Physicochemical, Proteolysis, And Antioxidant Activity In Yogurt. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 2009;60:361-6
  • 17. Castro-Enriquez DD, Montano-Leyva B, Del Toro-Sanchez CL, et al. Effect of Ultrafiltration of Pitaya Extract (Stenocereus thurberi) on Its Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant Capacity, and UPLC-DAD-MS Profile. Molecules 2020;25:2. Doi:10.3390/molecules25020281
  • 18. Hartono MR, Suardita K, Yuliati A. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell after exposure to red flesh dragon fruit extract. Dental research journal 2020;17:2:107-13
  • 19. Som AM, Ahmat N, Abdul Hamid HA, Azizuddin N. A comparative study on foliage and peels of Hylocereus undatus (white dragon fruit) regarding their antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Heliyon 2019;5:2:e01244. Doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01244
  • 20. Yoshioka T, Kawada K, Shimada T, Mori M. Lipid peroxidation in maternal and cord blood and protective mechanism against activated-oxygen toxicity in the blood. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 1979;135:3:372-6. Doi:10.1016/0002-9378(79)90708-7
  • 21. Beutler E, Duron O, Kelly BM. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine 1963;61:882-8
  • 22. Akgullu C, Hekim T, Eryilmaz U, et al. The usefulness of carvedilol and nebivolol in preventing contrast nephropathy in rats. Renal failure 2015;37:3:511-7. Doi:10.3109/0886022X.2015.1006087
  • 23. Rihal CS, Textor SC, Grill DE, et al. Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2002;105:19:2259-64. Doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000016043.87291.33
  • 24. Kim H, Choi HK, Moon JY, Kim YS, Mosaddik A, Cho SK. Comparative antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of red and white pitayas and their correlation with flavonoid and polyphenol content. Journal of food science 2011;76:1:C38-45. Doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01908.x
  • 25. Morais SGG, da Silva Campelo Borges G, Dos Santos Lima M, Martin-Belloso O, Magnani M. Effects of probiotics on the content and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds in red pitaya pulp. Food research international 2019;126:108681. Doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108681
  • 26. Boyacioglu M, Turgut H, Akgullu C, Eryilmaz U, Kum C, Onbasili OA. The effect of L-carnitine on oxidative stress responses of experimental contrast-induced nephropathy in rats. The Journal of veterinary medical science 2014;76:1:1-8. Doi:10.1292/jvms.13-0202
  • 27. Kongkham S, Sriwong S, Tasanarong A. Protective effect of alpha tocopherol on contrast-induced nephropathy in rats. Nefrologia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola Nefrologia 2013;33:1:116-23. Doi:10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2012.Nov.11736
  • 28. Aksu F, Aksu B, Unlu N, et al. Antioxidant and renoprotective effects of sphingosylphosphorylcholine on contrast-induced nephropathy in rats. Renal failure 2016;38:7:1089-98. Doi:10.1080/0886022X.2016.1194142
  • 29. Aspelin P, Aubry P, Fransson SG, et al. Nephrotoxic effects in high-risk patients undergoing angiography. The New England journal of medicine 2003;348:6:491-9. Doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021833
  • 30. Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. The World Allergy Organization journal 2012;5:1:9-19. Doi:10.1097/WOX.0b013e3182439613
  • 31. Ari E, Kedrah AE, Alahdab Y, et al. Antioxidant and renoprotective effects of paricalcitol on experimental contrast-induced nephropathy model. The British journal of radiology 2012;85:1016:1038-43. Doi:10.1259/bjr/16327485
  • 32. Toprak O, Cirit M, Tanrisev M, et al. Preventive effect of nebivolol on contrast-induced nephropathy in rats. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2008;23:3:853-9. Doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm691
  • 33. Rebecca O, Boyce A, Chandran S. Pigment identification and antioxidant properties of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). African Journal of Biotechnology 2010;9:10:1450-4
  • 34. Jones DP. Radical-free biology of oxidative stress. American journal of physiology Cell physiology 2008;295:4:C849-68. Doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00283.2008
  • 35. Ho E, Karimi Galougahi K, Liu CC, Bhindi R, Figtree GA. Biological markers of oxidative stress: Applications to cardiovascular research and practice. Redox biology 2013;1:483-91. Doi:10.1016/j.redox.2013.07.006
  • 36. Buyuklu M, Kandemir FM, Ozkaraca M, Set T, Bakirci EM, Topal E. Protective effect of curcumin against contrast induced nephropathy in rat kidney: what is happening to oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis? European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2014;18:4:461-70
  • 37. Vijayakumar R, Abd Gani SS, Zaidan UH, Halmi MIE, Karunakaran T, Hamdan MR. Exploring the Potential Use of Hylocereus polyrhizus Peels as a Source of Cosmeceutical Sunscreen Agent for Its Antioxidant and Photoprotective Properties. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 2020;2020:7520736. Doi:10.1155/2020/7520736
  • 38. Kiss N, Hamar P. Histopathological Evaluation of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Rodent Models. BioMed research international 2016;2016:3763250. Doi:10.1155/2016/3763250
  • 39. Matsuzawa T, Nomura M, Unno T. Clinical pathology reference ranges of laboratory animals. Working Group II, Nonclinical Safety Evaluation Subcommittee of the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association. The Journal of veterinary medical science 1993;55:3:351-62. Doi:10.1292/jvms.55.351
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Levent Şahin 0000-0003-0193-4393

Erdem Toktay 0000-0002-7447-6023

Ahmet Harmankaya 0000-0001-9923-6723

Pinar Aksu Kılıçle 0000-0002-3567-5775

Muhammed Yayla 0000-0002-0659-3084

Hüseyin Fatih Gül 0000-0002-9828-1298

Project Number Yok
Publication Date September 20, 2021
Submission Date May 28, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Şahin, L., Toktay, E., Harmankaya, A., Aksu Kılıçle, P., et al. (2021). A New Agent in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extract. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 5(3), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.943752
AMA Şahin L, Toktay E, Harmankaya A, Aksu Kılıçle P, Yayla M, Gül HF. A New Agent in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extract. JBACHS. September 2021;5(3):117-125. doi:10.30621/jbachs.943752
Chicago Şahin, Levent, Erdem Toktay, Ahmet Harmankaya, Pinar Aksu Kılıçle, Muhammed Yayla, and Hüseyin Fatih Gül. “A New Agent in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) Extract”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 5, no. 3 (September 2021): 117-25. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.943752.
EndNote Şahin L, Toktay E, Harmankaya A, Aksu Kılıçle P, Yayla M, Gül HF (September 1, 2021) A New Agent in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extract. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 5 3 117–125.
IEEE L. Şahin, E. Toktay, A. Harmankaya, P. Aksu Kılıçle, M. Yayla, and H. F. Gül, “A New Agent in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extract”, JBACHS, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 117–125, 2021, doi: 10.30621/jbachs.943752.
ISNAD Şahin, Levent et al. “A New Agent in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) Extract”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 5/3 (September 2021), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.943752.
JAMA Şahin L, Toktay E, Harmankaya A, Aksu Kılıçle P, Yayla M, Gül HF. A New Agent in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extract. JBACHS. 2021;5:117–125.
MLA Şahin, Levent et al. “A New Agent in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) Extract”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, vol. 5, no. 3, 2021, pp. 117-25, doi:10.30621/jbachs.943752.
Vancouver Şahin L, Toktay E, Harmankaya A, Aksu Kılıçle P, Yayla M, Gül HF. A New Agent in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extract. JBACHS. 2021;5(3):117-25.