Psychometric Properties of the Cultural Awareness Scale: Northern Cyprus Sample

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 95 - 102, 30.09.2023

Candan Öztürk , Suzan Tek Ayaz , Murat Bektaş

https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1215349

Abstract

Purpose: The study was carried out a descriptive-correlational to determine the validity and reliability of the "Cultural Awareness Scale" on nursing students studying in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
Methods: The research was carried out with 559 students studying in a Faculty of Nursing located in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus where medium of instruction is Turkish. Data were collected with Cultural Awareness Scale and demographic questionnaire. Data were analysed content validity index, factor analysis, cronbach's alpha, split-half and item-total correlation.
Results: The student mean age was 22.38, + 2.67. Of all the students, 71.4 % (n = 399) were female, 85.5% (n = 478) did not take inter-cultural nursing lessons, and 62.3% (n = 348) gave patients from different cultures care. The scale consisted of five subscales accounting for 59.4 % of the total variance. The factor loading of items varied from 0.31 to 0.88. In CFA, all fit indices are greater than 0.90. The RMSEA value is less than 0.08. All factor loading was above 0.30. The Cronbach alpha of co-efficient (CAC) of the overall scale and sub-scales were 0.86, 0.86, 0.89, 0.89, 0.87 and 0.93 respectively.
Conclusion: By using this scale; researchers may measure the student cultural awareness levels, may create course curricula, and examine the change in students' cultural awareness over the years. Cross-cultural comparisons and experimental studies can be made using the scale.

Keywords

Cultural Awareness, Scale, Validity, Reliability

References

• IOM. World migration report 2020. World Health Organization. 2020. Available from: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf
• Rew L, Becker H, Cookston J, Khosropour S, Martinez S. Measuring cultural awareness in nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education, 2003;42(6): 249-257. doi:10.3928/0148-4834-20030601-07
• Brathwaite AC. Selection of a conceptual model/framework for guiding research interventions. Internet Journal of Advanced Nursing Practice, 2003; 6(1): 1-10.
• Campinha-Bacote J. The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services: A model of care. Journal of transcultural nursing, 2002; 13(3): 181-184. doi:10.1177/10459602013003003.
• Crestani AH, Moraes AB, Souza APR. Content validation: clarity/relevance, reliability and internal consistency of enunciative signs of language acquisition. Codas, 2017;29(4): e20160180. doi:10.1590/2317-1782/201720160180
• Rew L, Becker H, Chontichachalalauk J, Lee HY. Cultural diversity among nursing students: re-analysis of the cultural awareness scale. Journal of Nursing Education, 2014;53(2): 71-76. doi:10.3928/01484834-20140122-01
• Hall ., Lee SY, Clark PC, Perilla J. Social ecology of adherence to hypertension treatment in latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 2016;27(1): 33–41.
• Steed MR. Cultural competence in certified registered nurse anesthetists (Doctoral dissertation). 2015; Walden University, Minneapolis, MN.
• McElroy J, Smith-Miller CA, Madigan CK, Li Y. Cultural awareness among nursing staff at an academic medical center. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 2016; 46(3): 146–153.
• Govere L, Govere EM. How Effective is Cultural Competence Training of Healthcare Providers on Improving Patient Satisfaction of Minority Groups? A Systematic Review of Literature. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2016;13(6):402-410. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12176.
• Lumby J, Foskett N. Internationalization and culture in higher education. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 2016;44(1): 95-111. doi:/10.1177/ 1741143214549978
• Shepherd SM. Cultural awareness workshops: limitations and practical consequences. BMC Medical Education, 2019;19(1): 1-10. doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1450-5
• Holland K. Cultural Awareness in Nursing and Health Care: An Introductory Text (3rd ed.). 2017; Routledge. doi:10.1201/9781315381992
• Legault L, Gutsell JN, Inzlicht M. Ironic effects of antiprejudice messages: How motivational interventions can reduce (but also increase) prejudice. Psychological Science, 2011; 22(12): 1472-1477. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611427918
• Markey K. Nurturing cultural awareness needs to be explicitly addressed in undergraduate nursing curricula Evidence-Based Nursing, 2020; 23: 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2019-103202
• Leung DY, Chan EA, Wong AK, Reisenhofer S, Stenberg M, Sze CP, ... Carlson, E. Advancing pedagogy of undergraduate nursing students' cultural awareness through internationalization webinars: A qualitative study. Nurse Education Today, 2020; 93: 104514. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104514. Loftin C, Hartin V, Branson M, Reyes H. Measures of cultural competence in nurses: An integrative review. The Scientific World Journal, 2013;2: 1-10. doi:10.1155/2013/289101
• Lin C J, Lee CK, Huang MC. Cultural competence of healthcare providers: A systematic review of assessment instruments. Journal of Nursing Research, 2017;25(3): 174-186. doi:10.1097/jnr.00000000000001
• Hadziabdic E, Safipour J, Bachrach-Lindström M, Hultsjö, S. Swedish version of measuring cultural awareness in nursing students: validity and reliability test. BMC nursing, 2016;15(1): 1-9. doi:10.1186/s12912-016-0146-6.
• Oh H, Lee JA, Schepp KG. Translation and evaluation of the Cultural Awareness Scale for Korean nursing students. International journal of nursing education scholarship, 2015;12(1): 9-16. doi:10.1515/ijnes-2014-0067
• İz FB, Temel AB. Cultural awareness scale: Psychometric properties of the Turkish version. Collegian, 2017;24(5): 499-504. doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2016.08.010
• Kumlien C, Bish M, Chan EA, Rew L, Chan PS, Leung D, Carlson, E. Psychometric properties of a modified cultural awareness scale for use in higher education within the health and social care fields. BMC Medical Education, 2020; 20(1): 1-8. doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02326-8
• Krainovich-Miller B, Yost JM, Norman R G, Auerhahn C, Dobal M, Rosedale M, ... Moffa C. Measuring cultural awareness of nursing students: A first step toward cultural competency. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 2008; 19(3): 250-258. doi: 10.1177/1043659608317451
• DeVellis RF. Scale Development, Theory and Applications. 3rd ed. India: SAGE Publication, Inc. 2012: 31–59.
• Jonhson B, Christensen L. Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Approaches. California: SAGE Publication, Inc.; 2014. 190–222.
• Hayran M, Hayran M. Basic Statistics for Health Research. Ankara: Art Ofset Matbacılık Yayıncılık Org. Ltd Şti.; 2011. 132–332
• Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR., van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, ... de Vet, H. C. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 2007; 60(1): 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012
• Heale R, Twycross A. Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evidence-based nursing, 2015; 18(3): 66-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/eb-2015-102129
• Crestani AH, Moraes AB, Souza APR. Content validation: clarity/relevance, reliability and internal consistency of enunciative signs of language acquisition. CoDAS 2017;29(4):e20160180 DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/201720160180